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1.
河西黑河(弱水)水系的变迁 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
中更新世晚期以来黑河流量逐渐减少,由外流河变为内流河,由统一水系变为各自的独立水系,中、下游由地面水和地下水相互转化,不少河道随流量变化及新构造运动影响而改道,从而沿岸新老绿洲互不相连。 相似文献
2.
Spatial and temporal change in the potential evapotranspiration sensitivity to meteorological factors in China (1960?2007) 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Potential evapotranspiration (E0), as an estimate of the evaporative demand of the atmosphere, has been widely studied in the fields of irrigation management, crop water demand and predictions in ungauged basins (PUBs). Analysis of the sensitivity of E0 to meteorological factors is a basic research on the impact of climate change on water resources, and also is important to the optimal allocation of agricultural water resources. This paper dealt with sensitivity of E0 over China, which was divided into ten drainage systems, including Songhua River basin, Liaohe River basin, Haihe River basin, Yellow River basin, Yangtze River basin, Pearl River basin, Huaihe River drainage system, Southeast river drainage system, Northwest river drainage system and Southwest river drainage system. In addition, the calculation method of global radiation in Penman-Monteith formula was improved by optimization, and the sensitivities of Penman-Monteith potential evapotranspiration to the daily maximum temperature (STmax), daily minimum temperature (STmin), wind speed (SU2), global radiation (SRs) and vapor pressure (SVP) were calculated and analyzed based on the long-term meteorological data from 653 meteorological stations in China during the period 1960-2007. Results show that: (1) the correlation coefficient between E0 and pan evaporation increased from 0.61 to 0.75. E0 had the decline trends in eight of ten drainage systems in China, which indicates that “pan evaporation paradox” commonly exists in China from 1960 to 2007. (2) Spatially, Tmax was the most sensitive factor in Haihe River basin, Yellow River basin, Huaihe River drainage system, Yangtze River basin, Pearl River basin and Southeast river drainage system, and VP was the most sensitive factor in Songhua River Basin, Liaohe River basin, Northwest river drainage system while Rs was the most sensitive factor in Southwest river drainage system. For the nation-wide average, the most sensitive factor was VP, followed by Tmax, Rs, U2 and Tmin. In addition, the changes in sensitivity coefficients had a certain correlation with elevation. (3) Temporally, the maximum values of STmax and SRs occurred in July, while the maximum values of STmin, SVP and SU2 occurred in January. Moreover, trend analysis indicates that STmax had decline trends, while STmin, SU2, SRs and SVP had increasing 相似文献
3.
在sRTM-DEM数据的基础上,运用GIS空间分析技术,系统提取了格尔木河三级流域及部分二级流域地形参数和面积-高程积分值,探讨了面积-高程积分值的面积及空间依赖性,并对面积-高程积分值(HI)对构造活动性、岩性变化、冰川作用强度的指示意义进行了研究.研究表明:HI值具有面积依赖及空间依赖性;东昆南断裂(F4)-西大滩断裂(F3)以昆仑山口为界可以分为东西两部分,各自的活动性都是中间强往两边依次减小,东昆中断裂(F1)的活动性变化不大;岩性对HI影响表现出,侵入岩的抗侵蚀力最大,片岩的抗侵蚀力最小,碳酸盐岩组合的抗侵蚀力居中;冰川作用对地貌发育和侵蚀程度有改造作用,与只有古冰川发育或无古冰川流域比较,有现代冰川发育,古冰川作用遗迹广泛的流域,HI值较大并会出现U型谷. 相似文献
4.
逐层分解选取指标的河系简化方法 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
地图综合理论与方法的研究重点之一,是依据上下文环境进行结构化选取和化简。水系作为地图的基本要素之一,在地图综合中必须依据水系的类型和河网密度进行化简,以保持河网密度差异等宏观特征。本文提出了一种基于支流数量差异的选取指标分配与河系简化方法,将选取数量在河流的各个子流域上按比例分配并递归分配到下一层次的子流域,在各个子流域依据长度和间距选取河流,从而实现顾及密度差异的结构化选取。在软件开发基础上进行了选取试验,并对照手工综合的河系图进行了分析。结果表明,基于支流数量差异的比例选取方法切实可行,能够有效地保持树状河系的特点和河网密度的区域差异。 相似文献
5.
