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1.
基于土壤粒度分析的草原风蚀特征探讨 总被引：13，自引：1，他引：12
对放牧、开垦和围封下内蒙古典型草原地表覆盖状况、土壤粒度与有机碳含量进行测定,分析人类活动对草原风蚀的影响。结果表明,与围封草地相比,过度放牧草地的群落盖度及高度分别降低了44.23%和80.71%,根系生物量下降了37.83%。由于植被覆盖及根系密度的降低,过度放牧草地土壤表现出明显的风蚀特征,表层土壤粗粒化明显,表层土壤平均粒径比围封草地增加了约1倍。而开垦造成的风蚀程度则更为严重,开垦使表层土壤颗粒平均粒径增加2.5倍。因此,过牧与开垦下的典型草原已形成为一个重要的沙尘源。土壤颗粒粗化直接引起土壤有机碳含量的下降,土壤中小于0.1 mm颗粒组分每被吹蚀1%,其有机碳含量将减少0.2546 g·kg-1。 相似文献
2.
青海玉树地区主要灌丛类型地上生物量及其影响因素 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以青海玉树地区主要灌丛鲜卑花群系、百里香杜鹃群系、细枝绣线菊群系和山生柳群系为研究对象,采用样方收获法研究其地上生物量分配特征。结果表明:5种类型的灌丛地上生物量在21.6~34.33 t/hm2之间,地上生物量最大的是细枝绣线菊群系,最小的是金露梅群系,5种灌丛群落地上生物量平均是29.64 t/hm2,不同层次生物量大小顺序是:灌木层草本层凋落物层,各自生物量占地上生物量的比例分别是73.35%、14.27%、12.35%。5种灌丛类型建群种生物量大小依次是:细枝绣线菊群系金露梅群系百里香杜鹃群系鲜卑花群系山生柳群系。影响玉树地区灌丛地上生物量的主要因素是海拔、群落盖度、灌丛高度及放牧。灌丛地上生物量随着海拔的上升而下降,随着群落盖度和灌木高度的增加而增加。放牧对灌木地上生物量的影响机制尚不明确。 相似文献
3.
过度放牧对生态环境的影响与控制对策 总被引：28，自引：12，他引：16
通过调查和分析过度放牧对草原植物群落类型、盖度、生物量及土壤特性等的影响,可以得出过度放牧造成了非常严重的生态环境问题,反过来,也给牧业带来了不利的影响。过度放牧引起了草原植被的退化和土壤质量的退化,特别是春季的过度放牧对草原植被和土壤质量造成了更为严重的不利影响。草原生态系统易变性和易退化特点决定了放牧容易引起一系列生态环境问题,甚至引起土壤盐碱化、荒漠化和深部土层干化等严重的生态环境问题发生。笔者提出,对草原土层盐碱含量、植被盖度和深部土层含水量、地面大气湿度与含尘量进行监测,并依此为依据制定科学合理的牧业发展计划和管理措施,这对于牧业的长期发展和生态环境的改善是非常必要的。 相似文献
4.
为了估算西鄂尔多斯天然荒漠灌丛生态系统碳密度并揭示碳储量在不同层片（灌丛植株、草本层、枯落物层及土壤层）、器官间的分配规律,以该区5种优势荒漠灌丛（沙冬青Ammopiptanthus mogolicus、霸王Zygophyllum xanthoxylum、四合木Tetraena mongolica、半日花Helianthemum songaricum和红砂Reaumuria songarica）群落为对象,测定了5种灌丛生态系统碳密度。结果表明：西鄂尔多斯5种荒漠灌丛生态系统碳密度40.28~55.51 t·hm-2,其中土壤层碳密度占绝对优势（97.15%~98.51%）,为39.40~54.48 t·hm-2,且在0~50 cm随着土层深度的增加而增加;植被层生物量密度垂直分布格局表现为灌丛层 > 草本层 > 枯落物层,灌丛层碳密度空间上表现为距离黄河越近碳密度越大（沙冬青和半日花灌丛生物量碳分别占各自植被层生物量密度的92.16%和62.42%）,而草本层碳密度表现出与之相反的规律;草本层根系生物量碳也是灌丛生态系统碳重要组成部分,碳密度8.41~38.29 g·m-2,占植被层碳密度的5.36%~45.18%;除红砂灌丛外,灌丛草本层地下部分碳密度显著高于地上部分（P<0.05）;灌丛个体碳储量分布表现为枝条 > 根系 > 叶片,粗枝和粗根是单株灌丛碳储量的主要贡献者,且在灌丛种间差异显著（P<0.05）,根系生物量碳占植被层碳储量的20.00%~33.53%,叶片生物量碳占总植被层碳储量的2.02%~24.54%。 相似文献
5.
