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1.
Livelihood diversification of farmers and nomads of eastern transect in Tibetan Plateau 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
Livelihoods of farmers and nomads in Tibetan Plateau are severely affected by grassland and herbal resources degeneration.
How to help them achieve livelihood diversification is a key sustainable development issue. This paper examines livelihood
assets, livelihood diversification level and livelihood strategies of farmers and nomads in 3 regions of eastern transect
in Tibetan Plateau. The results show that livelihood diversification is a popular strategy. From high mountain gorge region
to mountain plateau region and plateau region, livelihood diversification level is reduced, and livelihood activities and
proportion of extended livelihood also decrease. Livelihood assets and livelihood diversification level decrease with the
increase of elevation, mainly shown in human assets and natural assets. Livelihood diversification level is highly correlative
with livelihood assets, mainly shown in natural assets, human assets and social assets. Livelihood improvement strategies
of farmers and nomads are still based on existing livelihood assets, mainly raising livestock and digging herbs, and less
farmers and nomads consider off-farm employment or doing business. Nomads in plateau region should learn much from experiences
of extended livelihoods of people in high mountain gorge region and mountain plateau region. Therefore, aids of governments
should focus on relieving restricted factors of livelihood diversification and help them improve their abilities to build
up extended type livelihoods. 相似文献
2.
Livelihoods of farmers and nomads in Tibetan Plateau are severely affected by grassland and herbal resources degeneration. How to help them achieve livelihood diversification is a key sustainable development issue. This paper examines livelihood assets, livelihood diversification level and livelihood strategies of farmers and nomads in 3 regions of eastern transect in Tibetan Plateau. The results show that livelihood diversification is a popular strategy. From high mountain gorge region to mountain plateau region and plateau region, livelihood diversification level is reduced, and livelihood activities and proportion of extended livelihood also decrease. Livelihood assets and livelihood diversification level decrease with the increase of elevation, mainly shown in human assets and natural assets. Livelihood diversification level is highly correlative with livelihood assets, mainly shown in natural assets, human assets and social assets. Livelihood improvement strategies of farmers and nomads are still based on existing livelihood assets, mainly raising livestock and digging herbs, and less farmers and nomads consider off-farm employment or doing business. Nomads in plateau region should learn much from experiences of extended livelihoods of people in high mountain gorge region and mountain plateau region. Therefore, aids of governments should focus on relieving restricted factors of livelihood diversification and help them improve their abilities to build up extended type livelihoods. 相似文献
3.
《地理学报(英文版)》2010,(5)
Livelihoods of farmers and nomads in Tibetan Plateau are severely affected by grassland and herbal resources degeneration.How to help them achieve livelihood diversification is a key sustainable development issue.This paper examines livelihood assets,livelihood diversification level and livelihood strategies of farmers and nomads in 3 regions of eastern transect in Tibetan Plateau.The results show that livelihood diversification is a popular strategy.From high mountain gorge region to mountain plateau region and plateau region,livelihood diversification level is reduced,and livelihood activities and proportion of extended livelihood also decrease.Livelihood assets and livelihood diversification level decrease with the increase of elevation,mainly shown in human assets and natural assets.Livelihood diversification level is highly correlative with livelihood assets,mainly shown in natural assets,human assets and social assets.Livelihood improvement strategies of farmers and nomads are still based on existing livelihood assets,mainly raising livestock and digging herbs,and less farmers and nomads consider off-farm employment or doing business.Nomads in plateau region should learn much from experiences of extended livelihoods of people in high mountain gorge region and mountain plateau region.Therefore,aids of governments should focus on relieving restricted factors of livelihood diversification and help them improve their abilities to build up extended type livelihoods. 相似文献
4.
Clinton Beckford David Barker Steve Bailey 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2007,28(3):273-286
Small-scale farmers' experimental innovations have not generally been considered for on-farm research trials as those in the traditional sector have been perceived as recipients, rather than originators, of technical knowledge and sustainable and viable practices. Yet there is abundant evidence throughout the tropics that small-scale farmers are adaptive and experimental problem solvers, and experts at devising innovative survival strategies. While literature on the topic is rich with accounts from Africa, Asia and Latin America, there is a general dearth of examples from the Caribbean. This paper highlights some examples of farm- and village-level problem solving and survival practices among small-scale domestic food producers in the challenging agroecological environment of Jamaica. 相似文献
5.