贺兰山水系流域数值地貌特征及其构造指示意义 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
基于Arcgis9.3与ASTER GDEM数据,提取了贺兰山两侧主要水系及其流域边界,根据河流及流域指标提取河流纵剖面、流域的Strahler曲线,并计算其面积高度积分值（Hypsometric Intergral）、河流纵剖面的凹度值（Concavity）。通过HI值、凹度值同河流落差、河流长度、流域面积之间相关性分析发现,后3种地貌参数与HI值、凹度值间的相关性较差。对比分析贺兰山两侧河流HI值及凹度值发现：贺兰山东侧北段活动性大于南段,西侧构造活动性分布规律不明显。结合9条河流所处流域的Strahler曲线、河流纵剖面形态和HI值、凹度值分析发现：汝箕沟及其以北贺兰山地区处于地形演化的老年期,汝箕沟以南贺兰山段处于均衡调整的壮年期。 相似文献
6.
Drainage evolution in response to fold growth in the hanging-wall of the Khazar fault, north-eastern Alborz, Iran 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Mohammad Reza Ghassemi 《Basin Research》2005,17(3):425-436
The Khazar fault is an active thrust fault in the northern part of the Alborz Range, which is associated with folding (the Khazar anticline) in its hanging‐wall. Regional geological studies indicate activity of the fault in Cenozoic time, and active propagation of the fault‐related folding towards the west. The Neka river drainage basin, which is a longitudinal river flowing mostly in the backlimb of the Khazar anticline, shows evidence for active folding and faulting influencing drainage evolution. Observations are made in different parts of the Neka river course, according to which a new morphotectonic feature is introduced within the river basin, termed as ‘tilted reach’. This feature is considered as a result of river course tilting in the backlimb of the growing fold, diversion, and capture of the river by other rivers. Consecutive episodes of similar events would have resulted in the development of a long drainage basin parallel to the growing fold structure. 相似文献
7.
Automatic drainage pattern recognition in river networks 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Ling Zhang Eric Guilbert 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(12):2319-2342
8.
金沙江金江街段河流阶地年代及对河谷水系演化历史的启示 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
100多年来,关于金沙江独特水系格局的形成历史一直是地学界争论的重要话题之一。多数学者认为,现代金沙江水系是古长江袭夺古红河上游发展过来的。红河海底扇5.5 Ma泥沙供给中断被认为与这一袭夺事件有关。然而,长期以来人们一直没有找到与这一时代相匹配的地貌证据。最近在金沙江金江街段找到了多达8级的河流阶地序列,ESR测年结果显示这些阶地的形成年代为1.07 Ma、0.70 Ma、0.65 Ma、0.51 Ma、0.47 Ma、0.44 Ma、0.30 Ma和0.18 Ma,结合GPS高程测量数据,推算最近1.0 Ma以来的河谷平均下切速率为147 mm/ka。以填充河谷地形为主要手段的古地形恢复结果（基于DEM数据）显示,古长江袭夺古红河上游形成现代金沙江水系发生在这一区域内海拔2000 m左右的古地形面解体之后,依照河谷平均下切速率外推,古地形面解体时代为5.5 Ma,即现代金沙江水系形成于5.5 Ma之后。我们的研究结果与红河海底扇的资料形成一个相互呼应的证据链,为重建现代金沙江水系格局形成历史提供重要依据。 相似文献
9.
平原水网地区快速城市化对河流水系的影响 总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3
为了揭示平原水网地区快速城市化对河流水系的影响,基于1:50000地形图和30 m空间分辨率遥感影像数据,采用格网化河网密度、支流发育系数和分形维数等水系指标,分析了20世纪80年代至21世纪10年代苏州市河流水系的时空变化特征,探讨了土地城市化水平与河网密度变化之间的定量关系。结果表明：① 苏州市河流长度衰减了10.55%,其中干流长度增加了3.24%,一级支流与二级支流的长度分别减少了18.87%和11.76%;河网密度在空间上以减小为主,其中干流河网密度在空间上以增加为主,支流河网密度在空间上以减少为主。② 支流发育系数由3.36下降至2.78,水系结构趋于主干化;水系分形维数由1.70下降至1.63,水系形态趋于简单化。③ 土地城市化率高于40%时,河流水系衰减趋于明显,且土地城市化水平越高,河流减少的越多。为满足不同的经济社会发展需要,不同等级河流对土地城市化的响应不尽相同：为提高城市防洪排涝能力,一级河流总体上有所增加;土地城市化率小于40%时,部分二级河流被侵占以增加耕地面积,并新开挖了许多三级河流以提高农田排涝与灌溉能力;土地城市化率大于40%时,大量支流被填埋并转换为建设用地,而且等级越低的河流衰减的越严重。 相似文献
10.
