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1.
Despite the important role played by microbiotic crusts in desert ecosystems, data concerning their recovery rates are scarce and are mainly based on estimates that fluctuate between several years to a few hundred years. In order to study the recovery rates of microbiotic crusts inhabiting sand dunes in the western Negev Desert, Israel, annual measurements of chlorophyll, protein, carbohydrates and moss counts were carried out during 1990–1995. Measurements were taken in two pairs of plots (1.5–6.3 m2) established in each north- and south-facing aspect from which the upper 10 cm surface from one plot of each pair was removed. Recovery of the crusts was fast with surface-removed plots showing a complete recovery of chlorophyll a within 6–7 years, of protein within 6–8 years and of carbohydrates within 8–9 years. Recovery of the mosses was slightly longer at 17–22 years. The data are higher than the lower estimates of recovery but much lower than the higher estimates proposed in the literature. The data also suggest that upon prohibition of goat and sheep grazing (and consequently trampling) a relatively rapid stabilization process may take place in the north-eastern Sinai dune field.  相似文献   

2.
Soil moisture is the key link between land hydrological and ecological processes which plays an important role in the terrestrial water cycle. As extreme weather events have increased in recent years, the stochastic simulation of soil moisture has gradually become the focus of ecohydrology research. Based on continuous monitoring of soil moisture data from 2008 to 2011, and historical precipitation data from 1991 to 2011, combined with the Rodriguez-Iturbe soil moisture dynamic stochastic model, soil moisture dynamics and its probability density function in a revegetated desert area was simulated. Results show that annual soil moisture dynamic changes of the revegetated desert area during the growing season complied with rainfall distribution; soil moisture probability presents a single-peak distribution in the plant rhizosphere layer (0–60 cm). The peak width in the 20 cm topsoil was wider than in other soils, and the distribution presented the strong fluctuations and multiple aggregates. The peak widths of 40 cm and 60 cm soil moisture probability distribution were small, which are in accordance with simulated results of the Rodriguez- Iturbe model. This confirms that the Rodriguez-Iturbe model has good applicability and can well simulate the statistical characteristics of soil moisture in an arid revegetated desert area.  相似文献   

3.
Saltation is a major mechanism for the transport of soil particles. In the present study, we carried out wind tunnel tests to examine the saltating trajectories of two types of natural sand collected from a beach (diameter, d = 300–500 μm and 200–300 μm respectively) as well as sand from the Taklimakan desert (d = 100–125 μm) in an atmospheric boundary layer. Consecutive images of saltating particles were recorded using a high-speed digital camera at a rate of 2000 fps with a spatial resolution of 1024 × 1024 pixels. The high temporal resolution of the acquired images enabled us to study the particle motion very close to the surface. The saltating particle trajectories were reconstructed from consecutive images, and the physical quantities characterizing the initial and final stages of the particle flight in the windward direction at friction velocities of about 10%–25% above the threshold friction velocity (u / ut = 1.11–1.26) were analyzed statistically. In addition, the transverse deviation of the saltating particles from the main streamwise direction was evaluated. The results shed new light on the complicated motions involved in sand saltation and should prove useful in the evaluation and formulation of theoretical models.  相似文献   

4.
There are a wide variety of vegetated, eolian depositional landforms associated with the south Texas sand sheet, attesting to the past dominance of eolian processes. Mapping identified two sets of parabolic dunes elongating with winds from the southeast and the northwest. Parabolic dunes elongated by northwesterly winds are older than ca. 200 years and may be associated with eolian depositional events ca. 2700 and/or 2000 years ago. The latest dune migration event, associated with southeasterly winds occurred ca. 200 years ago and at one site is inset into northwesterly-extended parabolic dunes. This period of dune migration may be coincident with particularly severe drought identified in the tree-ring record centered at AD 1790, when the Palmer Drought Severity Index was − 4. A threshold of dune movement may have occurred ca. in the 11th, 15th and 20th centuries when there are two or more consecutive years with a Palmer Drought Severity Index of < − 4, corresponding to 30–50% reduction in precipitation. Dune systems on Coastal Plain of Texas to reactivated repeatedly due to climate variability in the past 3000 years.  相似文献   

