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1.
In the southern region of the southern Chihuahuan Desert three common species of arborescent cacti are distributed over a north-west to south-east climatic gradient; Opuntia leucotricha, O. streptacantha, and Myrtillocactus geometrizans. In general, O. leucotricha is more abundant in the colder north-west section; M. geometrizans in the warmer south-east zone, not occurring in the north-west; and O. streptacantha reaches its greatest abundance in the centre of the region. We studied the potential replacement process between the three species due to canopy interference as well as the effect of a disturbance, freezing temperature, on their survivorship. Canopy interference between adjacent individuals of M. geometrizans/O. streptacantha and O. streptacantha/O. leucotricha indicated a potential replacement sequence of O. leucotricha replaced by O. streptacantha which, in turn, is replaced by M. geometrizans. In contrast, the damage caused by an extreme low-temperature event hardly affected O. leucotricha. It did however cause severe damage to individuals of O. streptacantha in the north-west of its distribution with little or no damage to individuals in the more south-eastern populations studied. M. geometrizans had a similar pattern of damage to O. streptacantha over its range in the region but at each site where the two species occurred together, that damage was more severe. Our observations suggest that disturbance in the form of extreme freezing temperatures is the mechanism that limits the distribution of these three arborescent cacti in the southern Chihuahuan Desert and allows their co-existence regionally. 相似文献
2.
Kathleen C. Parker 《自然地理学》2013,34(4):322-335
Patterns of association of three columnar cactus species with potential nurse plants and rocks were examined in Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Arizona. Close spatial associates of cacti are often called “nurses” because they provide a less extreme microclimate for cactus seedlings, which improves survival rates. Of the three cacti, Carnegiea gigantea had the greatest frequency of association with nurse plants. Stenocereus thurberi, which is common on steep hillslopes where rocks and crevices offer numerous protected microsites for seedling establishment, was associated with nurse rocks more frequently than were the other two species. Lophocereus schottii showed the lowest frequency of association with nurses. In the Monument, L. schottii reproduces primarily through vegetative propagation, which reduces the need of small cacti for protection from nurses. Species most frequently associated with the three cacti were among the dominant species where each cactus occurred except that sparsely foliated species were associated with cacti less frequently than expected. This pattern supports previous claims that structural characteristics are more important than species identification in providing cacti with enhanced chances for survival. It also suggests that at a landscape scale, population dynamics of columnar cacti are more closely linked to patterns of overall vegetation change than to population fluctuations of a particular species that acts as a nurse. [Key words: northern Sonoran Desert, cactus establishment, nurse plants.] 相似文献
3.
Mariana Rojas-Aréchiga Alma Orozco-Segovia Carlos Vázquez-Yanes 《Journal of Arid Environments》1997,36(4):571-578
Seed germination of seven species of cacti from Zapotitlán Valley, Puebla, Mexico, were compared at four different light treatments (red light, far-red light, white light and darkness) at a constant temperature of 25°C, and at two light treatments (white light and darkness) at two fluctuating temperatures (15–30°C and 20–30°C). Results allowed us to divide the studied species into two groups: positive photoblastic and indifferent to light. Positive photoblastics were barrel cacti and indifferent to light species were columnar cacti. Although barrel cacti had a light requirement for germination, they germinated in far-red light. Probable relationships among life-form, species distribution and light requirements for germination are discussed. 相似文献
4.
Columnar cacti are an important feature of the arid “cardonal” landscape in South America. The predominant columnar cactus in the southern zone is Echinopsis (=Trichocereus) terscheckii. At some sites, the species suffers considerable trunk damage, attributed in previous studies to feral livestock grazing (donkey and cattle). In order to understand the potential impact of this damage on columnar cactus populations, we investigated whether reproductive output (flower, fruit and seed production) of Echinopsis terscheckii individuals was related to damage, controlling for the effect of individual plant size and habitat characteristics measured at meso and micro-scale. Cactus trunk damage negatively correlated with the number of flowers and fruits, but not with fruit size. We also found significant effects of meso and micro-habitat conditions on all the analyzed reproductive parameters while plant size was positively related to flower and fruit production. These results show that bark damage reduces the reproductive potential of cacti, and therefore that large feral herbivores could have negative effects on reproduction of columnar cacti. Such findings highlight the need for management programs to monitor population trends of these plants and also exotic herbivores. 相似文献
5.
