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1.
塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地沙尘气溶胶质量浓度垂直分布特征 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
利用Grimm 1.108、Thermo RP 1 400 a以及TSP等仪器于2009年1月至2010年2月对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中不同高度沙尘气溶胶质量浓度进行连续观测,结合天气资料进行分析。结果表明:①80 m高度PM10质量浓度最高,80 m高度PM2.5和PM1.0质量浓度明显低于4 m高度PM10,80 m高度PM1.0质量浓度最低。频繁的沙尘天气是影响不同粒径的沙尘气溶胶浓度含量的主要因素。②夜间至日出,PM质量浓度逐渐降低,最低基本上出现在08:00,随后质量浓度逐渐增大,18:00前后浓度达到最高值,然后又逐步降低。其规律与风速的昼夜变化完全一致。③TSP月平均质量浓度高值主要集中在3—9月,其中4月和5月浓度最高,随后逐渐减低。3—9月也是PM月平均质量浓度的高值区域,4 m高度PM10月平均质量浓度最高发生在5月,其浓度为846.0 μg·m-3。80 m高度PM10浓度远高于PM2.5和PM1.0浓度,PM2.5和PM1.0浓度相差较小。风沙天气对大气中的不同粒径粒子的浓度含量影响较大,风沙天气越多,粗颗粒含量越高,反之则细颗粒越多。④沙尘天气过程中不同粒径沙尘气溶胶质量浓度变化具有晴天<浮尘天气<扬沙天气<沙尘暴天气的规律。各种沙尘天气中,PM10/TSP表现为晴好天气高于浮尘天气,浮尘天气远高于扬沙和沙尘暴天气。⑤沙尘天气过程中,沙尘气溶胶浓度随着粒径的减小,浓度逐渐降低。不同高度、不同粒径的沙尘气溶胶质量浓度每隔3~4 d形成一个峰值区,与每隔3~4 d出现沙尘天气强度增强过程直接相关。 相似文献
2.
塔里木盆地沙尘气溶胶对短波辐射的影响——以塔中为例 总被引：15，自引：11，他引：4
利用2006年8—9月塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中气象站的80 m铁塔上,距地1.5 m的KIPP & ZONEN自动辐射仪获取的监测资料,根据沙尘暴资料中PM10的小时浓度变化,参照TSP的变化趋势和塔中地面气象站的能见度和风速,将天气划分为晴空、浮尘和扬沙、沙尘暴三种类型,并分别选取其代表性天气,分析以塔中为代表的沙漠腹地,沙尘气溶胶浓度的变化对短波辐射的影响。结果表明：沙尘气溶胶减弱到达地面的总的太阳辐射,在大气总的透过率上表现为晴空是沙尘暴的2.04倍;直接辐射表现在大气透明系数的变化与沙尘暴、浮尘PM10呈显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.714,-0.771;沙尘气溶胶改变散射辐射波形,由遁形平顶型改为倒“V”型,增加散射日总量,沙尘暴是晴空的1.68倍,浮尘是晴空的2.12倍。 相似文献
3.
额济纳地区沙尘气溶胶质量浓度特征初步分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为更好地理解亚洲沙尘源区气溶胶特征,在巴丹吉林沙漠边缘额济纳地区进行了野外观测。通过对沙尘源区之一的额济纳地区沙尘气溶胶的长期临测,获得了其区域代表性沙尘气溶胶理化特征。其TSP年变化以5月最大,9月最小,这与气象条件密切相关。针对典型天气过程的观测结果表明,不同天气条件（背景大气、浮尘、扬沙和沙尘暴）下TSP浓度存在倍数关系和量级的差异,其质量浓度随粒径的分布特征也明显不同。总体上讲,额济纳地区清洁大气中沙尘气溶胶浓度量级为10^2μg／m^3,而浮尘,扬沙及沙尘暴期间沙尘气溶胶质量浓度量级为10^2μg/m^3,超强沙尘暴沙尘质量浓度可达量级为10^4μg／m^4,在不同风向影响下,气溶胶粒径分布呈现不同特征;与沙坡头、敦煌地区相比,具有其独特的区域特性。 相似文献
4.
