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1 IntroductionSand-dust storms include both sand storms and dust storms[1]. When the visibility in local areas is greater than or equal to 50 m but less than 200 m, they are called severe sand-dust storms. When extremely severe sand-dust storm, the most severest type of sand-dust storm, occurs, the local instantaneous maximum wind speed can be greater than 25 m/s and a local visibility be less than 50 m or even descend to 0 m[2].Sand-dust storm is a critical environmental problem and is also a… 相似文献
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北极涛动对华北沙尘暴频次的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
This study has investigated the influence of Arctic Oscillation (AO) on dust storm frequency in North China in spring seasons during 1961 2007.There is a significant linkage between dust storm frequency and AO;a negative (positive) AO phase is related to an in-creased (decreased) dust storm frequency in North China.This relationship is closely related to changes in the cold air activity in Mongolia.The cold air activity exerts large impacts on the dust storm frequency;the frequency of cold air activity over Mongolia not only positively cor-relates with the dust storm frequency in North China,but also shows a long-term decreasing trend that is an important reason for the long-term decreasing of dust storm frequency in North China.The AO has large influence on the frequency of cold air activity over Mongolia;a negative (positive) AO phase is highly related to an increased (decreased) frequency of cold air activity over Mongolia,which results in an increased (decreased) dust storm frequency in North China. 相似文献
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1IntroductionResearch results have shown that overland flow firstly removes fine particles of topsoil because the fine soil particles can be easily transported in runoff (Burwell etal., 1975; Alberts etal., 1983; Gregory 1991). The component differences of fine soil particles between the sediment resulting from soil erosion and the original soil were studied (Meyer etal., 1975; Loch etal., 1982; Cogo, 1983). Sediment was normally composed of soil aggregates and particles of different diamet… 相似文献
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The stress produced by repeated train loads decreases with increasing railway subgrade bed depth, and slightly weathered coarse particles of subgrade bed fillings can be broken at different levels under continuous load. Thus, the mass of fine soil, with a diameter of not more than 0.075 mm, is different at different depths. Fine soil is also sensitive to frost heave and thaw settlement. In order to study the effects of non-uniformly distributed fine soil on the mechanical properties of coarse-grained soil of the Shenyang-Dandong Railway, triaxial tests were conducted with three types of specimens, undergoing six freeze-thaw cycle numbers(0, 1, 3, 7, 9, 12) and three confining pressures(100, 200, 300 k Pa). The freezing temperature is-5 °C and the thawing temperature is +15 °C. The stress-strain behavior, static strength, resilient modulus, cohesive force and the angle of internal friction were measured for different tested specimens. As a result, the law of static strength and resilient modulus of different specimens following the increase of freeze-thaw cycles under three confining pressures is obtained. The changing law of cohesive force and friction angle of three specimens following the increase of freeze-thaw cycles is also calculated, and the different results of different specimens are also compared. 相似文献