5.
沙埋干扰去除后生物土壤结皮光合生理恢复机制   总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3  
通过对沙埋干扰解除后腾格里沙漠人工植被区4种典型生物土壤结皮光合作用、暗呼吸作用与叶绿素荧光参数的跟踪测定,研究了沙埋干扰解除后生物土壤结皮光合生理恢复机制。结果表明,沙埋干扰解除后4种生物土壤结皮净光合速率增加,暗呼吸速率先降低后增加。沙埋干扰去除后净光合速率、暗呼吸速率受沙埋深度和沙埋时施水量的影响,分别与沙埋深度和施水量呈反比和正比关系。沙埋干扰解除后4种生物土壤结皮PSⅡ光化学效率随时间逐渐增加,证实了生物土壤结皮沙埋干扰解除后积极自行修复的内在生理机制。  相似文献   

6.
天山北坡绿洲不同土地利用对土壤特性的影响   总被引：35，自引：1，他引：34  
罗格平  许文强  陈曦 《地理学报》2005,60(5):779-790
以天山北坡三工河流域冲积平原型绿洲作为研究区,选择12种土地利用系统作为土地利用方式的具体体现,通过采集不同土地利用系统上层土壤 (0~20 cm) 和下层土壤 (20~40 cm) 样方,分析不同土地利用系统对主要土壤特性的影响。研究结果表明：(1) 土地利用系统对砂、粉砂和粘土粒度分布的影响显著。绿洲土壤砂含量随着土地种植年限增加有降低的趋势,而粉砂和粘土含量有增加的趋势;(2) 绿洲土地利用系统对土壤pH值和养分变异的影响显著。人类强干扰的土地利用系统的土壤养分普遍高于人类影响较弱的土地利用系统,上层土壤养分普遍高于下层土壤,而且随着人类干扰时间的延长土壤养分呈整体增加趋势;(3) 人类活动强干扰的土地利用系统土壤盐分含量低于人类活动影响较弱的土地利用系统;人类活动作用时间长的土地利用系统土壤盐分含量总体低于人类活动作用时间短的土地利用系统;(4) 绿洲土壤总体表现为"碳汇"的趋势,土壤质量逐步得到提高,其最主要的原因在于合理的土地利用与科学的管理方式结合;绿洲土壤的"碳汇"积极响应了减轻温室气体排放的东京协定 。  相似文献   

7.
Four sets of remote sensing images from 1987, 1994, 2000, and 2006, 50 years of meteorological and soil moisture data corresponding to different desertified lands were combined with populations and livestock data to analyze the process and cause of desertification in a portion of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP). It showed that surface soil temperature in the region has increased at an average rate of 0.6 °C per decade between 1980 and 2005, the thawing days on the surface have increased by 60 days from 1983 to 2001, and the depth of the seasonal thawing layer has increased by 54 cm, 102 cm and 77 cm in April, May and June, respectively, from 1983 to 2003. As a result, the upper soil layer has become drier due to the thickening active layer and soil water infiltration. These changes, in turn, have inhibited the growth of alpine meadow vegetation that has shallow root systems. It is concluded that climate warming and permafrost thawing have caused desertification in grazing regions of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP).  相似文献   

8.
通过野外调查取样和室内分析的方法研究了准噶尔盆地南缘绿洲-沙漠过渡带不同地段的梭梭灌丛土壤不同空间位置（包括灌丛下和灌丛间）的土壤颗粒分形维数的变异特征,以及分形维数与土壤机械组成、土壤养分的关系。结果表明:①土壤颗粒分形维数与土壤沙粒含量呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),与土壤粉粒和粘粒含量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),并与土壤养分含量中的有机质、全氮、全磷呈极显著的正相关 (P<0.01),与可被植物吸收利用的速效形态养分碱解氮、速效钾、速效磷等的含量有极显著的正相关关系(P<0.01),土壤颗粒分形维数可用以表征土壤结构性状和肥力特征。②沙漠-绿洲过渡带典型空间位置的土壤粒级分布呈梯度性变化,从绿洲到沙漠1~0.25 mm的土壤颗粒体积百分比从0.4%增加到16%,而小于0.05 mm的颗粒体积百分比从76.6%减少到3.5%,土壤的粗粒组分明显增加,细粒组分明显递减,并且土壤颗粒分形维数从2.50降低到2.03。③不同粒径土粒的分布规律表现为灌丛下的粉粒、粘粒含量均大于灌丛间的,其中沙漠腹地灌丛下的表层土壤粉粒增加了1.23%,粘粒增加了0.06%;退耕还林地灌丛下土壤表层的粉粒增加了10.78%,粘粒增加了2.91%,说明梭梭灌丛能有效截获风蚀带来的微细尘埃、粘粒和粉沙,使灌丛下土壤的结构及肥力性状得以改善,形成灌丛“肥岛”。  相似文献   