南疆盆地沙尘气溶胶光学特性及我国沙尘天气强度划分标准的研究 总被引：13，自引：13，他引：0
依据气溶胶光学厚度测量原理,利用布设于塔里木盆地腹地塔中和盆地西南边缘和田气象站的2部CE318自动跟踪太阳光度计于2002年6月至2003年11月期间的探测结果,结合地面气象实测资料,分析了南疆盆地大气气溶胶的光学特性。同时结合我国已有的沙尘气溶胶光学特性的研究成果,初步提出了依据气溶胶光学厚度判断沙尘天气强度的标准。结果表明:塔中、和田气溶胶光学厚度随波长的增大多呈现减小趋势,塔中个别季节有些例外;2站气溶胶光学厚度的日变化基本保持对称的抛物线形,在春、夏季尤为明显;Angstrom浑浊度系数β的拟合曲线显示β随能见度增大而减小,波长指数α随能见度的变化趋势说明弱沙尘天气下,大气中主要弥漫着小粒径的气溶胶颗粒,而强沙尘天气则以大粒径为主;沙尘气溶胶光学厚度随晴空、浮尘、扬沙、沙尘暴依次增加;沙尘天气发生时,气溶胶光学厚度的临界值基本为晴空值的两倍,沙漠地区气溶胶光学厚度≥1.1206,北京≥0.3174。而发生沙尘暴的阈值则有很大不同,沙漠区气溶胶光学厚度至少 > 3.0,北京由于大气污染等因素,其判断沙尘暴发生的阈值为1.9982。另外笔者认为AOD与水平能见度之比值能够较全面地考虑水平和垂直两个方向的要素变化,衡量沙尘天气强度更具有合理意义,值得更深一步的探讨。 相似文献
5.
塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地沙尘暴过程大气颗粒物浓度及影响因素分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用Grimm1.108、Thermo RP 1400a、TSP以及CAWS-600等仪器,对2008年4月17日至23日发生在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地的1次强沙尘暴过程的颗粒物质量浓度进行连续观测,结合天气资料分析得出:①Grimm1.108颗粒物分析仪监测结果表明,日平均浓度出现两个峰值区,主峰值出现在20日,次峰值出现在18日,而小时平均浓度高值区主要集中4月19日至20日,21日中午存在1个峰值区,其他时段浓度相对较低。②强沙尘暴发生时的分钟观测数据表明,随着风速的逐渐增强,沙尘暴强度逐渐增强,不同粒径颗粒物浓度达到最大值,>0.23 μm颗粒物总浓度为39 496.5 μg·m-3,>20.0 μm颗粒物总浓度为5 390.7 μg·m-3,随后浓度逐渐下降。③PM10和TSP的浓度变化同样反映沙尘天气的过程和强度,沙尘暴前期大气中颗粒物浓度远低于强沙尘暴期间,随沙尘天气减弱,颗粒物浓度明显下降。④沙尘天气过程中大气颗粒物浓度变化具有以下规律：晴天<浮尘天气<浮尘、扬沙天气<沙尘暴天气。风速大小直接影响大气中颗粒物浓度,风速越大颗粒物浓度越高。气温、相对湿度和气压是影响沙尘暴强度的重要因素,也间接影响大气中颗粒物浓度的变化。 相似文献
6.