In three Larrea shrublands, cacti grow under Larrea canopy at northern and southern exposures and in open spaces were counted. Cacti distribution was related to environmental variables. Seven out of the 15 cacti present were found to be associated with shrubs, whereas the other species were found in the open spaces. The lower temperature and radiation occurring under shrubs at south exposures would explain the absence of cacti in these places. The higher organic matter, nutrients, and moisture in the soils under shrubs appeared to be correlated with higher cacti density. The presence of cacti seedlings only under shrubs could be attributed to the favourable environmental conditions for cacti seed germination and seedling survival that occurred in these places. 相似文献
6.
The purpose of this study was to examine physiological correlates to the phenomenon of epidermal browning and saguaro decline in Saguaro National Monument. Gas exchange characteristics, surface temperatures, and the extent of epidermal browning in tissues of both healthy and declining saguaro cacti (Carnegiea gigantea) at different solar orientations were examined in eight long-term monitoring plots in the Rincon Mountain District of the Saguaro National Monument near Tucson, Arizona during both wet and dry seasons and years.Daily maximum surface temperatures were greatest on west-oriented tissues, as predicted by a simple model. However, south- and south-west-oriented tissues showed the highest browning indices, suggesting that browning may be more related to cumulative thermal loading than to extreme late afternoon temperature events. During the wet season, maximum nocturnal CO2uptake rates and total nocturnal CO2uptake were negatively correlated with browning index. Uptake rates during dry seasons and dry years was minimal, and not related to browning indices. However, healthy tissues of saguaros that also had tissues with high browning indices had wet-season maximum CO2uptake rates as high as saguaros without damaged tissues, suggesting that the browning is not systemic but rather is tissue- and angle-specific. Instantaneous measures of water-use efficiency did not vary significantly or predictably by angle, but rather were greatest during night-time and in tissues when CO2uptake was greatest. We suggest that browning symptoms on cacti are most likely due to natural abiotic stress, and are unrelated to systemic pollution stress or increased UV-B radiation. 相似文献
7.
Few studies have determined the importance of orientation on flower reproductive success. Flower orientation may affect reproduction of Cactaceae; the interception of photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) differs along the different sides of cacti stems, and translocation of resources between cacti ribs does not appear to occur. Therefore, PAR received by each cacti stem face may determine the resources available for reproduction. We examined the reproductive success of Pachycereus weberi flowers with contrasting orientations. Ovule production per ovary, number of seeds per fruit, seed set per fruit and seed weight were used as indicators of reproductive success for flowers facing southeast and northeast. PAR received on opposite stem sides was recorded as an estimator of resource availability for each side. Results showed that flowers facing southwards produced more ovules and seeds and produced heavier seeds. Seed set was not significantly different between flowers with contrasting orientations. The southern stem faces received more PAR than the northern faces. Reproductive success was different for flowers with contrasting orientations, suggesting that there is an association between PAR received on different P. weberi stem faces and floral reproductive success. 相似文献
8.
This is a reply to Ortega-Baes’ et al. (2010) survey of 25 Argentinean species of cacti evaluated for vivipary. We argue that the sample size and geographic area of the species investigated is insufficient to totally exclude the putative commonness of this condition in the Cactaceae. We indicate possible reasons why they did not find viviparous fruits in their survey. Failure to detect vivipary in cacti of NW Argentina may be correlated with limited taxonomic sampling and geographic region in addition to intrinsic and extrinsic plant factors, including different stages of fruit and seed development and genetic, ecological, and edaphic aspects, which, individually or in concert, control precocious germination. We uphold that viviparity is putatively frequent in this family and list 16 new cases for a total of 53 viviparous cacti, which make up ca. 4% incidence of viviparism in the Cactaceae, a substantially higher percentage than most angiosperm families exhibiting this condition. The Cactaceae ranks fourth in frequency of viviparity after the aquatic families of mangroves and seagrasses. We suggest the re-evaluation of cactus vivipary, primarily as a reproductive adaptation to changing environments and physiological stress with a secondary role as a reproductive strategy with limited offspring dispersal/survival and fitness advantages. 相似文献
9.