9.
生物土壤结皮对荒漠区土壤微生物数量和活性的影响   总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0  
生物土壤结皮对荒漠生态系统的维持与改良发挥着重要作用。土壤微生物可敏感地指示土壤质量,是衡量荒漠区生态健康程度的重要生物学特征,而对荒漠区生物土壤结皮与土壤微生物关系知之甚少。本研究设计了两组对比试验。一组以腾格里沙漠东南缘的1956、1964、1981、1991年的植被固沙区结皮下的沙丘土壤为对象,以流沙区和天然植被区为对照。另一组以植被固沙区人为干扰生物土壤结皮下的沙丘土壤为研究对象,以未干扰结皮下的沙丘土壤为对照。结果表明：腾格里沙漠东南缘植被固沙区的藻-地衣和藓类结皮均可显著提高土壤可培养微生物的数量和基础呼吸（P<0.05）;适度人为干扰生物土壤结皮不会显著影响土壤可培养微生物的数量和基础呼吸,而严重人为干扰结皮可显著降低土壤可培养微生物的数量和基础呼吸,指示严重人为干扰结皮可导致荒漠区土壤质量下降;土壤可培养微生物的数量和基础呼吸也因结皮演替阶段的不同而有所不同,演替晚期的藓类结皮下土壤微生物数量和基础呼吸显著高于演替早期的藻-地衣结皮（P<0.05）;土壤可培养微生物的数量和土壤基础呼吸与固沙年限均存在显著的正相关关系,随着沙丘固沙年限的增加,结皮层增厚,结皮下土壤微生物数量及基础呼吸显著增加（P<0.05）;生物土壤结皮下土壤可培养微生物数量和基础呼吸呈现显著的季节变化,表现为夏季>秋季和春季>冬季。因此,腾格里沙漠东南缘植被固沙区的生物土壤结皮提高了土壤微生物数量和活性,表明生物土壤结皮有利于荒漠区土壤及荒漠生态系统的恢复。  相似文献   

10.
中国科学院沙坡头沙漠研究试验站建站60年来,服务于国家需求,推动了沙漠科学的发展。在沙害治理、沙漠生态重建与恢复、荒漠生态系统长期生态学、沙地生态水文学\,人工植被稳定性及干旱胁迫生理生态学方面取得了重要进展\.解决了在降水量小于200 mm的干旱沙漠地区植被建设的关键技术,证实了通过人为促进生态恢复是可行的,创造了人类活动(治理和利用)与沙漠自然和谐持续发展的模式;探讨了干旱沙区土壤水循环的植被调控机理,提出了生态恢复的关键技术及其应用模式;理论上探明了人工植被稳定性维持的生态学机理,提出了荒漠系统生态恢复的理论模型;揭示了荒漠生态系统碳、氮循环及其对环境因子的响应;引领了生物土壤结皮的生理生态功能及其水文学研究;拓展了干旱逆境生理生态学的研究。沙坡头站已成为国际沙漠科学与荒漠长期生态学研究的重要平台。  相似文献   

11.
Yintang Li  Yi Guo 《Geomorphology》2008,100(3-4):335-344
Aeolian dusty sand transport in the marginal region of a desert is described numerically from first suspension motion at the early entrainment stage to the unsteady state within a moderate range (1000 m long × 500 m high). A two-dimensional model is built for wind-blown dust flow, and the calculations are carried out using Fluent software. The simulation results describe an integrated picture of aeolian dusty sand transport including uplift, suspension, diffusion, deposition and its space–time concentration. According to the features of a sand–dust storm near the surface, a volume concentration expression of ejection grains is developed as a boundary condition in the simulation approach. The model is verified by comparing results with both experimental data from a wind tunnel and an analytic solution. Uniform dust sizes and R–R distributions are used in the simulation. Gas–solid two-phase flow patterns with these grains are obtained in the downwind space, including the turbulence intensity, gas phase stream functions and solid volume concentration distributions. The influence of wind velocities and grain sizes is analyzed. From the simulation results, spatial distributions of dust volume concentration in the early entrainment stage are described clearly. Different from coarse sands, there is a clear band of uniformly saturated dust concentration in the region directly above the surface.  相似文献   