干旱和半干旱地区草地生态系统木本植物入侵及其导致的草原灌丛化已经成为全球范 围普遍发生的现象, 是草地沙化和荒漠化的一个重要标志。干旱生态系统中, 此种类型的植被变 化将对区域和全球生物地球化学循环产生显著影响。过度放牧、区域气候干旱化和自然火过程是 导致灌丛入侵和发展的主要控制因子。草原灌丛化过程中, 草地生态系统分布较为均匀的土壤养 分及相关元素在水平和垂直方向发生分异, 关键生命元素C、N、P 、S 生物地球化学循环的变化 将对全球气候变化产生显著作用。全球气候变化与草原灌丛荒漠化之间存在潜在的反馈机制, 人 类扰动的影响将使这种反馈作用变得更加迅速和灵敏。 相似文献
6.
干旱和半干旱地区草地生态系统木本植物入侵及其导致的草原灌丛化已经成为全球范 围普遍发生的现象， 是草地沙化和荒漠化的一个重要标志。干旱生态系统中， 此种类型的植被变 化将对区域和全球生物地球化学循环产生显著影响。过度放牧、区域气候干旱化和自然火过程是 导致灌丛入侵和发展的主要控制因子。草原灌丛化过程中， 草地生态系统分布较为均匀的土壤养 分及相关元素在水平和垂直方向发生分异， 关键生命元素C、N、P 、S 生物地球化学循环的变化 将对全球气候变化产生显著作用。全球气候变化与草原灌丛荒漠化之间存在潜在的反馈机制， 人 类扰动的影响将使这种反馈作用变得更加迅速和灵敏。 相似文献
7.
放牧强度影响草原植被的固碳能力。本文以呼伦贝尔克鲁伦河流域的半干旱典型草原作为研究区域,开展不同放牧压力下异质性植被-土壤系统中碳截存的特征研究。研究发现:不同放牧梯度下,土壤有机质、地上生物量、地下生物量和土壤微生物生物量碳彼此之间呈一定的相关性。随着放牧强度的加剧及土层深度的加深,土壤碳截存量呈减少趋势。其中,土壤有机质的变化趋势与土壤碳截存量趋势相同;而土壤无机碳含量呈现逐渐增大的特征。过度放牧破坏了土壤的理化性质及土壤质量,加速了土壤有机质的损失。草原群落的根冠比也随着放牧强度的增大而增加。以土壤微生物生物量碳作为土壤固碳能力的指标,不同放牧强度下的草原群落土壤固碳能力为轻牧区>中牧区>重牧区。 相似文献
8.
草地生态系统群落生物量的分配模式对于研究生态系统碳储量和碳循环有着重要的意义。为了解内蒙古荒漠草地群落生物量垂直分配格局,从不同土地利用方式着手探讨群落生物量不同成层性分配规律并估算荒漠草地生物量碳密度。结果表明:(1)人工灌溉草地灌木层生物量明显高于放牧和原生草地,草本层生物量表现出灌溉草地>原生草地>放牧草地,而凋落物层表现出灌溉草地<放牧草地<原生草地,地上生物量集中在草本层(60%以上),地下0~10 cm生物量大于其他层生物量(P<0.05)。(2)灌木层生物量、草本层生物量、凋落物层间存在极显著的相关关系(P<0.0001);地下各层生物量之间存在极显著相关关系(P<0.0001);且灌溉草地与原生草地群落地上层生物量与地下层生物量之间存在显著相关关系(P<0.05),故可以建立生物量成层性分配模型。(3)生物量碳密度原生草地<放牧草地<灌溉草地。 相似文献
9.