Coastal defence and the Habitats Directive: predictions of habitat change in England and Wales 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Mark Lee 《The Geographical journal》2001,167(1):39-56
Future coastal defence policies and 'natural' processes will have an impact on habitats within Special Areas of Conservation (SAC), Special Protection Areas (SPA) and Ramsar sites. An overview of the potential nature and extent of these changes (losses or gains over the next 50 years) around the coast of England and Wales was carried out to inform policy decisions on the legal and funding aspects of coastal defence options and possible habitat replacement. It is predicted that there could be a net loss of freshwater and brackish habitat of around 4000 hectares, together with a net gain of intertidal (saltmarsh and mudflat/sandflat) habitats of around 770 hectares, with the gains associated with managed retreat ( c .12 500 ha) balancing the expected losses due to coastal squeeze and erosion on the unprotected coast. The likely costs of freshwater and brackish habitat replacement, on a hectare-for-hectare basis, is estimated to be in the order of £50–60 million, including site purchase, set-up and on-going management costs. 相似文献
10.
近20年来沿海地区风暴潮灾害脆弱性评价 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
采用1990~2009年风暴潮灾害损失数据,选择中国东部沿海地区11个省市为研究对象,借鉴沿海脆弱性指数(Coastal Vulnerability Index,CVI)方法的评估思路,构建风暴潮灾害脆弱性指数SSVI(Storm Surge Vulnerability Index,SSVI),采用加法模型评价中国沿海省区风暴潮灾害的物理脆弱性。结果表明:沿海地区风暴潮脆弱性存在较大年际变化;高和很高脆弱性等级主要分布于东南沿海各省区,低和很低脆弱性等级主要分别于北部沿海各省区,而中等脆弱性等级空间分布则变化较大。 相似文献
11.
Teresa M. Konlechner 《New Zealand geographer》2008,64(2):154-156
Abstract: Marine dispersal provides a mechanism for introduced plants to invade coastal systems. Regular surveillance is essential for management of marine dispersed weeds. This paper outlines the biological, physical and management dimensions of this coastal issue in New Zealand. 相似文献
12.
山东烟台市套子湾海岸带土地利用及景观格局变化研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
海岸带是全球环境变化最为敏感的地区之一,其土地利用变化可引起多种资源与生态过程的改变.随着人口的增加以及经济的发展,烟台市海岸带土地利用变化不断加剧,研究其土地利用空间格局变化时合理利用土地资源、促进沿海地区的可持续发展具有重要意义.利用RS,GIS手段研究分析了烟台市套子湾沿岸景观格局的时空变化及其驱动力因子.对1986,1992,2000和2004年4个时期的TM影像进行了解译.结果表明:套子湾沿岸耕地和林地呈现明显的减少趋势,居民地、果园呈明显增加趋势,水体和滩涂变化不明显.受自然和人类活动的共同影响,景观多样性指数与均匀度均呈现出先上升后降低的趋势,反映出土地利用首先逐渐趋于多样化和均匀化,而后又开始向单一化的趋势发展. 相似文献
13.
江苏沿海滩涂围垦耕地质量演变趋势分析 总被引：11，自引：1，他引：10
淤涨型沿海滩涂作为中国重要湿地和耕地后备资源,承担着生态保护、社会保障、经济发展等多重服务功能。选取江苏中部淤涨型滨海滩涂开展实证分析,分析围垦年限为0~40年滩涂垦区耕地质量因子空间差异,采用“时空代换”方法揭示滨海滩涂围垦后耕地质量的演变趋势,为沿海滩涂围垦区耕地资源可持续利用提供决策参考。结果表明：江苏中部沿海滩涂土壤总体呈现盐碱度高、养分贫瘠等特征且土壤理化性质变异程度高,土壤质地呈现显著南北和陆海梯度特征。滩涂垦区围垦初期地形、植被状态和围垦后滨海滩涂转变为耕地路径对耕地质量演变趋势均具有重要影响。沿海滩涂转为耕地路径由垦区自然条件、开发主体、开发规模等因素共同作用,江苏中部沿海滩涂转为耕地路径已从“盐生植被→养殖水体→耕地”转变为“盐生植被→耕地”,该转变缩短了滩涂转为耕地的周期,但同时也带来围垦滩涂撂荒闲置现象。围垦后沿海滩涂土壤逐步向耕地土壤转变,耕地质量因子演变趋势可分为四种：上升型,如土壤全磷、有效磷、粘粒含量;下降型,如土壤砂粒含量;下降—上升型,如有机质、全氮、碱解氮和CEC;上升—下降型,如土壤盐分和pH。围垦初期,滩涂土壤脱离海水环境,土壤有机质发生矿化过程呈现下降趋势,土壤盐分和pH受到蒸发和蒸腾作用急剧上升;围垦中期,受到人类耕作作物秸秆等有机物输入以及施肥的影响,土壤有机质、养分等呈现上升趋势,土壤盐分和pH呈现下降趋势;围垦后期,耕地质量因子受到耕作管理影响存在一定幅度的波动,由于沿海滩涂垦区耕地形成时间短,耕地质量对耕作管理等因素敏感度高。 相似文献
14.
