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1.
Green spaces (GS) have many functions that can moderate the climate change impact and help prevent disease and thus alleviate public health expenses in a context of aging societies. However, several socioeconomic, demographic and geographic processes may render the access to GS challenging. Moreover, it is often critical to know what type of GS service to develop at a specific place. Also, measurements accuracy issues could be critical for planning and decision making. As an example of what could happen in many other cities of different sizes, we modeled and compared the access to GS, including several of their specific functions, in the Census Metropolitan Areas (CMA) of Montreal and Quebec City in Canada. We used the Quebec Integrated Chronic Disease Surveillance System (QICDSS) (average of 3 million people per year over 1996–2011) to measure over time, the proximity of each individual to the closest GS boundary using travel costs and spatial interaction models. ANOVA models and their corresponding base regressions were used to evaluate the statistical significance of the relationship of GS distances and surface to density, deprivation, gender and age, including interaction terms. The spatial clustering of the reduction of distances to GS was evaluated on a chronological basis. Unlike the larger CMA of Montreal, Québec City CMA showed greater equity in access to GS, largely due to the specific geographic insertion of linear GS. The CMA of Montreal showed an improvement in the access to GS which benefits the wealthy in the densest areas on the island of Montreal. Everything happens as if a green gentrification process affects the access to GS in Montreal. Our results suggest that for the promotion of GS as an important element of primary prevention in public health, both the quality or functions of GS and the geographic determinants of their access are of higher importance than a simple consideration of total GS surface per capita as often used by decision makers or public health promoters. They also underline the limits of standard measurements of attraction and accessibility and the complexity for large cities to promote environmental justice, given the complexity of their socio-demographic processes. 相似文献
2.
John T. Coshall 《The Professional geographer》1988,40(1):85-95
Geographers employing the parametric F statistic in analyses of variance should consider that it can be highly sensitive to departures from normality. The Friedman and Kruskal-Wallis tests offer geographers nonparametric alternatives to the analysis of variance, for k dependent and independent samples respectively. Associated with the tests are little known methods for examining ordered alternatives and making multiple comparisons between samples, thereby permitting in-depth analysis of sample data. Both tests and these latter procedures are illustrated by examples drawn from population and urban retailing geography. 相似文献
3.
王殷行 《地理与地理信息科学》2008,24(6)
提出GIS多边形倒金字塔模型,拓展了模型能够支持的数据结构与适用范围,使其可以应用于普通GIS电子地图中,为采用预生成不同比例尺图面多分辨率表达无极比例尺图形显示技术提供了模型支持,并给出了建模方法,使普通GIS多边形的无极比例尺显示可以依据精度标准进行局部更新和无冗余存储。 相似文献
4.
Ricketts Hein J Watts D 《Irish geography : bulletin of the Geographical Society of Ireland》2010,43(2):135-147
Recent changes in local food supply systems have attracted substantial research interest, but little consideration has been paid to exactly where they occur. This article combines data from three studies to compare local food system development in England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland using a single index of food relocalisation, thereby exploring the usefulness of the Index across different social and political contexts. Four diagnostic indicators suggest that local food systems in the south west of Ireland and Britain are particularly well developed. The Index itself is a useful tool for making international comparisons, being easy to replicate and allowing the integration of different data sets. Perhaps its greatest utility is that it opens up new avenues for further research. 相似文献
5.