河西走廊荒漠绿洲过渡带封育对土壤和植被的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
在河西走廊荒漠绿洲过渡带,封育天然植被是植被群落恢复、防止绿洲沙漠化的有效措施。以流动沙丘作为对照(0年),对封育5年和15年的半固沙和固定沙丘植被群落以及土壤进行调查取样和分析。结果表明:随着封育年限增加,天然固沙植被群落生物多样性增加,灌木层和草本层植物密度、盖度和生物量都显著增加,灌木层盖度从10%增加到40%,草本层以一年生草本植物为主,物种从5种增加到8种,生物量从1 g·m-2增加到13 g·m-2。随着天然植被盖度增加,土壤表层沙土细粒化明显,沙土中黏粉粒含量显著增加,土壤质地由粗质沙粒向细质沙粒转变;随着沙土中黏粉粒成分的增加,沙土有机质、全氮、全磷含量也增加,灌丛下土壤养分含量高于灌丛间,“沃岛效应”明显。同时,在灌丛下表层土壤出现明显的盐分集聚现象,其中SO42-、K+、Na+含量分别增加了6、3、17倍。在降水100 mm左右的荒漠绿洲过渡带,封育可以显著恢复固沙植被群落和提高沙土质地和养分。 相似文献
10.
研究了科尔沁沙地疏林草地、针茅草原和草甸植被盖度、地上和地下生物量、物种多样性对围封和放牧的响应。结果表明：（1）围封与放牧草地的优势植物不同,围封草地植物群落优势植物为多年生禾本科植物,放牧草地中一年生植物和小半灌木优势明显。（2）围封和放牧草地的植物盖度、凋落物量、地上生物量和物种丰富度存在明显差异（P<0.05）;围封显著提高了植被盖度和地上生物量,由疏林草地、针茅草原到草甸,植物盖度和地上生物量逐渐增加,而3种草地植被凋落物量大小顺序为针茅草原> 疏林草地> 草甸;放牧条件下植物盖度、凋落物量和物种丰富度差异不显著（P>0.05）。（3）3种草地之间的地下生物量无显著差异（P>0.05）,但围封与放牧之间、不同土壤层次之间地下生物量存在明显差异（P<0.05）;围封显著提高草地的地下生物量（P<0.05）;草地地下生物量随着土壤深度表现出下降趋势（P<0.05）。长期放牧增加了草地一年生植物和小半灌木植物的优势,消除了不同草地之间植被盖度和物种丰富度的差异;而围封能提高草地多年生禾本科植物的优势、增加其物种丰富度,对于草地质量和植物多样性的恢复和保育具有积极作用。 相似文献
11.
Shrubs proliferated within a six-year exclosure in a temperate grassland—Spatiotemporal relationships between vegetation and soil variables 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Overgrazing has been considered one of the maj or causes that trigger shrub encroachment of grassland. Proliferation of shrubs in grassland is recognized as an important indicator of grassland degradation and desertification. In China, various conservation measures, including enclosures to reduce livestock grazing, have been taken to reverse the trend of grassland desertification, yet shrubs have been reported to increase in the grasslands over the past decades. In late 2007, we set up a 400-m-by-50-m exclosure in a long-term overgrazed temperate grassland in Inner Mongolia, with the ob- jective to quantify the spatiotemporal relationship between vegetation dynamics, soil variables, and grazing exclusion. Soil moisture was continuously monitored within the exclosure, and cover and aboveground biomass of the shrubs were measured inside the exclosure in 2007, 2009, 2010, 2012, and 2013, and outside the exclosure in 2012 and 2013. We found the average shrub cover and biomass significantly increased in the six years by 103 % and 120%, respectively. The result supported the hypothesis that releasing grazing pressure following long-term overgrazing tends to trigger shrub invasion into grassland. Our results, limited to a single gradient, suggest that any conservation measures with quick release of overgrazing pressure by enclosure or other similar means might do just the opposite to accelerate shrub en- croachment in grassland. The changes in vegetation cover and biomass were regressed on the temporal average of the soil moisture content by means of the generalized least square technique to quantify the effect of the spatial autocor- relation. The result indicates that the grass cover and biomass significantly increased with the top, but decreased with the bottom layer soil moisture. The shrub cover and biomass, on the other hand, decreased with the top, but increased with bottom soil moisture, although the regression coefficients for the shrubs were not statistically significant. Hence this study supports the two-layered soil model which assumes grasses and shrubs use belowground resources in dif- ferent depths. 相似文献
12.