MICHAEL BIRD SUSAN COWIE REA HAWKES† BEN HORTON† COLIN MACGREGOR JIN EONG ONG‡ AILEEN TAN SHAU HWAI§ TEH TIONG SA¶ ZULFIGAR YASIN§ 《The Geographical journal》2007,173(2):103-117
We report the results of a study of the physical characteristics and socio-economic impacts of the Indian Ocean Tsunami of 26 December 2004 on the tourist island of Langkawi, Malaysia. In comparison with many other locations struck by the tsunami, the immediate physical and socio-economic impacts in Langkawi were relatively minor. A detailed survey of the watermark and ground elevations was undertaken in the worst affected area between Sungei Kuala Teriang and Sungei Kuala Melaka. Here, the tsunami reached a maximum elevation of 4.29 m as it crossed the coast, with a maximum flow depth of 2.0 m and a very consistent run-up elevation relative to mean sea level of 300 ± 10 cm. The tsunami inundated inshore areas for 300 m and penetrated inland along creeks for 500–1000 m. Structural damage to buildings was confined to within 50–150 m of the shoreline where about 10% of the houses were completely destroyed and 60–70% suffered significant structural damage. Damage was particularly severe in areas where there was no engineered coastal protection, but while coastal revetments did provide enhanced protection for houses at the waterfront, the coastline in the study area appeared to be more heavily impacted than elsewhere in Langkawi because wave energy was focused on the area by offshore breakwaters built to protect the Langkawi port and airport. Emergency response after the tsunami was rapid and efficient but would have been improved if the local police station had not been rendered inoperative by the first wave, and if a mechanism had been in place to ensure that informal advance warnings transmitted between Phuket (Thailand), Langkawi and Penang (Malaysia) by tourist operators could have been more widely disseminated. 相似文献
15.
海南岛西部沿海地区近70年来的生态环境变化 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
海南西部沿海地区具有干旱、风大、高温、多灾害的自然地理特点,生态环境具有脆弱性。近70年来本区生态环境变化很大,20世纪30年代呈典型的热带稀树草原景观,人类对生态环境的影响小;20世纪50年代出现了大面积的风沙化环境,生态环境恶化;此后,风沙化环境一直呈逆转趋势,1970年至2000年,人类重视对生态环境的建设,生态环境比较稳定。在本区生态环境的变化过程中,自然生态环境的脆弱性是其前提条件,而大规模的人类活动则是其变化的主要原因。日本帝国主义的侵略和掠夺、沿海防护林工程建设、经济建设和水利建设等人类活动对本区生态环境的变化起了主要的作用。 相似文献
16.
风暴潮灾害脆弱性研究综述 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
脆弱性是自然灾害风险研究的热点,风暴潮灾害脆弱性与风暴潮自然过程强度以及沿海社会经济、人口、自然环境等因素相关。本文从风暴潮灾害脆弱性定义出发,对国内外风暴潮灾害社会脆弱性和物理脆弱性进行了回顾,重点对人口、海堤、房屋等风暴潮灾害典型承灾体物理脆弱性研究进展进行了论述,分析了风暴潮灾害脆弱性评价中存在的不确定性,探讨了风暴潮灾害脆弱性在灾害损失评估、保险及再保险、防灾减灾决策支持等领域的应用,对未来风暴潮灾害脆弱性研究提出了以下展望：①开发符合中国沿海区域风暴潮灾害特征和承灾体分布的定量化、精细化脆弱性曲线,拓展风暴潮脆弱性评价结果在保险理赔、灾害损失评估等领域应用;②气候变化背景下中国沿海面临风暴潮巨灾风险,迫切需要建立科学的基于灾害实地踏勘以及物模实验、数值模拟相结合的风暴潮灾害典型承灾体脆弱性评估方法模型。 相似文献
17.