城中村有序改造的群决策——以广州市城中村改造为例 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
公众参与已成为城市规划过程中的法定程序之一,因此研究公众参与下的城中村有序改造,对于探索中国城中村改造实施机制有着重大的理论意义和应用价值。公民个体由于信息的缺乏以及受到自身知识、阅历等的限制,通常只能对一定范围内的部分空间环境进行有效地观察,形成一定的感知,即仅仅能给出各自偏好下的对部分方案的评估序列,而传统的群决策方法不能很好地处理较大比例数据的缺失问题。采用基于马尔科夫链的MC 4 启发式算法,对多个部分序进行融合,得到一个初始序列,然后对该初始序列进行Kemeny 局部优化形成群决策结果。以广州市52 个全面改造的城中村改造为例,首先构造三种不同类型的城中村居民决策者和一类环境保护决策者;其次四类决策者个体分别从各自不同的利益角度出发,对其感知空间内的部分城中村改造的迫切程度进行评估并排序;然后采用Python 编程实现了Kemeny局部优化算法对四类决策者的评估序列进行融合,得到52 个城中村改造的群决策结果;群决策结果与个体决策方案之间的Kendall tau 距离为0.2873,说明该方法得到的群决策结果与个体决策者之间的决策具有较好的一致性。研究表明,该方法摒弃传统的个案剔除法以及各种各样的数据插补方法,充分利用隐藏在这些数据中的信息,保证数据的客观性和结果的正确性,可以为公众参与的民主决策提供定量化的方法,为公共政策的制定提供科学的决策支持。 相似文献
6.
虚拟现实技术及其在地理学中的应用 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
虚拟现实是一项涉及计算机图形学、人机交互技术、传感技术、人工智能等领域的综合集成技术。它用计算机生成逼真的三维视、听、嗅觉等感觉，使人作为参与者通过适当装置，自然地对虚拟世界进行体验和交互，最终使得参与者产生身临其境之感。在分析虚拟现实定义及软件硬件构成的基础上，提出了虚拟地理环境的概念及其技术实施路线，探讨了现实技术在地理学中的应用前景。 相似文献
7.
Piotr Jankowski 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(3):251-273
Abstract Many spatial decision-making problems, such as site selection or land use allocation require the decision-maker to consider the impacts of choice-alternatives along multiple dimensions in order to choose the best alternative. The decision-making process, involving policy priorities, trade-offs, and uncertainties, can be aided by Multiple Criteria Decision making (MCDM) methods. This paper presents a framework for integrating geographical information systems (GIS) and MCDM methods. In this framework the MCDM methods are classified and matched with choice heuristics used by the decision-makers in the presence of competing alternatives and multiple evaluation criteria. Two strategies for integrating GIS with MCDM are proposed. The first strategy suggests linking GIS and MCDM techniques using a file exchange mechanism. The second strategy suggests integrating GIS and MCDM functions using a common database. The paper presents the implementation of the first strategy using PC-ARC/INFO, a file exchange module, and four different MCDM computer programs. 相似文献
8.
虚拟旅游系统是利用三维GIS、虚拟现实与网络等技术构建的面向旅游业的网络虚拟现实系统平台。在整个虚拟旅游系统构建中,最基础也是最重要的部分是虚拟旅游景观的实现,它关系着虚拟景观的展示效果、显示速度以及空间分析、情景模拟等各项功能的实现。本文基于虚拟旅游景观的特点及实现难点,使用ArcGIS和3DSMax分别建立具有不同形态特征的虚拟地面模型和虚拟地物模型,将所有模型转换为VRML文件格式并进行优化,不仅有效融合了虚拟地面模型和虚拟地物模型,并且兼顾了模型的逼真度和显示速度。本文提出了一套虚拟旅游景观的设计方案、关键技术,并通过圆明园遗址公园虚拟旅游景观的实现,验证了其可行性。本研究对于虚拟旅游的发展具有积极的参考意义,对于我国众多旅游景区虚拟旅游系统的研发具有技术的应用性和可推广性。 相似文献
9.
Rafael Moreno‐Sanchez Geoffrey Anderson Jesus Cruz Mary Hayden 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(10):1135-1163
Globalization is contributing to the blurring of borders making irrelevant the distinctions between domestic and international health problems. Cross‐border and global health spatial information systems (CBHSIS) are required to address the new global health challenges. There is a need to build and document alternatives for addressing the technological, economic, and sociocultural–political challenges encountered in the creation and deployment of these systems. This paper documents the building of a prototype Web‐based multimedia GIS system for use in a public health context using Open Source Software and Open Specifications and its deployment across the US–Mexico border. These technologies offer advantages in addressing several of the challenges previously mentioned. We highlight the technological and sociocultural–political issues important in successful collaboration across borders and cultures and in the creation of interoperable CBHSIS. 相似文献
10.