12.
Field experiments were conducted in Nellis Dunes Recreational Area (Clark County, Nevada, USA) to investigate emission of dust produced by off-road driving. Experiments were carried out with three types of vehicles: 4-wheelers (quads), dirt bikes (motorcycles) and dune buggies, on 17 soil types characteristic for a desert environment. Tests were done at various driving speeds, and emissions were measured for a large number of grain size fractions. This paper reports the results for two size fractions of emissions: PM10 (particles < 10 μm) and PM60 (particles < 60 μm). The latter was considered in this study to be sufficiently representative of the total suspendable fraction (TSP). Off-road driving was found to be a significant source of dust. However, the amounts varied greatly with the type of soil and the characteristics of the top layer. Models predicting emission of dust by off-road driving should thus consider a number of soil parameters and not just one key parameter. Vehicle type and driving speed are additional parameters that affect emission. In general, 4-wheelers produce more dust than dune buggies, and dune buggies, more than dirt bikes. Higher speeds also result in higher emissions. Dust emitted by off-road driving is less coarse than the parent sediment on the road surface. Off-road driving thus results in a progressive coarsening of the top layer. Exceptions to this are silty surfaces with no, or almost no, vegetation. For such surfaces no substantial differences were observed between the grain size distribution of road dust and emitted dust. Typical emission values for off-road driving on dry desert soils are: for sandy areas, 30–40 g km− 1 (PM10) and 150–250 g km− 1 (TSP); for silty areas, 100–200 g km− 1 (PM10) and 600–2000 g km− 1 (TSP); for drainages, 30–40 g km− 1 (PM10) and 100–400 g km− 1 (TSP); and for mixed terrain, 60–100 g km− 1 (PM10) and 300–800 g km− 1 (TSP). These values are for the types of vehicles tested in this study and do not refer to cars or trucks, which produce significantly more dust.  相似文献   

13.
Beach–dune seasonal elevation changes, aeolian sand transport measurements, bathymetric surveys and shoreline evolution assessments were used to investigate annual and seasonal patterns of dune development on Sfântu Gheorghe beach, the Danube delta coast, from 1997 to 2004. Dune volume increased consistently (1.96 m3 m− 1 y− 1 to 5.1 m3 m− 1 y− 1) over this 7-year period with higher rates in the southward (downdrift) direction. Dune aggradation is periodically limited by storms, each of which marks a new evolutionary phase of the beach–dune system. As a consequence of the variable beach morphology and vegetation density during a year, foredune growth occurs during the April–December interval while between December and April a slightly erosive tendency is present. The pattern of erosion and deposition shown by the topographical surveys is in good agreement with the sand transport measurements and demonstrates the presence of a vigorous sand flux over the foredunes which is 20–50% smaller than on the beach. This high sand flux, due to low precipitation and sparse vegetation cover, creates an aerodynamically efficient morphology on the seaward dune slope. The seaward dune face accretes during low to medium onshore winds (5.5–12 m s− 1) and erodes during high winds (> 12 m s− 1).  相似文献   

14.
Varnish microlamination (VML) dating is a correlative age determination technique that can be used to date and correlate various geomorphic features in deserts. In this study, we establish a generalized late Quaternary (i.e., 0–300 ka) varnish layering sequence for the drylands of western USA and tentatively correlate it with the SPECMAP oxygen isotope record. We then use this climatically correlated varnish layering sequence as a correlative dating tool to determine surface exposure ages for late Quaternary geomorphic features in the study region. VML dating of alluvial fan deposits in Death Valley of eastern California indicates that, during the mid to late Pleistocene, 5–15 ky long aggradation events occurred during either wet or dry climatic periods and that major climate shifts between glacial and interglacial conditions may be the pacemaker for alteration of major episodes of fan aggradation. During the Holocene interglacial time, however, 0.5–1 ky long brief episodes of fan deposition may be linked to short periods of relatively wet climate. VML dating of alluvial desert pavements in Death Valley and the Mojave Desert reveals that pavements can be developed rapidly (< 10 ky) during the Holocene (and probably late Pleistocene) in the arid lowlands (< 800 m msl) of these regions; but once formed, they may survive for 74–85 ky or even longer without being significantly disturbed by geomorphic processes operative at the pavement surface. Data from this study also support the currently accepted, “being born at the surface” model of desert pavement formation. VML dating of colluvial boulder deposits on the west slope of Yucca Mountain, southern Nevada, yields a minimum age of 46 ka for the emplacement of these deposits on the slope, suggesting that they were probably formed during the early phase of the last glaciation or before. These results, combined with those from our previous studies, demonstrate that VML dating has great potential to yield numerical age estimates for various late Quaternary geomorphic features in the western USA drylands.  相似文献   