中国沙尘天气的区域特征 总被引：98，自引：0，他引：98
利用筛选的1954~2000年中国338个站沙尘天气资料及相关气候资料,从沙尘天气区划方面着重分析研究了我国沙尘天气的区域特征。结果表明： 1) 我国沙尘天气多发区分别位于以民丰至和田为中心的南疆盆地和以民勤至吉兰泰为中心的河西地区。不同类型沙尘天气的空间分布范围不尽相同,其中沙尘暴主要发生在与北方沙漠及沙漠化土地相联系的极干旱、干旱和半干旱区内。扬沙和浮尘天气除了在沙尘暴发生区的绝大部分地区出现外,还向其它邻近地区扩展,如扬沙可向东北地区和东南的黄淮海平原及以南地区扩展;而浮尘天气则主要向东南方向扩展,可涉及整个黄淮海平原和长江中下游地区。相比之下,上风方向的中高纬地区,如北疆和东北北部地区,浮尘天气发生甚少。2) 全国沙尘暴天气易发区可划分为北疆、南疆、河西、柴达木盆地、河套、东北和青藏等7个亚区。沙尘暴和浮尘在南疆区发生日数最多,而扬沙在河西区发生日数最多。 相似文献
7.
塔里木盆地TSP时空分布特征及影响因素分析 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
利用2004—2008年沙尘暴观测站网哈密、塔中与和田的TSP观测资料,同时结合铁干里克、民丰和喀什2007年4月开始的TSP、沙尘天气等相关资料,给出了塔里木盆地TSP时空分布特征及变化特征,同时分析了影响TSP质量浓度变化的主要因素。结果表明：①塔里木盆地东部TSP质量浓度最低,南缘最高,往盆地的西缘逐渐降低,塔中一直处于较高值。影响TSP质量浓度高低分布的主要因素是沙尘天气,沙尘天气日数越多,则浓度越高。②2004—2008年TSP年平均质量浓度哈密最低,其次为塔中,最高为和田。③2004—2007年哈密、塔中与和田TSP平均质量浓度春季最高,其次是夏季和秋季,冬季最低。④哈密、塔中与和田2005—2008年TSP质量浓度每年不同时间段各不相同。 相似文献
8.
近51a山西大风与沙尘日数的时空分布及变化趋势 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用地面气象观测数据,以瞬时风速≥17.0m.s-1或风力≥8级的大风日数和沙尘天气发生日数为指标,分析了山西大风、沙尘天气的时空分布特征,沙尘天气的变化特点及趋势,并从现代气候变化、大气环流特征及大风日数变化等方面,初步探讨了沙尘天气日数变化的气候原因。分析结果表明,山西的沙尘暴、扬沙与大风日数具有同位相、一峰一谷的逐月变化特征,峰值均出现在4月,谷值均出现在8—9月。浮尘日数具有两峰两谷的逐月变化特征,主峰与主谷与大风出现的时间一致,次峰和次谷则分别出现在每年的12月和2月。大风日数的峰值分别是沙尘暴、扬沙日数峰值的8.39倍和2.31倍;大风日数的谷值分别是沙尘暴、扬沙日数谷值的83.3倍和18.98倍。沙尘暴、扬沙与大风日数均有北部多于南部的空间分布特征,浮尘则与大风相反具有南部多于北部的空间分布特征。山西的沙尘暴、扬沙总日数在20世纪90年代初期以后比50年代到70年代初期分别减少了84.9%和77.1%。多沙尘日数年大气环流的经向度较强,乌拉尔山高压脊偏强,东亚大槽位置偏西且加深,少沙尘日数年则相反。比较发现,沙尘暴、扬沙和大风日数的变化趋势有很好的一致性,线性相关系数分别达到0.80和0.82。这表明,山西沙尘暴和扬沙的变化趋势主要是随大风的变化而变化,高纬冷空气向南爆发的频数减少、势力偏弱、路径偏北导致山西风力条件的减弱是近51a沙尘暴、扬沙发生频数下降的主要原因。 相似文献
9.
