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1.
《The Journal of geography》2012,111(3):87-101
Abstract

Between 1990 and 2000 the U.S. Hispanic population increased by 14 million, which is the largest decadal population rise in United States history. This increase was not spread evenly throughout the United States, nor was it isolated to locations that already had large Hispanic populations. On the contrary, areas that previously had a relatively small Hispanic population experienced large percentage increases. In this article the regional variability in Hispanic population growth is explored, along with an emphasis on the economic pull factors driving those demographic changes. This analysis illustrates how restructuring in the meatpacking industry, and the associated economic impacts, have created a dependence on a low wage, illegal labor force that has shaped the recent demographic trend in the South and Midwest.  相似文献   

2.

Use of the allometric function to estimate the number of inhabitants of urban areas, given knowledge of their land areas obtained through satellite photographs, rests as much on the stability of this function over time as on its goodness of fit to a cross section of cities at a single point in time. Using urban land and population data for four countries, the United States, Japan, Sweden, and Norway, this paper demonstrates that the function is not generally stable but rather has been subject to rapid upward shifts over the past 10 to 20 years.  相似文献   

3.
《The Journal of geography》2012,111(4):188-189
Abstract

Through analysis of census data, these lessons cover geographic concepts dealing with migration and population change in the United States. Students discuss the historical push and pull factors of immigration to the United States. By focusing on the recent influx of Hispanic immigrants, students look at the geographic concepts of assimilation, discrimination, and time-decay. Students also create graphs and maps to examine the recent increase in the United States Hispanic population and geographic patterns of Hispanic settlement.  相似文献   

4.
The literature on shrinking cities has significantly grown in recent years. Little work, however, has been done toward the development of a shrinking city typology, which could help inform solutions and strategies to address problems associated with population loss. With a focus on central cities, this article identifies 367 shrinking cities within the United States and categorizes them using a geographic information system to identify seven types of shrinking cities in the United States: (1) large shrinking central cities, (2) inner-ring suburbs of shrinking central cities, (3) outer-ring suburbs of shrinking central cities, (4) inner-ring suburbs of growing central cities, (5) outer-ring suburbs of growing central cities, (6) small shrinking central cities in small Metropolitan Statistical Areas, and (7) small shrinking cities in small Micropolitan Statistical Areas. The empirically generated clusters, combined with associated social and demographic information, identify separate but sometimes interrelated shrinking city types and provide a new perspective for addressing the problems faced by U.S. shrinking cities. Key Words: population decline, shrinking cities, typology, urban population.  相似文献   

5.
OTHER ITEMS     
Abstract

The recent publication of an expansive national dataset, the Integrated Public Use Microdata Sample, allows for new analyses of the historical geography and settlement of various immigrant and ethnic groups in the United States. The present research explores the growth, development, and geographic dispersion of the ethnic Mexican population, and outlines some of the demographic and social characteristics within significant clusters of this population in the United States across the first half of the twentieth century. The analysis does not attempt to overturn other geographies and ethnographies in Mexican American history, but through its ability to elucidate broad, national patterns it is able to create a more dynamic view of settlement, demonstrating the role of immigrants and of women immigrants in particular. Results indicate that place matters: the geographical context of arrival and settlement were key factors in differentiating communities and the lives of those who lived in them.  相似文献   

6.

Geographers have made extensive use of the Hoover index to measure the evenness with which population is distributed across territorial units. This paper corrects an error in the original county-based series for the United States, presented by Duncan et al. In Statistical Geography (1961) and often reproduced. We extend the series backward and forward in time to show population deconcentration at the county level from at least 1890 until 1910 (as low-density areas grew rapidly), a second round of deconcentration corresponding to the nonmetropolitan turnaround of the 1970s, and a third, much weaker round beginning around 1990 along with a modest resurgence of nonmetropolitan population growth. When states are used as the basis for computing the index, deconcentration has been a consistent pattern, except for 1940 to 1970, and for this exception we offer an explanation. We attempt to put these findings in the context of long- and short-term patterns of metropolitanization.  相似文献   

7.

Mounting evidence indicates that large, world-class cities have expanded their spatial markets well beyond the regional urban systems in which they are located. This has led many observers to conclude that in the contemporary economy, interdependence, interaction, and connectivity are no longer fundamental characteristics of hierarchical urban systems. Virtually all research, however, deals exclusively with the changing role of large cities, while the spatial markets of medium- and smaller-sized cities comprising an urban system have been ignored. The primary objective of this paper is to investigate whether the spatial markets of medium- and smaller-sized cities in an urban hierarchical system continue to display a systematic relationship with city size, or whether they also reveal the absence of connection, or integration, with the regional system. The analysis uses survey data collected from 480 producer service firms located in an urban hierarchy comprising 15 midwestern cities of the United States. The results indicate that the spatial market of the largest city (Chicago) extends well beyond the Midwest urban hierarchy, while the spatial markets of smaller-sized cities are more integrated within the hierarchical system.  相似文献   