中亚经济地理是世界地理研究的重要组成部分,对新疆的向西开放战略起到基础支撑作用。制造业布局是中亚经济地理研究的核心内容之一,运用数理统计方法对中亚五国制造业发展的空间格局和结构特征进行初步分析。结果表明：中亚拥有得天独厚的资源优势,为其发展制造业打下坚实的基础,但受前苏联推行的“劳动分工”政策影响,中亚五国的制造业结构相对单一。独立后五国的制造业在经历初期的衰退后开始发展,产业多样性有所增强,但由于能源产业的迅速发展,制造业占工业增加值的比重大幅下降,由1994年的53.6%降至2010年的约30%。制造业空间布局和产业结构呈现以下特点：制造业空间分布不均衡,哈萨克斯坦制造业在五国中占具核心地位;哈国内制造业空间分布也呈现“东高西低”的不均衡分布格局;五国制造业有进一步重型化趋势;轻工业整体发展稳定,部分国家轻工产品依赖进口;制造业发展依赖外商投资和技术支持。 相似文献
6.
BAI Yongqing WANG Juanle WANG Yujie HAN Xuehua Bair Z. Tsydypov Altansukh Ochir Davaadorj Davaasuren 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2017,8(6):559-570
Drought is a worldwide natural disaster that has long affected agricultural production as well as social and economic activities. Frequent droughts have been observed in the Belt and Road area, in which much of the agricultural land is concentrated in fragile ecological environment. Based on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Satellite (TRMM) 3B43 precipitation data, we used the Precipitation Abnormity Percentage drought model to study the monthly spatio-temporal distribution of drought in south region of N50° of the Belt and Road area. It was observed that drought during winter was mainly distributed in Northeast Asia, Southeast Asia, and South Asia, while it was mainly distributed in Central Asia and West Asia during summer. The occurrence of historical droughts indicates an obvious seasonal cycle. The regional variations in drought were analyzed using the Breaks for Additive Season and Trend tool (BFAST) in six sub-regions according to the spatial distribution of six economic corridors in the Belt and Road area. The average drought conditions over the 18 years show a slight decreasing trend in Northeast Asia, West Asia, North Africa, South Asia, Central and Eastern Europe, and a slight increasing trend in Central Asia. However, it was a fluctuating pattern of first increasing and then decreasing in Southeast Asia. The results indicate that the total drought area in the Belt and Road region showed a general decreasing trend at a rate of 40,260 km2 per year from 1998 to 2015. 相似文献
7.
安西地处甘肃河西走廊的西部。这里气候干旱少雨, 年雨量31.5-100毫米, 形成了荒漠植被, 是中亚荒漠的一部分。荒漠草原环境中分布着较丰富的动物资源, 甘肃省已建立安西戈壁荒漠草原自然保护区, 面积约8000平方公里, 保护区内已知兽类25种, 其中资源兽类14种, 分布在不同的自然地理区:(1)走廊绿洲荒漠(戈壁)区;(2)祁连山前山地区;(3)北山-低山、中山区。 相似文献
8.
This paper examines how double exposure to economic and environmental stressors – and the interaction between the two – affect smallholder farmers in Mozambique's Limpopo River Basin. Studying two case study villages we find that people, in general, are resilient to environmental stressors. However, most households show less resilience to the socioeconomic stressors and shocks that have been introduced or intensified by economic globalisation. Our findings indicate that economic change brought about by structural adjustment policies pressures rural people to alter their approach to farming, which makes it more difficult for them to respond to environmental change. For example, smallholder farmers find it difficult to make a transition to commercial farming within the Limpopo Basin, in part because farming techniques that are well adapted to managing environmental variability in the region – such as seeding many small plots – are not well suited to the economies of scale needed for profitable commercial agriculture. People use a variety of strategies to cope with interactive environmental and economic stressors and shocks, but many face considerable constraints to profitably exploiting market-based opportunities. We conclude that economic stressors and shocks may now be causing small-scale agriculture to be less well adapted to ecological and climate variability, making smallholders more vulnerable to future climate change. Some local level policy interventions, including those that support and build on local environmental knowledge, could assist rural agricultural societies in adapting to future environmental change in the context of economic globalisation. 相似文献
9.