一次沙尘过程对天津气溶胶浓度分布的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
利用气溶胶质量浓度和数浓度监测资料以及不同高度的常规气象资料,结合后向轨迹模式,分析2011年4月30日至5月1日一次沙尘天气过程对天津城区气溶胶浓度的影响。结果表明：沙尘过程前的轻雾天气下PM1贡献了气溶胶质量浓度的96%和数浓度的99.9%以上;本次沙尘天气存在两个不同的浮尘过程,主要区别体现在细粒子浓度差异上,第一次浮尘过程PM1~2.5、PM2.5~10和PM10~100分别占气溶胶数浓度的6.5%、2.5%和0.1%,第二次浮尘过程占比则依次为11.3%、2.6%和0.01%;两次浮尘过程气溶胶粒子性质有明显差异,第一次浮尘过程中粗粒子浓度占PM10的80%以上,第二次浮尘过程风向转变为偏北风,细粒子浓度增高至40%,气溶胶由单纯的沙尘气溶胶转变为沙尘-污染气溶胶。 相似文献
10.
影响中国西北及青藏高原沙尘天气变化的因子分析 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
利用1948—2006年的NCEP(2.5°×2.5°)月平均再分析资料,分析了影响西北及青藏高原沙尘天气变化的动力、热力因子。结果表明:①200 hPa副热带西风急流是影响沙尘天气的动力因子,高层天气系统的季节性变化,导致了其位置及强弱的季节性变化,从而导致了高原南部扬沙、沙尘暴季节性南北移动;急流的动力结构使局地环流得以形成,局地环流的下沉支流使得高空动量下传,使地面风速增大,从而使扬沙和沙尘暴发生。②浮尘和扬沙、沙尘暴天气成因有所不同,地表温度等热力因素对浮尘天气有直接影响;而急流等动力因子则影响浮尘天气的频率,对发生范围影响较小;动力因子是扬沙、沙尘暴发生的直接原因;500 hPa锋生函数大值带的季节性南北移动也是扬沙、沙尘暴南北季节性变化的重要原因。③500 hPa水汽输送带的边缘是扬沙和沙尘暴容易发生的区域。④地表湿度是沙尘天气发生的一个因子,当地表较干时,沙尘天气发生频率增加,而当地表湿度增大时,沙尘天气发生的频率减小。 相似文献
11.
Analysis on the temporal-spatial distribution character and
effect factors of PM10 in the hinterland of Taklimakan
Desert and surrounding area 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In recent years, the physical and chemical properties of dust aerosols from the dust source area in northern China have attracted
increased attention. In this paper, Thermo RP 1400a was used for online continuous observation and study of the hinterland of
Taklimakan, Tazhong, and surrounding areas of Kumul and Hotan from 2004 to 2006. In combination with weather analysis during a
sandstorm in the Tazhong area, basic characteristics and influencing factors of dust aerosol PM10 have been summarized as below: (1)
The occurrence days of floating dust and blowing dust appeared with an increasing trend in Kumul, Tazhong and Hotan, while the
number of dust storm days did not significantly change. The frequency and intensity of dust weather were major factors affecting the
concentration of dust aerosol PM10 in the desert. (2) The mass concentration of PM10 had significant regional distribution characteristics,
and the mass concentration at the eastern edge of Taklimakan, Kumul, was the lowest; second was the southern edge of the desert,
Hotan; and the highest was in the hinterland of the desert, Tazhong. (3) High values of PM10 mass concentration in Kumul was from
March to September each year; high values of PM10 mass concentration in Tazhong and Hotan were distributed from March to August
and the average concentration changed from 500 to 1,000 g/m3, respectively. (4) The average seasonal concentration changes of
PM10 in Kumul, Tazhong and Hotan were: spring > summer > autumn > winter; the highest average concentration of PM10 in Tazhong,
was about 1,000 g/m3 in spring and between 400 and 900 g/m3 in summer, and the average concentration was lower in autumn and
winter, basically between 200 and 400 g/m3. (5) PM10 concentration during the sandstorm season was just over two times the concentration
of the non-sandstorm season in Kumul, Tazhong and Hotan. The average concentrations of sandstorm season in Tazhong
were 6.2 and 3.6 times the average concentrations of non-sandstorm season in 2004 and 2008, respectively. (6) The mass concentration
of PM10 had the following sequence during the dust weather: clear day < floating dust < floating and blowing dust < sandstorm.