8.
美国城市郊区化及对策对中国城市节约增长的启示   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
刘艳艳 《地理科学》2011,31(7):891-896
城市的空间发展中一直同时存在着向心集聚和离心扩散两个过程,郊区化是城市中心区离心扩散力量超过向心集聚力量的一种空间表现形式,能有效缓解大城市因规模扩大而带来的人口密集、交通拥挤等现象;但同时也会产生土地资源浪费、生态环境破坏、阶层分化隔离以及内城衰退等负面影响。美国的城市郊区化现象最为典型,在应对郊区化问题,如怎样有序的建设和管理以及处理好建设和保护的关系等方面积累了丰富的经验。然而,由于土地所有制和城市化阶段的不同,中国与西方发达国家的郊区化呈现出不同特点。中国目前正处于快速城市化时期,由于GDP导向下的城市空间跨越式发展使得一些大城市已出现郊区化现象,导致"外溢—回波"效应突出等问题。通过对中﹑美城市郊区化现象进行比较分析,同时借鉴美国在有效发挥郊区化作用和解决郊区化造成的问题方面的先进经验,并基于城市节约增长的视角,研究如何提高城市空间增长的效率,希望在先进理念、管理技术以及协调政府和市场职能作用方面对城市发展做出有效的把握和引导。  相似文献   

9.
Abstract

In an attempt to apply the tools and concepts of geography to the study of higher education in the United States, some pertinent findings of the 1970 census are summarized and the spatial distribution of certain aspects of the two-year public colleges is explored. Three ratios calculated from the 1973 listing of junior colleges and from census data are mapped: average enrollment per public two-year college, ratio of public two-year colleges to population, and percentage of the population enrolled in such colleges. The maps appear to express a regionality in community college development; the need for more regional studies is emphasized and questions raised. A major conclusion is that the very states that already have the most community colleges are the ones in which continued growth in number of colleges is most likely.  相似文献   

10.
ABSTRACT

Some have heralded a resurgence of urban living in the U.S., particularly among young adults. Are Americans abandoning suburbs in favor of more urban lifestyles? What is the scope and scale of this urban resurgence? We develop a typology of neighborhoods to analyze the residential location of young and older U.S. adults from 2000 to 2011–15. Census and national travel survey data reveal that suburban population growth continues to outpace that in urban neighborhoods. Although young adults are more likely than older adults to live in urban neighborhoods, recent urban population growth is neither associated with suburban decline, nor being led by young adults. Significant recent population growth in the newest, suburban neighborhoods suggests that greenfield development remains the primary means to increase American housing supply. Shifting metropolitan growth from the suburban fringe would likely require expanding housing supply in urban neighborhoods, and bringing urban amenities to established inner-ring suburbs.  相似文献   

11.

The rapid growth in this decade of World Wide Web access through the Internet is supported by a complex matrix of telecommunications infrastructure. This paper presents an overview of the history of the Internet and recent efforts to measure its structure and performance, and examines the spatial organization of the commercial Internet backbone. The research presented in this paper differs from previous Internet measurement work in that we apply network analysis methods to evaluate Internet connectivity. Transportation network analysis techniques are applied to measure 1) connectivity of individual service provider networks and 2) accessibility of cities to Internet service. The results reveal many different strategies implemented by service providers in network design as well as large differences in levels of accessibility of cities and regions in the United States. There is also an apparent disparity between population and city accessibility to the Internet.  相似文献   

12.
Abstract

Changes in the size of urban populations involve the demographic processes of migration and natural change; in many metropolitan areas the balance of births and deaths is more important than the number of in-migrants. Two exercises are described that have been developed from models of population change. These models, in turn, are derived from concepts contained in General Systems Theory. Discussion of these exercises and the results provides a useful introduction to various aspects of urban growth and to the role and nature of models in studying urban processes.  相似文献   

13.

This paper investigates the role of housing age in constraining residential mobility, measured as the percent of households that have moved into their homes in the past 15 months. The leading explanation for why mobility rates differ so much among regions of the United States has been the overall level of growth. The present analysis shows that the growth effect operates through both the newness of population (migration) and the newness of housing available for occupancy by all local residents. The posited explanation for this housing age effect is that progressively older units contain increasingly settled occupants, yielding fewer opportunities for in-movers in areas with older housing. It is empirically demonstrated that households in older housing have lower likelihood of recent mobility even after controlling for age, tenure, migration status, and state location of residence. The analysis reveals the temporal interdependency of mobility, migration, person age, and housing age.  相似文献   