Neotectonic evolution of the northern Laborec drainage basin (northeastern part of Slovakia) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Rastislav Vojtko L'ubomír PetroAlexandra Benová Ján BónaJozef Hók 《Geomorphology》2012,138(1):276-294
This study investigates the influence of neotectonic activity on river and basin patterns in a mountainous area located in the northeastern part of the Carpathian Belt (the Laborecká vrchovina and Bukovské vrchy Mts. in eastern Slovakia). This area evolved within the accretionary wedge of the Carpathians during the Neogene, and it was alsowas affected by Middle to Late Miocene thrusting of the External Carpathians. Morphometric analysis, longitudinal and transverse river valley profiles, analysis of basin and valley symmetries, and investigation of alluvial terraces were carried out on the northern Laborec River and its tributaries. This was done to detect a possible relationship between their river courses and any ongoing neotectonic activity, which is otherwise difficult to detect by methods of structural geology because of the poorly exposed area.The general topography of the basin is characterized by a stepwise inclination to the SW as a result of differential uplift and subsidence. The reorganization of the river network in the Laborec drainage basin was influenced by tectonic activity along the NE-SW up to N-S fault structures during the neotectonic phase (Pliocene-Quaternary). The movement along these fault structures is predominantly normal to transtensive. The obtained data assumes that the region is under approximately NE-SW oriented SH compression and NW-SE trending Sh tension. The Laborec drainage basin is characterized by a very high degree of asymmetry that sharply increases from the upper to the lower courses of the river. The right-bank tributaries of the Laborec River are < 12 km in length; however, the left-bank tributaries such as Vydraňka, Ol'šava, Výrava, Udava, and Cirocha Streams are up to 50 km long with a high potential of headward erosion and capturing. The valley asymmetry is also very variable in the upper and lower portions of the basin. Based on these presented results, the ancient river thalweg was located along the axis of the Hostovice-Habura depression, and it was captured by the Ol'šava, Výrava, and Udava Streams. The asymmetric pattern of the drainage basin is the result of active tectonics, the continual subsidence of the Transcarpathian Basin, and by the uplift of the Laborecká vrchovina and Bukovské vrchy Mts. These events caused rejuvenation of the headward erosion of streams in the southern part. Favorable lithology was also essential in the process of river capture. 相似文献
11.
Drainage networks in linear mountain ranges always display a particular geometrical organisation whereby the spacing between the major drainage basins is on average equal to half the mountain width (distance from the mountain front to the main drainage divide), independent of climate and tectonics. This relationship is valid for mountains having different widths and is thus usually thought to be maintained by drainage reorganisation during mountain belt widening. However, such large‐scale systematic drainage reorganisation has never been evidenced. In this paper, we suggest an alternative explanation, namely that the observed drainage basin relationships are an inherent property of dendritic river networks and that these relationships are established on the undissected, lowland margins outside mountain ranges and are progressively incorporated and quenched into uplifted topography during range widening. Thus, we suggest that the large‐scale geometry of drainage networks in mountain ranges is mainly antecedent to erosion. We propose a model in which the large‐scale drainage geometry is controlled mainly by the geometrical properties of the undissected surfaces (in particular, the ratio of the regional slope to the local slope related to roughness) over which rivers are flowing before uplift, and is therefore independent of climate and tectonics. 相似文献
12.