A. P. Demin 《Geography and Natural Resources》2016,37(3):181-191
The role of East, South and Central Asia in the world development is shown. The current per capita availability of water resources is calculated for the countries of the region. It is found that on the whole for the territory under investigation the availability of water resources is more than twice as small as the world’s average indicator and that more than 1.5 billion people live in conditions of water stress and deficit. It is pointed out that by the year 2010 more than 70% of the population lived in conditions of high pressure on water resources, and 225 million people lived under very high and critical water stress conditions. The current pattern of water use in the countries of Asia is calculated, the dominant role of the agrarian sector is identified. An analysis is made of the measures for increasing the water availability level of the population and the economy: an increase in agricultural productivity of water resources, waste water reuse, use of saline waters, and the construction of reservoirs. Attention is given to an active construction of dams by China in the upper reaches of the Mekong which is causing distrust and tension in downstream countries. Statistical data on cooperation and conflicts in international basins of Asia is reported. It is shown that in the 20 th century the basins of the Indus and Ganges rivers experienced the largest number of water conflicts as compared to all the international basins of the world; information regarding an acute struggle for water resources in Central Asia is also provided. It is concluded that in view of an ever increasing deficit of water resources, cooperation is the only alternative for Asian countries. 相似文献
10.
Ian Smalley 《Area》2008,40(1):131-134
A study of loess in Australia brings the idea of 'desert' loess back into view. Production of particles in deserts still presents problems, but deserts do make adequate storage regions for loess particles – usually produced in adjacent mountains. Straightforward for Central Asia or China (a particle source in High Asia and convenient deserts en route to eventual deposition), but the Sahara and Australian deserts traditionally present problems. If loess material is allowed to be silt-sized clay agglomerate particles as well as the usual clastic primary minerals, then loess in Australia seems reasonable. Loess acquires its remarkable loessic qualities via aeolian deposition – the nature of the particles is perhaps of lesser importance. A more generalised approach to airborne sediments might be attempted, with two major types of suspension material recognised: large dust (maybe coarse and very coarse silt, say 20–60 µm, or perhaps 4–6 phi) and small dust (fine and very fine silt, 2–8 µm, 7–9 phi). Loess is made from large dust. 相似文献
11.
俄罗斯和中亚五国地域辽阔,土地、森林、水、能源等自然资源丰富,尤其是有色金属矿藏,种类配套齐全,在世界都占有重要地位。俄罗斯和中亚五国与中国在地缘、历史和文化等多方面有着悠久的历史,具有资源开发、经贸合作和科技交流的国际背景和有利条件。俄罗斯和中亚五国十分重视资源开发和原料出口,向主要经济合作伙伴推销资源产品,并很快引起许多国家,尤其是经济发展较快国家的重视。在未来的几年中,中国与俄罗斯和中亚五国在土地、电力、建材、机械、畜牧业、信息、交通等领域都有着广阔的合作空间。可以说,中国与俄罗斯和中亚五国及其辐射地区市场潜力巨大,待开发的领域空白点较多,特别是里海、西伯利亚的石油和天然气,是21世纪全球最具能源开发前景的地区,而能源勘探与开采领域则是我们未来需要重点发展合作的领域。但是,中亚国家的原料型经济倾向,参与世界经济一体化程度不足,生产和社会基础薄弱,这些问题都阻碍着中亚国家的可持续发展。特别是中亚国家的加工工业和轻工业相对落后,大部分日用消费品依靠进口。这是我国在中亚区域经济合作中充分发挥市场优势、加工业优势的有利条件。所以,资源和经济技术的互补性,对发展中国与中亚五国和俄罗斯双边的区域经济合作都将起到积极作用。展望21世纪的俄罗斯、中亚五国与中国的经贸合作关系,根据俄罗斯和中亚各国资源状况实地调查和统计资料等,对区域资源开发现状与潜力进行了分析,对共同面对的问题,合作的基础和条件及合作前景,都进行了探讨。 相似文献
12.
中亚地区与中国西部同属一个完整的内陆地理生态系统,生态环境极其相似,基于丝绸之路经济带的区域间大发展,对中亚地区荒漠化的研究,将更好的服务于我国向中亚开放发展的战略。依据2000—2015年SPOT VEGETATION为数据源,引入像元二分模型法（DPM）,得到2000—2015年间中亚地区的植被覆盖度数据,通过计算转换,最终获取4期中亚地区土地荒漠化程度分布图与荒漠化等级数据,并对其进行分析。结果表明：中亚地区荒漠化总体呈“7”字形分布,基本沿东北西南方向对称;中亚地区整体荒漠化情况不容乐观,荒漠化面积比例约占到中亚地区面积的80%;荒漠化有扩张趋势,2000—2010年,约以每年20 km的速度向北部扩张,但从2010—2015年以后增速明显放缓。总体来看,中亚西南部荒漠化程度依然在加剧。研究表明,基于遥感数据对中亚荒漠化问题的研究,可以有效弥补地面数据不足这一劣势,为以后大尺度的遥感制图提供数据支撑。 相似文献
13.