14.
Abstract

Almost half a century has passed since Jean Gottmann coined the term “Megalopolis” in reference to the almost continuously urbanized stretch of land spanning the East Coast of the United States from southern New Hampshire to northern Virginia. Because a disproportionate concentration of population resided in this Megalopolis, the northeastern core enjoyed an economic and cultural supremacy, and he termed the Megalopolis “The Main Street of the Nation.” By the later 1960s and 1970s, however, population migration patterns began to reflect the influence exerted by the emergence of a second national core centered on the large metropolitan areas along the Pacific Coast, especially those of the Los Angeles and Bay Area conurbations in California. Although of different character, this burgeoning concentration of population, economic activity, and cultural influence may reflect the development of a West Coast Megalopolis that could soon rival the original Megalopolis of the Northeastern Corridor. Today, the U.S. population distribution is largely a bicoastal one. This article documents the emergence of this bicoastal population distribution. Using historical census data and GIS technology, we present a number of novel ways to graphically portray and examine this population redistribution phenomenon. The United States is not unique in witnessing an increasing share of its inhabitants clustering in coastal zones. Current critical policy concerns about the worldwide vulnerability of coastal populations have focused the need for better coastal population estimates and better mapping methods for portraying population redistribution trends.  相似文献   

15.
《The Journal of geography》2012,111(5):177-187
Abstract

The use of SWOT analysis is a means through which geography students can investigate key concepts in economic geography and essential topics in regional economic development. This article discusses the results of a course project where economic geography students employed SWOT analysis to explore medium-sized metropolitan areas across the southern United States and their suitability for export-led development. The results suggest that students were able to critically evaluate these urban regions and their potential for integration into the global economy. This case also intimates that the SWOT concept could be applied to other situations and regions in geography coursework.  相似文献   

16.
Abstract

Although blacks constitute the largest ethnic minority in the United States, historically they have either been largely omitted from geographic literature or else portrayed in less than a humanistic manner. However, beginning about 1965 a change took place in geography regarding its interest and treatment of black Americans. Within the last eight or nine years the geography of black America has blossomed into a full-fledged subfield of geography. In all, over 200 theses, dissertations and published works have been produced by geographers during this period. Moreover, a sharp shift in subject emphasis has occurred. Prior to 1965, what little geographic literature there was dealt mostly with rural or regional studies. Now the emphasis is, at long last, upon urban black American where over eighty percent of blacks reside.  相似文献   

17.

Recent decades have seen changes in the pattern of rail traffic in the United States. This article describes the development of a United States railroad map depicting current levels of traffic on all rail lines handling over five million gross tons per year. This traffic pattern is compared with the 1929 traffic levels appearing on a similiar map developed by Edward Ullman. Revenue ton-miles have nearly doubled since 1929, with most of the increases concentrated on western and southern lines. Traffic on eastern lines has increased only slightly above 1929 levels.  相似文献   

18.
《The Journal of geography》2012,111(9):555-560
Abstract

Figures from the 1970 Soviet Census provide an abundance of information on population changes in the U.S.S.R. Of special note is the process of urbanization and a noticeable concentration of urban growth in the hitherto largely rural zones of western Russia. A large map of urban places in 1970, designed primarily for classroom use, accompanies the text (see inside back cover). The map utilizes a special stippled-sphere technique to allow a three-dimensional effect without half-tone reproduction.  相似文献   

19.
The paper examines how rural and urban are interpreted and applied to counties in eleven states in the western United States. After reviewing various conceptual approaches, we turn to a three‐part analysis of county commissioners' perceptions and census data to identify characteristics associated with urban‐ness and rurality. The analysis involves comparing qualitative and quantitative survey and interview data, using a multiple regression analysis to correlate census variables with commissioners' perceptions of their home counties, and using cluster analysis techniques on census variables to identify patterns and unevenness in rurality and urbanness. Three characteristics mentioned by the widest range of commissioners and found to be statistically significant in the regression analysis were population concentration, total population, and the agricultural land base. Population concentration, in particular, was identified most frequently by interviewees as the single most important variable in characterizing an urban county and had the most meaningful contribution to predicting commissioners' perceptions of their home counties in the regression analysis. The cluster analysis identified five county types: largest urban centers, growing regional hubs, high growth rural, dispersed rural, and stable rural agriculture. These county types were widely distributed, reflecting the spatial unevenness of macroscale processes operating across eleven western states.  相似文献   

20.
ABSTRACT

Understanding human dynamics after a major disaster is important to the region’s sustainable development. This study utilized land cover data to examine how Hurricane Katrina has affected the urban growth pattern in the Mississippi Delta in Louisiana. The study analyzed land cover changes from non-urban to urban in three metropolitan areas, Baton Rouge, New Orleans-Metairie, and Hammond, for two time periods, pre-Katrina (2001–2006) and post-Katrina (2006–2010). The study first applied a focal filter to extract continuous urban areas from the scattered urban pixels in the original remote sensing images. Statistical analyses were applied to develop initial functions between urban growth probability and several driving factors. A genetic algorithm was then used to calibrate the transition function, and cellular automata simulation based on the transition function was conducted to evaluate future urban growth patterns with and without the impact of Hurricane Katrina. The results show that elevation has become a much more important factor after Hurricane Katrina, and urban growth has shifted to higher elevation regions. The elevation most probable for new urban growth increased from 10.84 to 11.90 meters. Moreover, simulated future urban growth in this region indicates a decentralized trend, with more growth occurring in more distant regions with higher elevation. In the New Orleans metropolitan area, urban growth will continue to spill across Lake Pontchartrain to the satellite towns that are more than 50 minutes away by driving from the city center.  相似文献   

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