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流域生态健康评价理论与方法研究进展 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
对流域进行生态健康评价,将为流域的规划、管理和保护以及流域综合治理提供决策依据。本文回顾了国 内外流域生态健康评价的历史和现状,着重阐述了流域生态系统健康评价的尺度与方法。流域生态系统健康评价 主要有两种方法：一是生物监测法,二是指标体系法。对流域进行生态健康评价,重点在于建立评价指标体系。流域 生态健康评价的指标体系应该包括生物、水质、水文、栖息地、社会经济和人类健康等六方面指标。最后,明确指标 选取的基本原则,并指出了目前流域生态健康评价存在的问题及今后的研究趋势。 相似文献
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区域经济地理学方法论建设初探 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9
区域经济地理学方法论建设落后于学科实践和理论研究的进展,有必要处理好方法论与实践、理论及相邻学科的关系,寻求一般研究方法与学科具体方法的有机结合,健全并规范学科分支内容的研究方法,使之形成面向实践的方法体系。应通过借鉴吸收横断学科、相邻学科方法,应用现代技术手段,建设符合学科实践和理论发展要求的方法论。 相似文献
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Niki A. Rust Amber Abrams Daniel W. S. Challender Guillaume Chapron Arash Ghoddousi Jenny A. Glikman 《社会与自然资源》2017,30(10):1304-1310
Qualitative methods are important to gain a deep understanding of complex problems and poorly researched areas. They can be particularly useful to help explain underlying conservation problems. However, the significance in choosing and justifying appropriate methodological frameworks in conservation studies should be given more attention to ensure data are collected and analysed appropriately. We explain when, why, and how qualitative methods should be used and explain sampling strategies in qualitative studies. To improve familiarity with qualitative methods among natural scientists, we recommend expanding training in social sciences and increasing collaboration with social scientists. Given the scale of human impacts on the environment, this type of nuanced analytical skill is critical for progressing biodiversity conservation efforts. 相似文献
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人地系统动力学研究中的几个问题 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
人地系统动力学研究是当前地理学研究的最主要领域，应从人的生存和发展需要出发，围绕人类活动的环境效应和人地协调发展主线选择研究对象，界定研究内容，采用物质能量守恒分析和统计分析相结合的方法，加强对人地相互作用机制的研究。 相似文献
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This paper asks why we teach what we teach to geography undergraduates in quantitative methods courses. We re-consider the origins of quantitative geography and note how partial and historically contingent the traditional syllabus is. From this basis, we suggest that other approaches should be considered in order to provide a broader training in quantitative methods. We then propose an example syllabus that attempts to integrate a range of quantitative methodologies within a common, applied context that is also connected to relevant social, economic and political issues. We conclude that students with a better understanding of methods in physical and social science could be very valuable to the betterment of society, but to achieve this may require a change to our quantitative methods teaching. 相似文献
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近年来，基于性的“浪漫”与“亲密关系”受到国际学术界的广泛关注，并业已成为旅游学术研究中的热点话题。文章围绕国际旅游学术研究中的相关话题，从性旅游相关概念、旅游者特征、性旅游中的性工作者、旅游影响及公共管理等方面对国外相关研究文献进行了归纳和评析。研究表明，国外性旅游研究较为成熟，并开始形成较为完善的知识体系。通过本研究试图唤起中国学术界对性旅游的关注，并借鉴吸取国外经验，以期尽快提升中国性旅游研究水平和旅游公共管理的能力。 相似文献
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城镇绿地系统规划研究--以广东省始兴县城为例 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以广东省始兴县城区为例 ,运用景观生态学原理 ,探讨了城镇绿地系统规划的目标、原则、方法及布局结构等问题。研究认为 ,城镇建设必须充分重视绿地系统规划 ,其目标要与城镇建设发展总目标相一致 ;要遵循因地制宜 ,突出地方特色 ,与生态、生产、福利型多元结合等原则 ,形成点、线、面相结合并与四周环境相融合的绿化网络体系 ;要统一绿地分类的标准和重视树种规划 相似文献
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Qualitative urban geographical research should explicitly acknowledge insights gained from walking (the iterative exploration and observation of cities on foot), which enhances local literacy and enables researchers to compare methods more explicitly. Some urban geographers might use walking as a method, but it is rarely reported in published scholarship. This article argues for the explicit inclusion of walking in methodological reporting for urban research. We suggest that reporting the walking that researchers do adds rigor to research findings and should be distinguished from research where this practice is absent, we report on international experiences using walking in combination with other methods, and we conclude with a proposal for comparable urban geographic walking practices. 相似文献
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基于站点观测数据的气温空间化方法评述 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于统计学的插值方法是地理学、生态学领域研究气温空间化的主要方法之一,对获取精细化气温数据进行生态模拟具有重要意义。结合国内外气温空间插值的主要研究成果,对常用气温空间化方法进行了归纳、对比,探讨各种方法的适用性和不足之处,从而为涉及气温空间化的具体研究提供一定的参考,并探讨了各类方法优化的方向。不同方法的对比分析结果表明:各种气温空间化方法各有所长,在具体的应用中都取得过较好的效果,但并不存在普适性的方法,在实际应用时必须针对研究区域具体的地理特征进行方法适用性验证或对各类方法中的具体参数进行改进,才能实现区域气温的空间最优化模拟。根据气温场的物理分布特征,结合GIS技术,考虑地形等更多的相关因子以提高气温分布微观细节的模拟精度是未来重要的发展趋势。 相似文献