天山冰川与湖泊变化所示的气候趋势 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
天山山系深居亚洲大陆腹地，受中亚自然地理环境的制约，在变性西风气流的影响下，７０年代至今山地冰物质平衡负值，伴随着气温的变化而增大。湖泊则是随着山区降水量的增加，其面积渐增。气温与降水的相互作用，使得整修天山山系的水资源总量趋于正常略偏多。预期这种气候趋势将会延续到下世纪初期。 相似文献
14.
The Evolution of the Morphological Framework of the Central Namib Desert, Namibia, Since the Early Cretaceous 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The Central Namib Desert in Namibia is a hyper-arid area which was greatly affected by tectonic changes in the Early Cretaceous, associated with the opening up of the South Atlantic Ocean, continental fragmentation of West Gondwanaland and the movement of a major mantle plume (the Tristan Plume). These events led to the formation of a range of subvolcanic complexes – the so-called Damaraland Complexes – and to the deposition of flood basalts – the Etendeka Lavas. The Damaraland Complexes include some striking inselberg features of great size, including Erongo, Brandberg and Spitzkoppe. The Great Escarpment, which bounds the Central Namib to landward, is of uncertain age, but it appears to have experienced a substantial degree of erosion by the Late Cretaceous. The feature is rather less well developed and persistent in the Central Namib than elsewhere in southern Africa. It is probable that the Namib has been dry for much of the last 130 Ma, and there is evidence for aridity in the early Cretaceous and in the mid-Tertiary. 相似文献
15.
亚洲中部干旱区丝绸之路沿线环境演化与东西方文化交流 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
基于环境记录、考古发现,以及同位素资料,对亚洲中部干旱区丝绸之路沿线的全新世以来的环境变化和东西方文化交流进行了梳理。结果表明,研究区独特的地理环境和环境变化过程,深刻地影响着文化的发展和传播。河西走廊受季风影响,表现出季风—西风过渡带干湿变化的模式,晚全新世气候趋向干旱;从新疆到中亚的丝绸之路沿线的环境变化比较一致：在早全新世（BC 6000以前）主要为干旱环境,植被以荒漠类型占优势;中晚全新世,湿润程度增加,草原植被扩展。新疆和中亚全新世中晚期较为湿润的环境为东西文化交流提供了较适宜的环境基础。得益于环境条件的改善,东西方文化交流融合的进程在BC 2000以后明显加速。在BC 2500-2000期间,东西方农业文化在丝绸之路沿线接触融合,是史前丝绸之路的首次贯通;在BC 2000-1000期间,丝绸之路沿线绿洲地带形成了以小麦—/大麦—粟黍—畜牧为特征的混合型经济特征,并扩散到欧亚草原带,和周围的畜牧业形成鲜明的对照,并持续到历史时期。这种空间分异,是地理环境和东西方文化交流共同作用的结果。在史前时期,东西方农业的相向传播和融合,基本沿着山前地带的绿洲蛙跳式前进。到了历史时期,政治版图的变化是影响丝绸之路的首要因素,但环境变化仍然是不可忽略的因素。 相似文献
16.
Ludovic Ravanel Philip Deline Christophe Lambiel Christian Vincent 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2013,95(1):51-66
Rockfalls are dominant in the rock slopes and rock ridge morphodynamics in high mountain areas and endanger people who pass along or stay there, as well as infrastructure that host them (cable cars, refuges). Risks are probably greater now because of fast permafrost degradation and regression of surface ice, two consequences of the atmospheric warming of the last decades. These two commonly associated factors are involved in the instability of rock slopes by modifying the mechanical behaviour of often ice‐filled rock fractures and the mechanical constraints in the rock masses. This paper examines over 15 years the instability of the lower Arête des Cosmiques on the French side of the Mont Blanc massif. Its vulnerability is due to the presence of a high‐capacity refuge on its top (3613 m a.s.l.). In 1998, a part of the refuge was left without support when a collapse of 600 m3 occurred immediately below it. Since this date, reinforcement work has been carried out in this area, but the whole ridge has been affected by around 15 relatively shallow rockfalls. Through a multidisciplinary approach, this article assesses the role of the cryospheric factors in the triggering of these rockfalls. 相似文献
17.