自然界中任何一片构成的功能单元都可以看作一个生态系统,如沙漠地区内陆河流域是个完整的功能单元,一个流域就成为一个近似于封闭的生态系统。生态系统的两个侧面——物理环境和生物——都是由复杂的变化着的系统构成,它们之间在一定地区的相互作用,有些作用则比其它作用表现得更为集中、更为强烈,干旱地区的水系统对人工绿洲来说就是如此。本文对石羊河流域生态系统的初步探讨,在生物系统中着重于生产者有机体——绿色植物,非生物系统——空气、水、土、太阳能(光、热)中侧重于水。本文把重点放在水系统与大农业生物系统的相互关系上,注意陷落在各有关基础学科缝隙间的问题。 相似文献
13.
Daniel Garcia-Castellanos 《Basin Research》2002,14(2):89-104
ABSTRACT Foreland basins form by lithospheric flexure under orogenic loading and are filled by surface transport of sediment. This work readdresses the interplay between these processes by integrating in a 3D numerical model: the mechanisms of thrust stacking, elastic flexural subsidence and sediment transport along the drainage network. The experiments show that both crustal tectonic deformation and vertical movements related to lithospheric flexure control and organise the basin-scale drainage pattern, competing with the nonlinear, unpredictable intrinsic nature of river network evolution. Drainage pattern characteristics are predicted that match those observed in many foreland basins, such as the axial drainage, the distal location of the main river within the basin, and the formation of large, long-lasting lacustrine systems. In areas where the river network is not well developed before the formation of the basin, these lithospheric flexural effects on drainage patterns may be enhanced by the role of the forebulge uplift as drainage divide. Inversely, fluvial transport modifies the flexural vertical movements differently than simpler transport models (e.g. diffusion): Rivers can drive erosion products far from a filled basin, amplifying the erosional rebound of both orogen and basin. The evolution of the sediment budget between orogen and basin is strongly dependent on this coupling between flexure and fluvial transport: Maximum sediment accumulations on the foreland are predicted for a narrow range of lithospheric elastic thickness between 15 and 40 km, coinciding with the T e values most commonly reported for foreland basins. 相似文献
14.
Hugo A. Loiciga 《The Professional geographer》1997,49(3):356-364
Runoff and precipitation scaling with respect to drainage area is analyzed for large river basins of the world, those with mean annual runoff in excess of 10 k3/yr. The usefulness of the specific runoff (runoff per unit drainage area, m/yr) to categorize runoff scaling laws across the complete spectrum of climatic and hydrologic conditions is evaluated. It is found that (1) runoff scales with drainage are in those river basins with specific runoff in excess of 0.15 m/yr (r2 = 0.88); (2) runoff scaling with drainage area shows remarkably high statistical correlation (r2= 0.97) in river basins with specific runoff equal to or larger than 1.0 m/yr; (3) runoff does not Inc.rease with Inc.reasing drainage area in river basins with specific runoff below 0.15 m/yr, where no discernible statistical association was found between runoff and drainage area; and (4) precipitation depth (m/yr) is inversely proportional to drainage area raised to a fractional exponent in river basins with specific runoff in excess of 0.15 m/yr. 相似文献
15.
快速城市化进程改变了城市地区原有下垫面,不透水层面积增加,暴雨期间汇流时间缩短,洪峰流量加大,进而导致城市内涝加剧,严重影响城市的防洪安全。本研究以广州市南沙区万顷沙网河区为研究对象,基于水量平衡的调蓄演算方法,对研究区域蓄排设施的规模进行分析;构建MIKE11一维网河模型,对涝区水情进行模拟,校核排涝工程规模,并对工程布局与规模进行了优化。结果表明:(1)万顷沙网河区在典型水文组合情况下,内河涌最高水位6.15 m,泵站抽排历时约11 h,抽排流量65 m3·s-1,满足排涝需求;(2)结合片区泵站排水能力,可使片区达到20年一遇24 h暴雨不成灾的规划防洪标准,片区水闸和泵站参数选取合适;(3)在50年一遇超标准情况下,万十涌水位最高约6.33 m,超过片区管控水位,表明当防洪标准提升,片区需合理增设排涝泵站规模,以满足管控水位要求。研究成果可为沿海城市的排涝减灾和实现水系综合整治提供科学依据。 相似文献
16.