The wind speed directly affects the concentration of PM10 in the atmosphere, the higher the wind speed, the higher the mass concentration.
Temperature, relative humidity and barometric pressure are important factors affecting the strength of storms, which could also
indirectly affect the concentration change of PM10 in the atmosphere. 相似文献
12.
Based on the sand dust storms data and climatic data in 12 meteorological stations around sand dust storm originating areas of the Taklimakan Desert, we analyzed the trends of the number of dust storm days from 1960 to 2005 as well as their correlations with temperature, precipitation, wind speed and the number of days with mean wind speed ≥ 5 m/s. The results show that the frequency of dust storm events in the Taklimakan region decreased with the elapse of time. Except Ruoqiang and Minfeng, in the other 10 meteorological stations, the frequency of dust storm events reduces, and in 4 meteorological stations of Kuqa, Korla, Kalpin and Hotan, the frequency of dust storm events distinctly decreases. The temperature has an increasing trend, while the average wind speed and the number of days with mean wind speed ≥ 5 m/s have decreasing trends. The correlation analysis between the number of days of dust storms and climatic parameters demonstrates that wind speed and the number of days with mean wind speed ≥ 5 m/s have strong positive correlation with the number of days of dust storms, with the correlations coefficients being 0.743 and 0.720 (p<0.01), respectively, which indicates that strong wind is the direct factor resulting in sand dust storms. Whereas precipitation has significant negative correlation with the number of days of dust storms (p<0.01), and the prior annual precipitation has also negative correlation, which indicates that the prior precipitation restrains the occurrence of sand dust storms, but this restraining action is weaker than the same year’s precipitation. Temperature has negative correlation with the number of dust storm days, with a correlations coefficient of –0.433 (p<0.01), which means that temperature change also has impacts on the occurrence of dust storm events in the Taklimakan region. 相似文献
13.
Based on the sand dust storms data and climatic data in 12 meteorological stations around sand dust storm originating areas of the Taklimakan Desert, we analyzed the trends of the number of dust storm days from 1960 to 2005 as well as their correlations with temperature, precipitation, wind speed and the number of days with mean wind speed 〉 5 m/s. The results show that the frequency of dust storm events in the Taklimakan region decreased with the elapse of time. Except Ruoqiang and Minfeng, in the other 10 meteorological stations, the frequency of dust storm events reduces, and in 4 meteorological stations of Kuqa, Korla, Kalpin and Hotan, the frequency of dust storm events distinctly decreases. The temperature has an increasing trend, while the average wind speed and the number of days with mean wind speed ≥ 5 m/s have decreasing trends. The correlation analysis between the number of days of dust storms and climatic parameters demonstrates that wind speed and the number of days with mean wind speed 〉 5 m/s have strong positive correlation with the number of days of dust storms, with the correlations coefficients being 0.743 and 0.720 （p〈0.01）, respectively, which indicates that strong wind is the direct factor resulting in sand dust storms. Whereas precipitation has significant negative correlation with the number of days of dust storms （p〈0.01）, and the prior annual precipitation has also negative correlation, which indicates that the prior precipitation restrains the occurrence of sand dust storms, but this restraining action is weaker than the same year＇s precipitation. Temperature has negative correlation with the number of dust storm days, with a correlations coefficient of -0.433 （p〈0.01）, which means that temperature change also has impacts on the occurrence of dust storm events in the Taklimakan region. 相似文献
14.