广东西南湛江市风沙特征和成因初探 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
湛江因处于特定的地理位置和自然环境条件下,经常受自东海南下的岸流和区内河流的影响,给我国东部沿海带来大量泥沙。加之强劲偏东风和较多台风作用下,尤其冬春干旱多劲风,风浪潮汐的掀沙作用强烈。为此,本文重点就湛江市沿海沙土的分布、风沙特征及其成因作一较详尽介绍。 相似文献
18.
Shane Paul Griffiths 《International Journal of Salt Lake Research》1999,8(4):307-327
The consequences of artificially opening lagoon entrances on the fish assemblages of coastal lagoons in south-eastern Australia
were investigated. Impacts of lagoon opening were assessed by comparing changes in the fish assemblages of Werri and Shellharbour
Lagoons, both of which intermittently opened to the sea with that of Lake Illawarra, a third coastal lagoon which remained
closed during the study period. Numbers of fish species and individuals did not differ significantly after lagoon openings
at Werri Lagoon and Shellharbour Lagoon. However, higher numbers of species and individuals were found in Lake Illawarra before
the other lagoons had opened. Abundances of some economically significant species (namelyMugil cephalus, Myxus elongatus andLiza argentea) significantly increased after openings, mainly due to small juveniles (<40 mm FL) recruiting to the seagrass beds. In contrast,
these species were caught as larger juveniles (>70 mm FL) in Lake Illawarra. Furthermore, their abundance in Lake Illawarra
declined during successive months, coinciding with declining salinity. Abundances of resident species (such asPseudomugil olorum andAfurcagobius tamarensis) remained largely unchanged after openings. Although it was clear that marine-spawning species must benefit from lagoon openings,
the number and composition of species able to move into lagoons from adjacent waters may be dependent upon the frequency,
duration and time of year that the entrance is connected to the sea. The present study thus provides data which may be useful
for fisheries management in intermittently open lagoons. However, these results should not be cited as reason to artificially
open lagoon entrances as further detailed studies of other aspects of lagoon biota, such as their invertebrate and avian faunas,
are also needed to provide sufficient basis for broader management frameworks. 相似文献
19.
Soil fertility in arid ecosystems is spatially and temporally heterogeneous, due primarily to biotic feedbacks from perennial plants. While the “island of fertility” effect is well-established, little is known about the influence of plant functional characteristics on soil nutrients, or changes in nutrient levels following mortality or microsite succession. To assess these patterns, we studied a functionally diverse Sonoran Desert ecosystem in which all microsite state transitions were determined. The woody species (Ambrosia deltoidea, Larrea tridentata, Parkinsonia microphylla) significantly enhanced soil organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorous levels (referred to generally as fertility) to varying degrees. Effect sizes differed significantly among species but were surprisingly similar. However, following mortality, fertility remained constant beneath Ambrosia and increased significantly beneath decaying Parkinsonia, contrary to expected declines. These results suggest that nutrients are recycled within a microsite, resulting in similar pool sizes beneath live plants across species, regardless of morphological or phonological differences. Microsites occupied by cacti exhibited no differences from bare soil, indicating that cacti may erase islands of fertility. However, nitrate and phosphate levels spiked following mortality of the large cactus, Carnegiea gigantea. In general, fertility effects were correlated with morphological characteristics that should be applicable across most arid systems. 相似文献
20.
In this study we describe the biogeographic patterns of the endemic cacti from the Atacama Desert to the Mediterranean area of Chile. Our goals were: (1) to identify areas of high endemism, (2) to test Rapoport’s rule, (3) to test the geometric constraints hypothesis, (4) to explore temperature and precipitation as explanatory variables of species richness. We used a list of 72 species of cacti, ranging from 18° to 36° S and from 0 to 4500 m.a.s.l. A Bayesian analysis of Endemicity (BAE) was used to evaluate hierarchical relationships of endemism between different latitudinal bands. Rapoport’s rule was evaluated by examining the relationships between latitudinal/altitudinal mid-point, latitudinal/altitudinal range extent and species richness. The geometric constraints hypothesis was tested by examining the existence of mid-domain effect. The BAE indicated two areas of endemism: (1) the northern area between 18° S and 26° S, and (2) the southern area between 27° S and 36° S. The shape of the latitudinal gradient is non-linear, supporting the geometric constraints hypothesis. Altitudinal patterns, however, support Rapoport’s rule; a peak of endemism was found at low altitudes. The explanatory variables were elevation, minimum temperature of the coldest month, mean temperature of wettest quarter and annual precipitation. 相似文献