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The study of water resources carrying capacity (WRCC), a major component of resources and environment carrying capacity (RECC), began relatively recently. However, WRCC has witnessed a rapid development in terms of concept, calculation methods, and empirical research in recent years. WRCC has become an important criterion for rational development and utilization of regional water resources. This paper first briefly reviews the development process of WRCC. It then evaluates and contrasts the representative research methods of conventional trend (CT), system dynamics (SD), multi-objective model analysis (MOMA), comprehensive evaluation (CE), and dynamic simulation recursive (DSR). The results show that although there are various methods of WRCC, the major methods used have become out-of-date and stagnant, and new more sophisticated methods and technologies are lacking. Specifically, our analysis found that the index system, scientific robustness and comprehensiveness of evaluation criteria of current research methods are insufficient and need to be improved. In addition, the dynamic research of WRCC should receive more attention, and it requires further study to make it more applicable to real-world uses. Finally, a set of monitoring and early warning systems should be established and applied in demonstration areas to meet the urgent needs of water resource management in the new era. 相似文献
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Norman Lee 《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》1983,3(1):5-27
The review is divided into two main sections. The first section contains a survey of the growth in the use of EIA during the 1970s in Western industrialized economies, Third World countries and international agencies. It highlights a number of key issues associated with these developments—notably the types and numbers of actions which should be submitted to EIA, and the quality of EIA studies and the time and cost incurred in their preparation—and recommends that the focus of future development should be directed towards a more cost-effective ‘tiered’ system of environmental impact assessment. The second section contains a review of the technical methods which are used in the preparation and publication of EIA studies. These are grouped according to the kind of task they perform in the EIA process: identification, data assembly, prediction, evaluation and communication. This review concludes with recommendations for improvement in the EIA methods in use in such areas as: clearer identification of ‘best existing practice’, publication of technical guidance based on best practice, provision of training facilities in the use of EIA methods, and re-examination of priorities in environmental monitoring and research. 相似文献
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土地变化模型方法综述 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
土地系统变化长期以来不仅是地理学研究热点,也是资源环境经济学、生态学、城市规划等多学科领域关注的主题。构建模型模拟土地变化能够促进理解人地相互作用机制,模拟结果可为土地资源优化与资源环境政策制定提供依据。不同研究者基于不同学科理论、应用多种方法构建土地变化模型,模型从早期关注自然覆被类型变化发展到对人类决策行为的刻画,从统计方法发展到更突出空间分布的元胞自动机方法,以及更聚焦土地变化过程的经济学方法和多主体方法。未来土地变化模型发展方向为：在多尺度进行多方法耦合,对土地变化过程进行更为明晰地刻画,将土地变化模型与其他地球系统模型耦合等方面,进一步能够促进解释复杂人地系统,并推进模型在决策支持层面的应用。 相似文献
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The fragility of ecosystem health has become a key factor hindering the sustainable development of the ecological environment. Through a review of published research from domestic and foreign scholars, starting from the endogenous logic of studies in the field of ecosystem vulnerability (EV), this paper sorts out the literature on the aspects of measurement models, prediction methods and risk assessment, comprehensively defines the research category and scientific framework of EV, and analyzes the research ideas and development trends. We arrived at the following conclusions: 1) The connotation of ecosystem vulnerability not only embodies the change in the vulnerability of the natural environment, but it also reflects the irreversible damage to the ecosystem caused by excessive development and industrial production activities. 2) The setting of ecosystem vulnerability indices should aim to fully reflect the essential features of that vulnerability, which should include the index systems of natural, social, economic and other related factors. 3) There are many types of ecosystem vulnerability measurement methods, prediction models and risk evaluation models, which have different focuses and advantages. The most appropriate method should be adopted for conducting comprehensive and systematic evaluation, prediction and estimation according to the different representation and evolution mechanisms of the chosen research object and regional ecosystem vulnerability. 4) Based on the regional system characteristics, corresponding risk management measures should be proposed, and pertinent policy suggestions should be put forward to improve the ecological safety and sustainable development of an ecologically vulnerable area. 相似文献