中亚五国是我国西出的首站，是参与丝绸之路经济带建设的重要国家，中国与中亚的贸易投资合作直接关系到我国地缘经济空间的拓展，对“一带一路”建设意义重大。本文从地缘经济和区域经济合作的角度，运用统计分析和比较分析的方法，研究比较了中亚五国经济总量的发展变化，中亚五国的贸易环境及其与中国贸易的成效，以及中亚五国的营商环境和中国对中亚各国投资的成效。主要结论如下：中亚国家的贸易投资环境总体处于较低水平，仍需得到进一步改善；中国对中亚不同国家的贸易和投资呈同向发展的趋势；中国与中亚国家正在形成能源资源进口与民用品出口的格局；中国对中亚国家的贸易投资不平衡，呈现出国别差异较大、个别行业分布过于集中的特点，可能会加大中国对中亚国家贸易投资的风险。为进一步提升双方合作，提出以下建议：提高区域贸易投资便利化水平；因国施策，进一步发挥各方潜力，扩大贸易投资规模；促进区域经济的均衡可持续发展；鼓励双向投资，提高贸易投资的广度和深度，与中亚共同构建更加合理的区域贸易投资体系。 相似文献
18.
中亚五国在咸海流域水资源分配与利用上的矛盾,随着社会经济发展对水资源需求的增加而变得日益突出,探寻各国对咸海流域水资源利用的策略,对中亚地区水资源合理分配、可持续发展和地区安全至关重要。运用博弈论方法,分析中亚各国对咸海流域水资源的分配诉求及水政策,梳理各国在咸海流域水资源问题上的合作历程,探讨中亚各国在水资源问题上采取不同策略的利弊得失。认为目前咸海流域利益得不到协调使中亚各国深陷水资源分配困局,“协调博弈”是当前令咸海流域水资源问题走出“囚徒困境”的首选,将会获得最佳报酬。各国相互信任、转变观念,以利益分配取代水量分配,实现真正意义上的国家间合作,才能从根本上解决流域水资源分配与利用的困局。 相似文献
19.
Alan Keith Terry 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》1997,18(2):196-209
Since its inception in 1956, the Swazi sugar industry has been dominated by large-scale estates. In 1991, due to a combination of political and economic factors, steps were taken to allow the industry to become more accessible to small-scale Swazi farmers. The paper considers the scale and nature of this newly emerging group and discusses its likely impact on employment. Although these developments have been introduced to enable the benefits of the industry to trickle down more effectively to the rural poor, evidence suggests that better off or more organised groups or individuals are best placed to take advantage of the new opportunities. Further growth is now limited by a lack of water and it is likely that the recent rapid increase in this sector will now slow down. Some concern also exists over the impact of sugar cane monoculture on soils. 相似文献
20.
中亚国家地缘位置与中国地缘战略的若干思考 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
中亚地区以其独特的地缘位置而受到美、俄、中及欧盟等大国的高度重视。中亚是中国的重要邻邦,也是中国周边合作的重点地区,更是中国提升安全与能源保障的重要地缘战略依托。基于人文—经济地理学视角,从中亚国家的特点、中亚国家的地缘位置、中国和中亚国家的地缘关系,以及地缘合作战略等方面,对中亚国家的地缘位置及其与中国的地缘战略进行较为系统的分析。主要结论为：① 中亚地区自然—人文地理特点的一致性,区域内部发展的差异性,对外部经济的高度依赖性,大国角逐的长期性,以及对中国地缘利益的重要性,是地理学关注和研究中亚地缘问题的主要切入点;② 在全球尺度上,运用柯恩的当代世界地缘政治区划模型,分析中亚与以俄罗斯为代表的“欧亚大陆辖区”、以美国为代表的“海洋辖区”、以中国为代表的“东亚辖区”的地缘关系;在区域尺度上,建立一个“同心圆和扇形分布”相结合的模型,分析中亚与相邻国家或地区的地缘关系;③ 中国在中亚地区有着良好的地缘政治、经济、文化利益,中亚国家对中国也有巨大的地缘需求,这是中国与中亚国家相互合作的基础;④ 中国未来应逐步成为中亚地缘政治与文化的“参与者”、地缘经济的“引领者”。 相似文献