湖北大冶市耕地变化驱动机制研究——基于三维分析框架的综合考察 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
综合利用RS数据、统计数据和实地调研结果,研究了湖北省大冶市1991-2000年耕地变化的特征,并从自然环境条件的基础作用机制、社会经济发展的导向机制、社会群体和个体的决策机制三维视角.采用定性与定量相结合的方法,考察了大冶市耕地变化的驱动机制.研究表明:(1)在自然环境条件方面,矿农交错界面、湖陆交错界面和林农交错界面是该市自然环境中主要的孕灾基础;(2)在社会经济发展方面,农业由以种植业为主转为农、牧、渔业综合发展,以乡镇工业发展为主的工业发展格局及人口的"虚假"城市化是其基本特征.构成了社会经济发展的基本导向;(3)在社会群体和个体决策方面,地方政府的投资扩张冲动加速了耕地向建设用地的转移,使大冶市耕地非农化并不与经济发展的需求同步,政府的退耕还林、还湖政策和农户以经济利益为导向的决策则在农业内部结构调整中占据主导地位. 相似文献
11.
Khalid A. Eldrandaly 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(12):2455-2482
Many real-world spatial planning and management problems give rise to a geographical information system (GIS)-based multi-criteria decision-making. Analytical network process (ANP) provides a comprehensive methodology for representing complex multi-criteria decision-making problems as a network of criteria and alternatives, where feedback and interdependence relationships may exist within and between all the criteria and alternatives. Experts’ experiences are used to estimate relative magnitudes of tangible and intangible factors through paired comparisons in order to make rational and consistent decisions. However, the GIS-based ANP, an adoption of weighted linear aggregation rule, typically employed a high trade-off decision strategy and neglected other decision strategies. This paper develops a novel GIS-based multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) procedure by extending the ANP using fuzzy quantifiers-guided ordered weighted averaging (OWA) operators. This extension, which generalizes the aggregation process used in the ANP, would provide a generic powerful decision-making tool that allows decision-makers to define a decision strategy on a continuum between pessimistic (risk-averse) and optimistic (risk-taking) strategies. By changing the linguistic quantifiers, the GIS-based ANP–OWA can generate a wide range of decision strategies taking into accounts the level of risk the decision-makers wish to assume in their MCE. A land-use suitability analysis in a region of Saudi Arabia is presented to demonstrate the application of the proposed procedure. 相似文献
12.
Jacek Malczewski 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(8):955-971
Abstract The multiple criteria group decision-making problem involves a set of feasible alternatives that are evaluated on the basis of multiple, conflicting and noncommensurate criteria by a group of individuals. This paper is concerned with developing a GIS-based approach to group decision-making under multiple criteria. The approach integrates, within a raster GIS environment, the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and Borda's choice rule. TOPSIS orders the feasible alternatives according to their closeness to the ideal solution. It is used to derive the individual preference orderings. Borda's method combines the individual preferences into a group preference or consensus/compromise ranking. The approach is implemented within the IDRISI GIS and illustrated on a hypothetical decision situation. 相似文献
13.
遗产地农村社区参与旅游发展的制度嵌入性——丹霞山瑶塘村与断石村比较研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
基于制度嵌入性理论,采用质性研究方法,采取主位的研究立场,揭示正式制度与非正式制度对农村社区参与旅游发展的约束与影响。研究发现：遗产地农村社区参与旅游发展是一个制度约束下的理性行动过程,同时嵌入在多层正式制度和非正式制度中;不同农村社区在参与旅游发展过程中,由于制度嵌入的差异,导致相异的行动决策和发展结果,社区内部非正式制度嵌入的差异是主要影响因素;当社区内部非正式制度脱嵌时,外部正式制度的有效嵌入是协调遗产地与社区发展的关键因素。研究认为,制度嵌入性范式可以深入地解释不同农村社区参与旅游发展的差异性,为中国农村社区参与旅游发展的增权行动、制度设计和监督管理提供有益参考。 相似文献
14.