塔克拉玛干沙漠塔中地区春夏季风蚀起沙研究 总被引：6，自引：5，他引：1
利用塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中地区的观测资料,对塔中地区春夏季地表土壤风蚀起沙的临界摩擦速度及其变化特征和起沙风速进行了分析研究,并计算了2008年4月19日和7月19日两次沙尘暴天气过程沙漠地表的风蚀起沙量。结果表明:塔中地区春夏季地表起沙的临界摩擦速度为0.26 m·s-1;2 m高度的临界起沙风速约为4.1 m·s-1;两次沙尘暴过程的顺风向沙粒通量和垂直尘粒通量的平均值分别为17.44×10-4 kg·m-1·s-1 、13.8×10-8 kg·m-2·s-1、164.69×10-4 kg·m-1·s-1和799.77×10-8 kg·m-2·s-1;沙尘通量的变化与风速及摩擦速度的变化具有一致性。 相似文献
15.
塔里木盆地浮尘时空分布及对环境影响的研究 总被引：19，自引：3，他引：16
根据塔里木盆地周边22个气象台站30a浮尘日数资料和塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地4个短期定位站实测浮尘日数资料,综合分析了盆地与沙漠浮尘的时空分布特征,结果表明:①塔里木盆地浮尘年平均日数在40d以上,塔克拉玛干沙漠浮尘年平均达80d以上,居中国各地之首,其中和田年平均浮尘日数达232d,1985年记录极值304d;②盆地浮尘集中于春夏季节出现,平均可占全年的72.6%;③80年代以来盆地除和田、喀什、轮台呈增多趋势外,普遍呈减少趋势。文中还探讨了盆地浮尘形成的原因,阐述了浮尘对盆地环境和人类的影响,并对浮尘灾害防御提出了建议措施。 相似文献
16.
The regional characteristics of dust events in China has been mainly studied by using the data of dust storm, wind-blown sand and floating dust from 338 observation stations through China from 1954 to 2000. The results of this study are as follows: (1) In China, there are two high frequent areas of dust events, one is located in the area of Minfeng and Hotan in the South Xinjiang Basin, the other is situated in the area of Minqin and Jilantai in the Hexi Region. Furthermore, the spatial distributions of the various types of dust events are different. The dust storms mainly occur in the arid and semiarid areas covering the deserts and the areas undergoing desertification in northern China. Wind-blown sand and floating-dust not only occur in the areas where dust storms occur, but also extend to the neighboring areas. The range of wind-blown sand extends northeastward and southeastward, but floating-dust mainly extends southeastward to the low-latitude region such as the East China Plain and the area of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Compared with wind-blown sand, the floating-dust seldom occurs in the high latitude areas such as North Xinjiang and Northeast China. (2) The affected areas of dust storms can be divided into seven sub-regions, that is, North Xinjiang Region, South Xinjiang Region, Hexi Region, Qaidam Basin Region, Hetao Region, Northeastern China Region and Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Region. The area of the most frequent occurrence of dust storms and floating-dust is in South Xinjiang Region, and of wind-blown sand in the Hexi Region. In general, the frequency of dust events in all the seven regions shows a decreasing tendency from 1954 to 2000, but there are certain differences between various dust events in different regions. The maximum interannual change and variance of dust events during this time happened in South Xinjiang Region and Hexi Region. The dust events generally occur most frequently in April in most parts of China. The spring occurred days of dust events occupied 60-70% of the whole year in Hetao Region and Northeastern China Region. However, in South Xinjiang Region and North Xinjiang Region, which was less affected by monsoon climate, dust events may occur at any time of the year, less than 50% of the events in this region occur during spring. In the remaining three regions 50-60% of the dust events occur in spring of a year. 相似文献
17.
中国沙尘事件的区域特征 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
AsevereduststormoccurredoverEastAsiainthemiddletendaysofApril1998.Afteroneweek,itsdustplumeaffectedthecontinentofNorthAmerica.Thisattractedtheattentionofmanyscientistsintherelatedcountriestoduststorms.InrecentyearsthenumberofduststormshasbeenincreasinginChina.Itisnotonlyanimportantsymptomofdesertificationfromslowerchangetofasterchange,butalsoareflectionofthesynthesisofenvironmentalstates,includingclimate,ecosystemandsoil,whicharealldeterioratingtosomedegrees.AccordingtothedefinitionofMeteo… 相似文献