Effects of grazing intensity on soil organic carbon of rangelands in Xilin Gol League,Inner Mongolia,China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) in rangelands has been extensively investigated. Grazing in outlying rangeland areas has caused severe impacts on ecosystem functions. To reveal the effects of grazing on SOC, we evaluated the grassland in Xilin Gol League, Inner Mongolia, China. Grazing intensity was determined by using two image sets of vegetation index with normalized differences in grazing periods (July 12th and 28th). The range of variation in vegetation index was then used to measure the grazing intensity. The SOC storage and density were obtained by conducting experiments on field soil samples. Results showed that 1) the grazing intensity in Xilin Gol League declined gradually from west to east; by contrast, the spatial distribution of SOC density increased gradually. 2) As grazing intensity increased, the carbon storage of rangeland decreased evidently. Minimum carbon storage was observed in grasslands classified under extreme overgrazing; by comparison, maximum values were found in areas classified under light overgrazing to moderate grazing. 3) The estimated soil carbon storage was 8.48 × 1011 kg, and the average carbon density was 4.08 kg/m2. Our research demonstrated that grazing intensity likely affects soil carbon. Moderate grazing is an optimum strategy to maintain carbon storage and ensure sustainable grassland utilization. 相似文献
13.
《Journal of Arid Environments》1999,41(1):27-35
The effect of both a non-prescribed summer fire and grazing at high stocking rate following fire on plant community composition, the frequency of occurrence of bare soil, grasses and shrubs, species diversity and biomass of herbaceous forage were evaluated for three growing seasons after fire. Changes in community composition occurred as a consequence of both fire and grazing. Communities were dominated by unpalatable shrubs and grasses in unburned sites as a result of a long history of overgrazing. Fire contributed to a conversion of those shrublands to communities with a more favourable balance between woody and herbaceous species. The frequency of palatable grasses and herbaceous forage biomass increased by a factor ofc. 3 at the expense of woody vegetation. Grazing after fire had significant positive (i.e. decrease in undesirable grasses) and negative (i.e. increase in bare soil) effects. 相似文献
14.
Shrub encroachment is the advance of woody plants over grasslands. For some shrub species this process is favoured by fire and high precipitation. In northwestern Patagonia spring precipitation is related with the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Over the past years, ENSO has shown an increase in both amplitude and frequency. Our study focuses on the population dynamics of the shrub Fabiana imbricata Ruiz & Pav. (Solanaceae) using stochastic models which involve different fire frequencies and variations in spring precipitation. Our results indicate that F. imbricata's population grows at a wide range of fire frequencies, reaching its maximum every 6–10 years. The elasticity analysis show that, as fire frequency diminishes, population growth rate depends almost exclusively on adult survival, recruitment events are rare and the presence of seedlings or juveniles is seldom observed. In this case, the landscape would be formed by mature F. imbricata shrublands, and population persistence would depend on adult survival, seed production and their accumulation in the soil bank. However, in the case of very high fire frequencies, more recurrent recruitment pulses would be observed, with a landscape dominated by young shrublands composed of individuals of different ages and reproductive status. 相似文献
15.
贝壳砂生境典型灌草植被的土壤水分生态特征 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为探讨黄河三角洲贝壳堤岛典型灌草植被的土壤蓄水及持水性能,选取贝壳砂生境的酸枣（Ziziphus jujuba var.spinosa）、杠柳（Periploca sepium）和二色补血草（Limonium bicolor）3种典型植被,以裸地作为对照,测定分析不同植被类型下的土壤颗粒组成、水分物理参数和土壤水分特征曲线,以明确贝壳砂生境不同植被类型的土壤水分生态特征。结果表明：（1）贝壳砂生境下,不同灌草植被均具有减少石砾和粗砂粒、增加细砂粒和粉黏粒含量的作用,其中酸枣林可显著减少粗砂粒、增加粉黏粒含量;杠柳林可显著减少石砾、增加细沙粒含量;草本对减少粗砂粒和石砾含量、增加细沙粒和粉黏粒含量的作用较弱。（2）灌草植被可显著提高贝壳砂的蓄水能力,其中酸枣林最强,杠柳林次之,草本最差。0~30 cm土层的有效含蓄量和含蓄降雨量均值均表现为酸枣林 > 杠柳林 > 草地 > 裸地。（3）0~30 cm的酸枣林贝壳砂持水能力最强,杠柳林次之,草本最差;同一植被类型下0~15 cm贝壳砂的持水能力显著高于15~30 cm的持水能力。贝壳砂生境3种植被类型改善土壤物理性质及蓄水保土功能表现为灌木林优于草地,其中酸枣林的蓄持水分能力最强,杠柳林次之,草本最差。酸枣更适于贝壳砂生境退化生态系统的植被恢复。 相似文献
16.