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黄河下游河流纵剖面平行抬升的统计检验 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
河流纵剖面变化可视为随机过程,它既包括趋势成分,又包括周期成分和随机成分。以前用一时段内的纵剖面升降分布来判断是否具有趋势性平行抬升的方法存在问题。因为这种时段纵剖面升降分布所包含的随机成分很大,不能用以直接判断纵剖面的趋势变化特征。对黄河下游纵剖面的趋势变化比随机变化低两个数量级的情况,更是如此。获得纵剖面趋势变化特征信息的好方法是滑动平均。另外,还可以用统计学方法进行检验。如果纵剖面确为平行抬升;则应有下列结论成立:1)各断面多年平均水位升高值(或河床升高值)相等;2)任意两断面间的高程差都为常数。本文对此进行了统计检验,并得出了在一定的精度要求内,黄河下游河流纵剖面确有平行抬升的趋势的结论。 相似文献
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Gaurav Sinha Warit Silavisesrith 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(5):899-922
Environmental simulation models need automated geographic data reduction methods to optimize the use of high-resolution data in complex environmental models. Advanced map generalization methods have been developed for multiscale geographic data representation. In the case of map generalization, positional, geometric and topological constraints are focused on to improve map legibility and communication of geographic semantics. In the context of environmental modelling, in addition to the spatial criteria, domain criteria and constraints also need to be considered. Currently, due to the absence of domain-specific generalization methods, modellers resort to ad hoc methods of manual digitization or use cartographic methods available in off-the-shelf software. Such manual methods are not feasible solutions when large data sets are to be processed, thus limiting modellers to the single-scale representations. Automated map generalization methods can rarely be used with confidence because simplified data sets may violate domain semantics and may also result in suboptimal model performance. For best modelling results, it is necessary to prioritize domain criteria and constraints during data generalization. Modellers should also be able to automate the generalization techniques and explore the trade-off between model efficiency and model simulation quality for alternative versions of input geographic data at different geographic scales. Based on our long-term research with experts in the analytic element method of groundwater modelling, we developed the multicriteria generalization (MCG) framework as a constraint-based approach to automated geographic data reduction. The MCG framework is based on the spatial multicriteria decision-making paradigm since multiscale data modelling is too complex to be fully automated and should be driven by modellers at each stage. Apart from a detailed discussion of the theoretical aspects of the MCG framework, we discuss two groundwater data modelling experiments that demonstrate how MCG is not just a framework for automated data reduction, but an approach for systematically exploring model performance at multiple geographic scales. Experimental results clearly indicate the benefits of MCG-based data reduction and encourage us to continue expanding the scope of and implement MCG for multiple application domains. 相似文献
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流域输沙量变化是水文过程的一个重要环节,同时与区域水资源、土壤管理、甚至生态系统的健康运行紧密联系,因而如何量化气候变化和人类活动对输沙量变化的相对贡献率成为水文学研究的热点问题。论文主要系统总结了流域输沙量变化归因分析的9种方法：简单线性回归分析、双累积曲线法、泥沙归因诊断分析法、库坝拦沙量法、SEDD模型、SWAT模型、弹性系数法、相似天气条件法和水保法,阐述了各方法的计算过程及其适用性,并对各种方法进行评价,同时对未来的流域输沙量变化归因分析方法进行展望：① 尝试新方法的应用,以探索更为适当的输沙量预测新方法;② 考虑流域内极端降雨事件对输沙变化的定量影响,进一步提高结果的准确度;③ 明晰各归因分析方法的局限性和差异性,进行科学的结合与相互验证。研究结果可为流域内生态水文综合治理和土地资源优化管理提供科学依据。 相似文献
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SIGRID SCHMALZER 《Geographical review》2002,92(1):1-22
ABSTRACT. From 1929 to 1937, Chinese reformers in the Mass Education Movement attempted to transform pigs and pig breeding in Dingxian, Hebei, through the importation of an American breed of pig and its hybridization with local pigs. This episode provides a case study for the investigation of the roles played in scientific work by local Chinese materials and practices on one hand and Western scientific principles and methods on the other. Reformers were conscious that the wholesale importation and implementation of Western science had failed China in the past and suspected that it would fail again. Their chief concern was that the new pig should raise production levels but still “suit local conditions.” But “conditions” and “methods” do not play equal roles in science, and reformers did not require the scientific methods of pig breeding to negotiate with local methods. Despite their attention to local conditions, the reformers thus assumed that modern, Western science was universal in nature and that it could and should be applied universally, replacing local knowledge and practices. 相似文献
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等高活篱笆试验研究的若干问题* 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
本文讨论了等高活篱笆技术在设计、管理和效益分析等方面的原则与方法,指出应结合当地的自然条件和社会经济需求,围绕一两种主要功用来应用这种坡地持续利用技术。植物种类选择和篱笆的管理应以篱笆植物的属性、篱笆的形成及农林复合系统中各组分的和谐关系为依据。活篱笆改善生态的功能、社会经济效益宜采用费用-效益分析的方法进行评价。 相似文献