15.
We provide textural, geochemical, and mineralogical data on a thin, silty deposit that unconformably mantles glaciated uplands in the eastern Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Previous research on this deposit, which we hypothesize to be loess, is nonexistent. The uplands were islands or narrow peninsulas within one or more glacial lakes. We compare the distribution, likely source and nature of the 20–60 cm thick silty mantle by using the loess formation model of Mason et al. [Mason, J.A., Nater, E.A., Zanner, C.W., Bell, J.C., 1999. A new model of topographic effects on the distribution of loess. Geomorphology 28, 223–236], which focuses on the generation of eolian silt by saltating sand across upwind, barren surfaces. Parabolic dunes, with arms open to the NW, are common on former lake floors upwind of the silt-mantled uplands, attesting to the strength and direction of paleowinds. The abrupt termination of the dunes at the footslopes of the uplands, associated with silt deposition on upland soil surfaces in downwind locations, are both consistent with the model of Mason et al. [Mason, J.A., Nater, E.A., Zanner, C.W., Bell, J.C., 1999. A new model of topographic effects on the distribution of loess. Geomorphology 28, 223−236]. Sediments on former lake floors contain abundant strata of fine/medium sand and silt, and thus are likely sources for the silt and dune sand. The cap, dune and lake sediments are similar along many different geochemical axes, whereas the substrate sediment, i.e., the drift below the cap, is unique. Cap sediments, normally containing roughly 30% silt, are enriched in quartz and depleted in Ti and Zr, relative to dune sediment. The dune sediment, a more residual eolian deposit, is enriched in Ti and Zr, relative to the cap, probably due to its greater abundance of heavy minerals. Therefore, we conclude that the silty cap is loess that was deflated from abandoned lake floors after nearby glacial lakes drained, probably contemporaneously with dune migration across the former lake floors.  相似文献   

16.
腾格里沙漠东南缘生物土壤结皮对土壤理化性质的影响   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  
生物土壤结皮是荒漠生态系统地表景观的重要组成部分,在沙化土地恢复和流沙固定中起着重要作用。研究了腾格里沙漠东南缘固沙植被区不同类型生物土壤结皮理化性质及结皮发育对下层土壤性质的影响。结果表明：结皮层厚度、孔隙度、黏粉粒和田间持水量以及有机碳、无机碳、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量和电导率均表现为藓类结皮 > 混生结皮 > 地衣结皮 > 藻类结皮;砂粒含量和容重表现为藻类结皮 > 地衣结皮> 混生结皮 > 藓类结皮。结皮下0~2 cm和2~5 cm土层理化性质表现出与结皮层相同的变化规律。总体上,生物土壤结皮对下层土壤理化性质的影响表现为藓类结皮和混生结皮大于地衣结皮和藻类结皮;而结皮对下层土壤理化性质的影响随土壤深度的增加而减小。生物土壤结皮的拓殖和发育是荒漠生态系统成土过程和土壤质量的关键影响因素。  相似文献   

17.
中国西北干旱区以荒漠生态系统为主体,是中国典型脆弱生态系统。沙埋对该区域植物生存和生长、植被分布和组成以及荒漠生态系统功能和结构有重要影响。以典型荒漠植物梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)、柽柳(Tamarix chinensis)、白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)、沙拐枣(Calligonum mongolicum)为研究对象,对比研究了轻度沙埋和非沙埋植物在生理和生长方面的差异,并从土壤盐分、土壤水分、土壤温度等方面探究了造成这种差异的原因。结果表明:轻度沙埋环境下,梭梭、柽柳、白刺、沙拐枣的光合速率普遍高于非沙埋植株,蒸腾速率显著低于非沙埋植株,水分利用效率也均高于非沙埋植株。轻度沙埋梭梭、柽柳、沙拐枣、白刺株高明显低于非沙埋植株,但地径、冠幅、叶面积指数普遍高于非沙埋植株。主要原因是轻度沙埋植物下方土壤黏粒含量、土壤湿度高于非沙埋植物下方,轻度沙埋植物下方土壤温度、含盐量低于非沙埋环境。  相似文献   