The effects of exclosures in restoring degraded semi-arid vegetation in communal grazing lands in northern Ethiopia 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Rangeland degradation is a widespread problem throughout sub Saharan Africa and its restoration is a challenge for the management of many semi-arid areas. This study assessed the effectiveness of exclosures that have been protected from livestock from 5 to 15 years in restoring vegetation in northern Ethiopia. The species composition and diversity of herbaceous and woody plants were higher in the exclosures than in the grazed areas. Species richness responded positively to an increase in herbaceous productivity. The mean aboveground biomass measured inside the exclosures was more than twice that of the adjacent grazed areas and more biomass was produced from the young than the old exclosures. Stem height, canopy height, canopy cover, and browsing capacity of woody species were higher in the exclosures than in the grazed areas. Our study shows that degraded semi-arid vegetation is able to recover in a relatively short time when protected. Extended protection, beyond 8–15 years, reduces herbaceous species diversity and in one of the sites also the herbaceous biomass. Therefore, we suggest a slight shift in management where exclosures protected for longer periods may be moderately used by livestock. 相似文献
17.
C. Muñoz-Robles N. ReidM. Tighe S.V. BriggsB. Wilson 《Journal of Arid Environments》2011,75(10):936-945
In arid and semi-arid areas, woody encroachment is the increase in density, cover, extent and/or biomass of woody plants. Woody encroachment is often associated with increased runoff and soil erosion. Hydrological and erosional responses of woody encroachment and of pastures established after management of encroachment in semi-arid Australia are not well understood. This study compared the hydrological and erosional responses across vegetation states comprising woody plant encroachment (>1200 stems ha−1), recently established pastures (<23 years of age), long-established pasture (50-100 years of age) and open woodland (<330 stems ha−1) in semi-arid eastern Australia. Responses were measured using rainfall simulation with intensity of 35 mm h−1 for 30 min applied on 1 -m2 plots. Runoff and sediment production did not differ significantly between vegetation states. Average runoff in woody encroachment was 9.0 mm h−1, followed by recent pasture (8.2 mm h−1), long-established pasture (5.9 mm h−1) and open woodland (4.2 mm h−1). Total sediment production in recent pasture was 11.6 g m−2, followed by woody encroachment (9.0 g m−2), long-established pasture (7.3 g m−2) and open woodland (4.3 g m−2). Runoff and sediment production were significantly lower at one pasture site (0.9 mm h−1 and 1.3 g m−2) where rotational grazing and minimum tillage had been implemented than in the adjacent paired woody encroachment site (10.3 mm h−1and 6.5 g m−2, respectively). This example of a pasture that had been managed to increase ground cover illustrated the effect of pasture management on reducing runoff and sediment production. Across all vegetation states, small scale runoff and sediment production were minimal or zero where total ground cover was 73% or higher. 相似文献
18.
Soil water deficit and vegetation restoration in the refuse dumps of the Heidaigou open-pit coal mine, Inner Mongolia, China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The sustainability of ecosystem restoration of refuse dumps in open-pit coal mines depends on plant species selection, their configuration, and the optimal usage of water resources. This study is based on field experiments in the northern refuse dump of the Heidaigou open-pit coal mine in Inner Mongolia of China established in 1995. Eight plant configurations, including trees, shrubs, grasses, and their combinations, as well as the adjacent community of natural vegetation, were selected. The succession of the revegetated plants, soil water storage, the spatiotemporal distribution of plant water deficits degree and its compensation degree were also studied. Results indicated that the vegetation cover (shrubs and herbaceous cover), richness, abundance, soil nutrients (soil organic matter, N and P), and biological soil crust coverage on the soil surface are significantly influenced by the vegetation configurations. The average soil water storage values in the shrub+grass and grass communities throughout the growing season are 208.69 mm and 206.55 mm, which are the closest to that of in the natural vegetation community (215.87 mm). Plant water deficits degree in the grass and shrub+grass communities were the lowest, but the degrees of water deficit compensation in these configuration were larger than those of the other vegetation configurations. Differences in plant water deficit degree and water compensation among the different configurations were significant (P<0.05). Plant water deficit degrees were predominantly minimal on the surface, increased with increasing soil depth, and remained stable at 80 cm soil depth. The soil moisture compensation in the natural vegetation, shrub+grass, and grass communities changed at 10%, while that in other vegetation communities changed between 20% and 40%. Overall, we conclude that the shrub+grass and grass configuration modes are the optimal vegetation restoration models in terms of ecohydrology for future ecological engineering projects. 相似文献