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Dustfall collections were carried out in April and May 2001 and in March 2002 at six sites in northern China.Our results showed that the total deposition of dust fractions 250 μm in diameter and the deposition of Fe both decreased exponentially with increasing distances from the source areas,and that the half-attenuation distance (HAD) for dust deposition was about 229 km in this re-gion.The HAD was closely related to the grain-size distribution of the dust,and the 15 to 20 μm fractions had the longest HAD.However,the fractions 15 μm in diameter can be easily adsorbed to coarse particles and deposited after only short distances,and the HAD for the fractions 15 to 100 μm in diameter showed a power relationship with the grain-size distribution.The HAD for Fe deposition was 233 km,which was a little longer than that of total dust deposition,which suggests that the Fe content is higher in fine particles than in coarse particles,as previous studies have suggested.In addition,our analysis showed that under the control of current climatic conditions,the coarse fractions in dust derived from northwestern China cannot be transported over long distances,instead,it is transported primarily by near-surface winds (3 km above the ground).The Fe in aeolian dust generated from arid and semiarid regions of China and deposited in the North Pacific region is usually transported by the upper westerlies. 相似文献
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A series of solar flare and coronal mass ejection (CME) event occurred in July 2000, particularly the largest flare (X5.7/3B) with CME on 14th of July since 1989, which stimulated a great geomagnetic storm with D st index reaching -300 nT. A number of data have been obtained from the Chinese Antarctic Zhongshan Station (ZHS, INT Lat. 74.5°, L≈14), which is located at cusp latitude, and from the ACE satellite. After analyzing these data we have got the results as follows: a lot of solar high energy particles penetrated into the polar ionosphere and ionized it, which significantly increased the cosmic noise absorption (CNA) and blanked the DPS-4 data for more than two days. The magnetic pulsation in Pc 3/5 frequency band on the ground has a high relation with the fluctuation of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) B z, which shows the contribution of interplanetary magnetohydrodynamical (MHD) waves to the Pc 3/5 pulsation on the ground. The Pc 3/5 pulsation was intensified much during the great magnetic storm. The H component of the magnetic field at ZHS varied with the southern value of IMF B z but lagged behind for about 8 10 h. While D st index responded to the variation of the IMF B z very quickly, which suggested that the magnetic storm occurred at low latitude firstly and then effected the ionospheric current at high latitude. 相似文献