18.
研究影响不同土壤属性空间分布的协同环境因子及其作用尺度,对于理解不同土壤属性的成土发展、土壤推测制图及针对多种土壤属性的空间采样设计具有重要意义。针对多种土壤属性,探索不同土壤属性的重要相关环境因子及其作用尺度,并就不同环境因子及其尺度的不同对土壤属性推测制图的影响展开研究。以黑龙江省鹤山农场为研究区,以表层砂粒、粉粒、黏粒、有机质含量和土壤厚度5种土壤属性为研究对象,根据计算邻域窗口大小的不同,生成173个不同尺度的地形因子,对单尺度地形因子和多尺度地形因子进行重要性排序,并根据重要性排序构建单尺度环境因子集1和多尺度环境因子集2,和基于专家知识选出的基准环境因子集3进行制图精度的对比。结果表明：当单尺度地形因子进行重要性排序选择时,所选出的5种土壤属性的重要相关环境因子与基准环境因子集3明显不同。当多尺度环境因子参与时,尽管对各土壤属性的作用尺度不同,各土壤属性排名靠前的因子绝大多数是基准环境因子。砂粒和粉粒的重要相关因子及作用尺度相当,但与黏粒的重要相关因子和作用尺度差别很大,有机质和土壤厚度的重要相关因子十分相似。环境因子集2较基准环境因子集3的制图精度显著提高,RMSE均值提高百分比为7.8%~21.3%,较环境因子集1的制图RMSE均值提高百分比为8.7%~16.5%。因此,针对不同的土壤属性进行制图或采样设计时,需充分考虑其环境因子和作用尺度的不同,针对基准环境因子选择适宜的尺度较选择不同的相关环境因子更重要。  相似文献   

19.
马晓俊  李云飞 《中国沙漠》2019,39(6):159-166
土壤微生物量和酶活性是反映土壤功能的关键指标，也是土壤恢复和环境变化的指示器。以流动沙丘为对照，研究了腾格里沙漠东南缘人工固沙植被区表层0~5、5~10、10~20 cm土壤微生物量碳氮和酶活性随植被恢复的变化特征。结果显示：土壤微生物碳氮含量和脲酶、多酚氧化酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶、蔗糖酶活性均随植被恢复年限延长而增大，随土层深度增加而减小，不同年代植被区及不同土层间差异均显著（P<0.05）。其中0~5 cm土层变化最明显，经过62年植被恢复后土壤微生物碳氮量和脲酶、多酚氧化酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶、蔗糖酶活性分别增加了16.44、8.79、3.99、3.01、2.54、19.35、0.77、0.65、16.61倍，年平均变化速率分别为1.55、0.21 mg·kg-1和6.14×10-4、1.25×10-2、9.32×10-4、6.05×10-2、8.22×10-5、9.07×10-5、4.24×10-3 mg·g-1·h-1。土壤微生物量和酶活性与土壤理化性质高度相关，除与沙粒、容重呈负相关关系外，与土壤粉粒、黏粒、pH、电导率、有机碳、无机碳、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量呈正相关关系。这表明种植旱生灌木能够有效促进沙地土壤功能恢复并改善沙区环境。  相似文献   

20.
Interrelated, biotic (flora and fauna) and abiotic (pedogenesis and hydrology) processes were examined at four sites (30, and approximately 1000–3000, 7000–12 000, and 125 000 years before present) in the northern Mojave Desert. Data collected at each included floral and faunal surveys; soil texture, structure, and morphology; and soil hydraulic properties. Separate measurements were made in shrub undercanopy and intercanopy microsites. At all sites, shrubs made up greater than 86 percent of total perennial cover, being least on the youngest site (4 percent) and most on the 7000–12 000-year-old site (31 percent). In the intercanopy, winter annual density was highest on the 1000- to 3000-year-old site (249 plants/m2) and lowest on the oldest site (4 plants/m2). Faunal activity, measured by burrow density, was highest on the 1000–3000- and 7000–12 000-year-old sites (0.21 burrows/m2) and density was twice as high in the undercanopy versus the intercanopy. Burrow density was lower at the two oldest sites, although density was not statistically greater in the undercanopy than intercanopy. At the older sites, the soil water balance was increasingly controlled by Av horizons in intercanopy soils in which saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) decreased 95 percent from the youngest to the oldest site. No significant reduction in Ksat in undercanopy soils was observed. Decreases in the intercanopy sites correlated with decreases in annual plant density and bioturbation, suggesting these processes are interrelated with surface age.  相似文献   

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