中非合作正在成为国际政治和经济舞台上的重要事件。本文选用Endnote和Antconc等信息提取软件对国内外知名文献库中收录的有关中非合作的文章进行了梳理。以“中非合作”作为模糊关键词,对Web of Science、Taylor & Francis、Elsevier和中国知网四大数据库进行搜索,得到相关中外文文献共计623篇。分析发现,中外学者对中非合作议题的关注多集中于政治学和经济学的学科分析框架之下,其他学科视角相对缺乏。从人文地理学视角来看,尽管也有部分经济地理和政治地理学者对该话题进行了探讨,但并未完全脱离政治学和经济学的分析框架,且数量较少、未能体系化。因此,本文从与中非合作最为紧密的政治地理、旅游地理以及社会文化地理等三个方向提出了未来可能成为中非合作研究热点话题的基本研究框架。鉴此,随着国家“一带一路”倡议的逐步实施,期望未来能有更多人文地理学者投入到中非合作研究中,积极发挥中国地理学“走出国门”的大国智力责任和担当,为中非合作研究与实践作出自己的贡献。 相似文献
15.
Szymon Chmielewski Danbi J. Lee Piotr Tompalski Tadeusz J. Chmielewski Piotr Wężyk 《International journal of geographical information science》2016,30(4):801-818
Debates on the encroaching commercialization of public space by outdoor advertising highlight its possible negative impact on local quality of life and enjoyment of public spaces. These overstimulating outdoor advertisements are often considered a source of visual pollution, but cities have no standard way of measuring where it exists and its local impact, and thus cannot regulate it effectively. This study illustrates that visual pollution can be measured in a useful way by relating public opinion to the number of visible advertisements (intervisibility analysis). Using a 2.5D outdoor advertisement (OA) dataset (location and height) of a busy urban street in Lublin, Poland, this preliminary experiment translates visibility into visual pollution. It was found that streetscape views with more than seven visible OAs created visual pollution in this case study. The GIS-based methodology proposed could provide Lublin officials with a basic tool to assess and manage visual pollution, by informing permitting decisions on OAs. 相似文献
16.
基于GIS的细胞自动机模型与人地关系的复杂性探讨 总被引：23，自引：5，他引：23
探讨人地非线性关系可以揭示地理系统空间复杂性的许多简单本质 ,具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。以地理信息系统 (GIS)为技术支持 ,建立以细胞自动机 (CA)为核心的综合集成模型 ,将成为人地关系复杂性研究的主要方向。建议在CA GIS集成技术的基础上 ,一方面引入人工神经网络、进化算法、多重智能体系 (MAS)以及后现代数学分析方法 ,另一方面面向具体研究对象开发包括自然、人文地理要素在内的集成区域动力学模型 ,据此发展智能化综合集成模型体系 ,形成人地关系复杂性的模拟研究实验室。本文提出了开发智能化CA GIS模拟方法的初步设想。 相似文献
17.
Clinton L. Beckford 《The Geographical journal》2002,168(3):248-259
Many researchers in the Caribbean have protested the generally negative stereotyping of small–scale farmers and the small–scale domestic agricultural sector. The essence of this pejorative attitude is that small–scale farmers display apathy and resistance to change and are reluctant to accept innovations. A major reason for this perspective is a lack of knowledge and understanding of and sensitivity towards the factors that influence and inform farmers' decisions. Studying the decision–making of small–scale farmers can, therefore, shed light on their activities and help inform policymaking. This paper uses the example of small–scale yam farmers in central Jamaica to explore and investigate important issues related to decision–making innovations around four questions. Can the decisions of farmers about innovations be considered to be rational? What are the major factors that influence decision outcomes? Why do so many agricultural innovations and modernization initiatives that target small–scale farmers fail? Do farmers really shun innovations that have clear and obvious benefits and, if so, why? 相似文献
18.