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Three types of rainfall (storm, moderate and slight rainfall) in the Beijing area were simulated by the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF3.2) model coupled with Milbrandt-two-moment cloud microphysics scheme, to explore the effect of aerosols on clouds and precipitation under continental and maritime aerosol scenarios. Results indicate that an increase of aerosols has various effects on clouds and precipitation. (1) The amount of surface precipitation is obviously affected. With an increase of aerosol concentration, the 48-hr total precipitation of storm and moderate rainfall decreased by 23% and 16.6%, respectively, and the 24-hr total precipitation of slight rainfall decreased by 14.0%. (2) The distribution of surface precipitation is also clearly affected. The average precipitation for a rain storm increases in most parts of western Beijing and decreases by more than 20 mm in most parts of eastern Beijing with increasing aerosol concentration. The average precipitation of moderate rainfall decreases by 0.1–5 mm in most parts of the Beijing area. The effect of increased aerosol concentration is weak for slight rainfall distribution in the study area. (3) With an increase of aerosol concentration, a narrower width and lower precipitation peak value are found in the storm rainfall, and its duration is prolonged for the high aerosol concentration. An earlier precipitation termination of moderate rainfall is found with increasing aerosol concentration. (4) The upper-air hydrometeors vary with aerosol concentration. For storm and moderate rainfall, significantly higher cloud water concentration and lower rain water were found under the continental aerosol scenario. 相似文献
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Soil erosion by wind means the soil particles are eroded and transported by wind. Fine particles of soil are transported as suspended load and may travel much greater distances than the coarse coarse materials do which are transported as creep and saltation. The finest particles and chemical microsome constitute the aerosol which can even keep for several years in atmosphere from descending. Wind erosion is a serious problem in many parts of the world. In China, up to 2400 km2 of land is dese… 相似文献
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The velocity of blown sand particles is an important parameter in aeolian movement （a special case of gas particle two-phase flow） and has ever been a topic of interest. At present, several techniques have been applied in measuring velocity of the blown sand particles. This paper reviews the measurement results of several commonly used methods： photoelectric cell method, high-speed photographic method, Particle Dynamics Analyzer （PDA） method and Particle Image Velocimetry （PIV） method. Photoelectric cell method, high-speed photograph method and PDA method are useful in studying the velocity distribution of particles. PIV is a whole-flow-field technique and a useful tool to study the average velocity field in a target area. These methods got some similar results but