华北山地的古河道与古水系* 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
华北山地早第三纪地貌奠定了现代水系格局的基础。至晚第三纪晚期河流已发育到中-老年阶段。第三纪末期至第四纪早期,山地差异活动剧烈,断陷盆地形成,内、外流水系并存,遗留下垭口与顺直-曲流型宽谷。第四纪中期,河流袭夺,内陆水系先后变成外流水系,并生成“U”形宽谷。第四纪晚期,河流下切,水系变迁,现代水系形成。 相似文献
17.
The Argentera Massif (French–Italian Alps), with its uniform lithology, was selected to evaluate how known Plio–Pleistocene tectonics have conditioned the drainage network geometry. The drainage network was automatically derived and ordered from a 10 m-resolution DEM. On hillshade images, alignments of morphological features were identified. The Massif was subdivided into 22 domains of 50 km2 within which the directions of every river channel segment and the direction of the aligned morphological features were compared and contrasted with the strike of tectonic structures measured in the field. Results suggest that the Argentera drainage system is variously controlled by recent tectonics, depending on the Massif sector taken into account. In the NW sector, the vertical uplift is less because the strain has been accommodated in an oblique direction along a lateral thrust. In the SE sector, strain in a predominantly vertical direction along a frontal thrust has resulted in a major vertical displacement. Accordingly, the NW sector is characterized by (i) a strong geometric relationship between the main tectonic structures and the directions of river channels, (ii) longitudinal main rivers bordering the Massif, and (iii) a general trellis pattern within the domains.In the SE sector, the prolonged uplift has forced an original longitudinal drainage system to develop as a transverse system. This change has occurred by means of fluvial captures that have been identified by the presence of windgaps, fluvial elbows and knickpoints. At the domain scale, intense uplift of the SE sector has prompted the drainage pattern to evolve as a dendritic type with no clear influence of structure in the channel orientations. 相似文献
18.
澜沧江(湄公河)正源及其源头的再确定 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
澜沧江发源于我国青海省,流经云南省南阿河口以下改称湄公河,它是我国乃至世界上重要的国际河流之一。通过对澜沧江源头地区水文、地貌、冰川及河流特征的实地考察,并利用全球定位系统(GPS)、地理信息系统(GIS)和卫星遥感系统(SRS)等技术来确定澜沧江(湄公河)的正源及其源头。依据以河流的长度为主,并参照集水面积、河流水量等要素,确定了澜沧江的正源为扎阿曲,发源于中国青海省玉树藏族自治州杂多县扎青乡海拔5514m的果宗木查山。果宗木查山上的冰川面积为067km2,冰川末端的地理位置是东经94°41’44”、北纬33°42’31”,其海拔高度为5224m 相似文献
19.
河口分汊的定量表达及其基本模式 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文归纳出河口汊道间的四种交接方式:叉、合、结和口以及相应的十三种联线。并引入拓扑学中有关概念,定量表达点和线间关系。在分析河口汊道体系的拓扑学性质后,重新定义再结合因子,指出其与各种点和线、河口三角洲面积、河口汊道体系的外角等,均有一定的相关关系。在天然河口汊道体系中,最多出现的是点和口,其次是合和结;最多出现的线是fj,ff和fo,最少出现的是kk和ko线。最后,根据成因、形态和冲演特性相结合的原则,将河口分汉分成四个基本模式;少汊型、多汊型、河网型和游荡型分汊河口。并运用分汊河道体系的定量表示法,分析了各分汊模式河口汉道体系的拓扑学性质。 相似文献
20.
由于DEM数据不包括河流、湖泊(水库)及流域边界和堤坝等信息,因此常规仅依靠DEM提取水系的方法不能反映平坦区域及受人类影响强烈区域水系的真实特征。该文建立了融合DEM、河流、湖泊水库、流域边界和堤坝等多源数字信息的流域水系提取方法,对多源信息进行栅格化,采用所提出的高程-距离函数对DEM进行校正,使得提取的数字水系与实际水系精确拟合。将该方法应用于山区太湖西苕溪流域老石坎水库及其上游集水区和平原丘陵分布区的淮河史灌河蒋家集站、梅山、鲇鱼山水库区间流域,提取的河网结构与地图信息拟合较好。 相似文献