Michael R. Walls 《Natural Resources Research》1996,5(3):181-192
Petroleum exploration companies enter the twenty first century facing an increasingly competitive and risky environment. Under those circumstances, there is a growing need for better systematic decision-making that explicitly embodies the firm's desired goals and resource constraints. Computer-aided decision making, or decision support systems (DSS), provide an aid for those exploration management problems that are large, complex, unstructured, and involve management mudgment. Almost every present day DSS falls into one of two general classes. Vehicle DSSs such as linear/nonlinear programming models and other optimization routines, propose and impose specific methodologies to the decision-maker. On the other hand, toolbox DSSs, such as simulation programs, statistical functions, and graphical packages, are generally flexible in enabling their users to employ a variety of approaches and tools for their decision tasks but provide little guidance on both problem representation and investigation. This paper describes the development of a hybrid DSS model that combines the advantages of both the vehicle and toolbox systems components to provide a comprehensive approach to exploration planning from geological development through the capital allocation process. The Exploration Decision Support System (EDSS) preserves the flexibility of the toolbox system while enriching the problem-solving strategies available to the firm. The central objectives for developing an EDSS framework are: (1) better decisions about resource allocations; (2) more systematic understanding of the factors affecting exploration decisions; (3) improved communication about E&P performance objectives and constraints at all levels of decision-making; and (4) an explicit vehicle for continuous improvement of the petroleum exploration firm's decision-making process. The EDSS model can guide geological and exploration managers toward a more formal evaluation of projects, provide insight into the impact of competing choice alternatives, and significantly improve the quality of exploration decisions. 相似文献
19.
Graeme Aplin 《The Australian geographer》2000,31(3):273-287
Economics, especially the narrowly defined form of economics known as neo-liberal economics, along with its policy derivative known as economic rationalism, dominates public and political debate and decision-making in Australia and many other nations as the twentieth century approaches its close. In the context of environmental issues, as also in that of welfare issues, the present over-dominance is unhealthy. Despite the best attempts of environmental economists and ecological economists, they have had relatively little influence on the broader economic profession, or on the political and business communities. Economics and free trade also dominate the international scene at the expense of equity and environmental issues. Environmental debates, by their very nature, are usually complex, requiring interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approaches which include the economic perspective, but much else besides. Despite the importance of local context and spatial and temporal location, there is a need for a meta-theory or national philosophy to allow the integration across space and time so often needed. The present meta-theory, firmly based in economic rationalism, is inadequate as a basis for environmental decision-making. We desperately need a new meta-theory that explicitly integrates economic, environmental, welfare and many other perspectives. Perhaps such a meta-theory could be broadly based on the concept of sustainability, though much more work is needed to refine such an approach. A major swing in public opinion from the old meta-theory to the new is essential as a forerunner to political action, and education at all levels is needed to bring about this change. There are some signs that this change is already informing public opinion, and that it may have begun to influence mainstream Australian politics. 相似文献
20.
基于MAS的农户土地利用模型构建与模拟——以陕西省米脂县孟岔村为例 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
Multi-Agent System(简称MAS)给进行多主体参与的LUCC研究提供一个概念性框架.本文试图通过对多主体决策的模拟,来探讨MAS在微观层面土地利用变化过程中的应用,揭示农户土地利用决策变化的机制.首先,简要说明MAS在土地利用变化模拟中的研究进展和背景:然后,基于B、D、I的决策结构.建立基于MAS的农户土地利用框架;再次,以陕西省米脂县孟岔村为例进行研究:最后.探讨了MAS模型在微观层面模拟LUCC的潜力与不足.研究表明:①利用可清晰地表达决策产生过程的B、D、I决策框架,构建微观个体(农户)的土地利用决策模型:②利用连续函数,构建同类农户间的相互作用模型;③构建市场对农户决策的影响模型.定量分析市场对农户最终土地利用决策的影响,厘定市场、同类农户间相互作用对其土地利用决策的影响:④构建的基于MAS的农户土地利用决策模型为从微观视角研究土地利用变化提供了新的方法.同时.也为进一步探索宏观土地利用变化与微观土地利用决策间的互动机理积累理论与实践的经验.还需要进一步研究和探讨的问题包括:①决策的尺度变化问题,即单个农户决策与群体农户决策之间的转化问题;②探索在更长时间里进行农户土地利用决策研究的方法.以期在大量的土地利用资料与有限时间决策之间找到沟通的桥梁:③进一步探讨不同农户间相互作用的定量方法和模型,充实农户间相互作用的研究. 相似文献