considerable differences also exist. They have come to similar conclusions on the velocity distributions at a single height but direct measurement results with respect to the velocity distribution very close to the surface are still scarce except some PDA results. The magnitude of measured mean particle velocity differs greatly. The relationship obtained by different methods between mean particle velocity and wind velocity, particle size and possibly other influencing factors also differs considerably. Although several authors have proposed similar power functions to describe the variation with height of the mean particle velocity, the predicted results have wide differences. Each technique is based on some unique principles, and has its advantages and disad- vantages. To make full use of different techniques, a lot of work needs be done to validate them. Developing a reliable technique to measure the velocity of blown particles is still a necessary task in aeolian research. 相似文献
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In this paper, a quantitative research on the relationship between different underlying surface and sand-dust storm has been made by using 40 years meteorological data of five different types of underlying surface in northern China, which include farmland, grassland, sandland, gobi and salt crust. These metrological data comprise sand-dust storm days and strong wind days. By analyzing, we can find that there are certain correlations between the days of sand-dust storm and strong wind for different underlying surface, which has great influence on sand-dust storm. But there are pronounced differences in different types of underlying surface. The sand-dust storm days of grassland, gobi and salt crust, with smaller interannual variation are obviously less than strong wind days. On the other hand, the sand-dust storm days of farmland and sandland increase evidently, even in many years, are much more than strong wind days. The differences are mainly induced by the influencing mechanism of different underlying surface on sand-dust storm. Grassland, gobi and salt crust with stable underlying surface are not prone to sand-dust storm under strong wind condition. Whereas, the underlying surface of farmland and sandland is unstable, that is easy to induce sand-dust storm under strong wind condition. 相似文献
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近51a山西大风与沙尘日数的时空分布及变化趋势 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用地面气象观测数据,以瞬时风速≥17.0m.s-1或风力≥8级的大风日数和沙尘天气发生日数为指标,分析了山西大风、沙尘天气的时空分布特征,沙尘天气的变化特点及趋势,并从现代气候变化、大气环流特征及大风日数变化等方面,初步探讨了沙尘天气日数变化的气候原因。分析结果表明,山西的沙尘暴、扬沙与大风日数具有同位相、一峰一谷的逐月变化特征,峰值均出现在4月,谷值均出现在8—9月。浮尘日数具有两峰两谷的逐月变化特征,主峰与主谷与大风出现的时间一致,次峰和次谷则分别出现在每年的12月和2月。大风日数的峰值分别是沙尘暴、扬沙日数峰值的8.39倍和2.31倍;大风日数的谷值分别是沙尘暴、扬沙日数谷值的83.3倍和18.98倍。沙尘暴、扬沙与大风日数均有北部多于南部的空间分布特征,浮尘则与大风相反具有南部多于北部的空间分布特征。山西的沙尘暴、扬沙总日数在20世纪90年代初期以后比50年代到70年代初期分别减少了84.9%和77.1%。多沙尘日数年大气环流的经向度较强,乌拉尔山高压脊偏强,东亚大槽位置偏西且加深,少沙尘日数年则相反。比较发现,沙尘暴、扬沙和大风日数的变化趋势有很好的一致性,线性相关系数分别达到0.80和0.82。这表明,山西沙尘暴和扬沙的变化趋势主要是随大风的变化而变化,高纬冷空气向南爆发的频数减少、势力偏弱、路径偏北导致山西风力条件的减弱是近51a沙尘暴、扬沙发生频数下降的主要原因。 相似文献
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利用遥感综合分析西风引导气流与地形对沙尘运移路径的影响 总被引：2，自引：7，他引：2
沙尘暴的发生受大气环流、地表状况、降雨的影响，还受到局部地区地形的影响。一次规模较大的沙尘暴过程，沙尘可以从蒙古国和我国西部沙源地输送到我国东部、韩国、日本乃至夏威夷、美国西海岸。中日亚洲沙尘暴ADEC项目对亚洲沙尘暴的起沙、传输和降落的运行机制已经作了深入的研究，并建立了亚洲沙尘暴的数值模拟系统。本文以影响北京地区的沙尘暴事件为例，利用遥感技术，综合DEM地形数据和地面实测数据分析西风引导气流和地形对沙尘运移路径影响，将MODIs影像数据和DEM地形数据以及地面观测站点实测数据相结合，进行综合分析，结果表明在一次沙尘暴过程中，沙尘在运移过程中的运移路径明显地受到西风引导气流、沙尘粒子自然沉降规律以及局部地形的影响，要预防(减少)北京地区的沙尘暴仅仅作好北京地区的生态环境建设是不够的，加强北京周边地区，尤其是张家口地区、官厅水库库区及库区周围地区的生态环境建设尤为重要。 相似文献
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塔里木盆地一次东灌型沙尘暴环流动力结构分析 总被引：6，自引：5，他引：1
利用NCEP再分析资料和常规地面观测资料,对2006年4月10日塔里木盆地发生的一次东灌型沙尘暴,从气候背景、环流形势、螺旋度场、锋生次级环流、温度平流等方面进行分析,揭示了此类沙尘暴强盛期的环流动力结构。结果表明：①里咸海脊、乌拉尔脊、新地岛脊同位向叠加,西西伯利亚横槽转竖南下,引导泰米尔半岛强冷空气爆发直插新疆,东灌进入南疆盆地,造成大范围沙尘暴天气;②西西伯利亚地面冷高压爆发性南下并强烈发展是造成此次沙尘天气的根本原因;③盆地前期的干暖形势为沙尘暴的产生提供了有利的热力条件;④沙尘暴区上空螺旋度垂直分布为低层正值、高层负值,构成低空强辐合、高空强辐散的上升运动区,揭示强旋转上升运动是大范围沙尘暴发生的动力条件;⑤高空急流入口区次级环流下沉支导致高层动量下传 ,促使对流层中低层风力加大,冷锋南压,驱动沙尘天气的发生。 相似文献
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黄土高原地区沙尘暴形成的自然地理因素:Ⅱ多元回归分析与地带性特征 总被引：9，自引：5，他引：4
以黄土高原地区227个县的资料为基础,运用逐步回归的方法,建立了年均沙尘暴日数与影响因子之间的多元回归方程。黄土高原地区沙尘暴的分布具有一定的地带性。从西北向东南,年降水量逐渐增加,气候由干旱、半干旱向半湿润过渡。地表物质由风成沙、沙黄土向典型黄土和粘黄土过渡,天然植被类型由干旱荒漠、干草原、森林草原、草原森林向落叶阔叶林过渡,自然地理因子的地带性分异导致了沙尘暴的频率按同一方向递减。建立的回归方程表明,地表物质的抗蚀性对沙尘暴的影响较大,年降水量次之,大风日数居第三。通过合理的人类活动增加地表的抗蚀性,可以减低沙尘暴的发生频率。 相似文献
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南疆盆地翻山型沙尘暴环流动力结构分析 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0
2003年4月8日至9日发生了一次超极地冷空气入侵新疆并翻越天山造成南疆盆地大范围强沙尘暴过程,分析沙尘暴强盛期的高度场、高空急流异变、螺旋度场、散度场和不稳定发展,揭示了该类沙尘暴强盛期的环流动力结构。结果表明:①伊朗高压的爆发性发展与乌拉尔山脊叠加形成长波脊,导致泰米尔半岛的极地强冷空气南下,并直插新疆越过天山到达塔里木盆地,造成大范围沙尘暴天气;②强沙尘暴天气产生的根本原因是西西伯利亚地面冷高压爆发性南下并强烈发展;③高空西风急流发生异变在南疆盆地上空形成急流区,并通过动量下传导致地面大风,是大范围沙尘暴发生的动力条件;④沙尘暴区上空螺旋度垂直分布低层为正值、高层为负值,揭示强的旋转上升运动是大范围沙尘暴发生的动力条件。⑤低层辐合高层辐散的垂直结构,易于发生近地面大风和上升气流;⑥该次沙尘暴是一次大范围强对流天气,大气层结处于对流中性或对流不稳定状态,但都有强的斜压不稳定发展,并冷暖空气交换剧烈。沙尘暴影响前塔里木盆地有一个能量明显聚集期,但聚集时间很短。 相似文献
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我国西北干旱区区域性沙尘暴特征及成因研究 总被引：13，自引：7，他引：6
利用1954-2001年131个国家基本基准气象站的逐日观测资料, 运用小波分析等统计方法分析了中国西北地区区域性沙尘暴天气过程特征及变化趋势, 并对其成因进行了初步探讨。结果表明: 1954-2001年, 中国西北地区共出现了1974次区域沙尘暴天气过程, 平均每年42次, 共出现了247次强沙尘暴天气过程, 平均每年5次。沙尘暴和强沙尘暴天气过程的地理分布比较一致, 有两个高发区: 一个位于南疆盆地; 另一个位于西北地区东部。沙尘暴天气过程主要发生在3~7月, 强沙尘暴天气过程集中发生在3~5月。近48a来区域沙尘暴和强沙尘暴天气过程都呈波动下降趋势, 且强沙尘暴天气过程比沙尘暴天气过程下降趋势更为剧烈。1956-1987年是沙尘暴和强沙尘暴天气过程的多发时期, 1988年后无论沙尘暴或强沙尘暴天气过程均大幅减少。2月的北极涛动指数对当年沙尘暴天气过程的发生多少具有预报意义。 相似文献
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西北地区大风日数的时空分布特征 总被引：31，自引：2，他引：29
利用选取的西北5省(区)以及内蒙古西部(110°E以西)分布均匀的127个气象站1960-2000年41a逐月大风出现日数资料, 分析研究了西北地区大风的空间、时间特征, 并具体分析了大风与沙尘暴的时空关系, 揭示了西北地区大风分布的一些新事实。西北大风天气可划分为较少区(年均大风日数小于10d)、较多区(年均大风日数10~50d)、多发区(年均大风日数50~100d)和频发区(年均大风日数大于100d)。西北地区大部分区域为大风较多区, 占总站数的614%, 大风频发区分布最小; 大风最频繁发生的地方在新疆西北部的阿拉山口, 年平均大风日数超过160d, 平均不到3d就有一次大风天气, 大风日数最少的地方是陕西北部延安, 平均每年发生大风天气的日数不到1d。大风日数空间分布与地形有很大关系, 两山之间的峡谷地带以及高山和青藏高原极易出现大风天气。西北地区多数台站近40a来大风呈减少趋势, 其中新疆西北部、甘肃河西走廊西部和陕西东部等地区减少最为明显, 大风增加的区域主要集中在新疆东北部到青海西部地区, 其代表站年均大风日数从20世纪60年代到80年代中期以后增加了近3倍, 达到190d。总体来讲, 西北地区大风天气最多的季节是春季, 以5月最多, 其次是夏季, 秋、冬季特别是秋季大风最少; 陕西、甘肃中南部夏季大风较多, 青海东南部则夏季最最少, 冬季大风更多一些。进一步分析表明, 西北地区大风频发区与沙尘暴频发区并不完全重合, 例如, 南疆是西北乃至我国沙尘暴最频发区之一, 但是南疆却是西北地区大风的较少区, 年大风日数远少于沙尘暴日数。同样是沙源丰富的沙漠地区, 也都是我国沙尘暴的主要频发区, 但是塔克拉玛干沙漠及其附近地区的沙尘暴日数远多于大风日数, 而巴丹吉林沙漠地区的大风日数却比沙尘暴日数明显偏多。最近40 a西北地区大风与沙尘暴发生次数随时间变化趋势一致, 基本呈线性减少特征, 这说明在下垫面状况不变或变化不大的情况下, 近年来沙尘暴次数减少可能主要是由于大风天气(沙尘暴驱动因子)减少而造成的。大风的时间变化可以决定沙尘暴随时间的变化。 相似文献