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1.
近40 a江河源区潜在蒸散量变化特征及影响因子分析 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
利用1966—2005年江河源区8个气象站的逐月气候资料,采用Penman-Monteith公式,对源区近40 a潜在蒸散量的时空分布特征和变化趋势进行了分析,并对造成潜在蒸散量变化的主要气候影响因子进行了探讨。结果表明:①江河源区年潜在蒸散量平均为977 mm,高值区位于西北部,低值区位于东南部;潜在蒸散量在空间上可以划分为源区北部、长江源区南部和黄河源区南部3个不同的区域;②近40 a来,江河源区年及四季潜在蒸散量均呈减少趋势,且长江源区南部比其他区域下降显著,夏季比其他季节下降显著,年潜在蒸散量的变化主要以21 a左右和7 a左右的周期振荡为主,且在1985年左右发生均值突变;③源区年和四季潜在蒸散量与风速、净辐射和饱和差关系密切,40 a来风速的明显减小是导致源区潜在蒸散量减小的主要原因。 相似文献
2.
1981～2010年陕西潜在蒸散量时空特征及其对气候因子的响应 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
《地理科学》2015,(8)
基于1981~2010年陕西地区16个气象站观测日值数据,通过联合国粮农组织(FAO)推荐的Penman-Monteith公式计算参考作物蒸散量,并以Mann-Kendall突变检验、Sen趋势度以及小波分析潜在蒸散量的时空变化特征,同时利用多元回归分析气候因子对其影响强度。结果表明:1 1981~2010年潜在蒸散量呈上升趋势,增速约为3.1 mm/a,没有通过0.05显著水平检验,呈"弱减-强增-减"变化波动。2研究区潜在蒸散量存在2 a、5a、8 a、22 a、32 a左右的震荡周期,震荡能量最大是32 a,其次是22 a。在1992年左右出现一次明显的突变,刚好是震荡能量最大32 a周期上发生波动。3纬度跨度大和地形复杂使得陕西地区潜在蒸散量空间差异明显。多年平均潜在蒸散量在166.9~1 367.5 mm之间,其中秦巴山一带潜在蒸散量值偏高,其次是陕北地区,关中平原潜在蒸散量值最低。变化趋势呈南北递减,陕南地区潜在蒸散量呈明显的增加趋势,关中地区呈增加趋势,陕北地区呈减少趋势。4 HURST指数分布沿东西向递减,其中在0.4~0.5之间占整个研究区的77.11%,说明大部分地区未来潜在蒸散量变化将与过去变化呈弱的反相持续性变化。5潜在蒸散量有明显的季节差异,夏季和春季变化最明显,其次是秋季和冬季,其中夏季贡献占主导,其次是春季,贡献最少的是秋季和冬季。6平均气温、相对湿度和风速对潜在蒸散量的影响较大,其中平均气温的作用最大且呈正影响,其次是相对湿度的影响,但对潜在蒸散量呈负作用。而日照时数和平均气压对潜在蒸散呈弱的正作用。 相似文献
3.
三江源区温性草原蒸散量与主要影响因子的相关分析 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
以小型自动气象站观测资料为基础,采用FAO Penman-Monteith方法估算三江源温性草原参考作物蒸散量,并结合FAO-56的推荐值进行了草地实际蒸散量的计测。结果表明,蒸散量季节动态呈单峰曲线变化趋势,在8月中旬达到年度最高值,平均为1.94 mm\5d-1,年蒸散总量达到 275.36 mm,暖季日蒸散量明显大于冷季。对实际蒸散量与各个主要环境因子的相关性进行了分析,结果可按照相关系数排序:空气温度（T）＞太阳辐射（Ra）＞空气相对湿度（RH）＞风速（u2）。辐射量与实际蒸散量具有较高的线性相关。根据蒸散量与相关环境因子关系分析的结果,建立了适合三江源区域温性草原的蒸散量简化计测公式。 相似文献
4.
1971-2010年若尔盖湿地潜在蒸散量及地表湿润度的变化趋势 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
利用若尔盖、红原、玛曲3个气象站1971-2010年的地面气象观测资料,根据Penman-Monteith模型计算了若尔盖湿地的潜在蒸散量,发现若尔盖湿地年潜在蒸散量呈明显上升的趋势,上升趋势为9.1 mm/10a;若尔盖湿地潜在蒸散量在2001年出现了增大突变,2001-2010年平均潜在蒸散量比1971-2000年上升了28.6 mm;各季节潜在蒸散量均呈上升趋势,其中以秋季上升最明显,上升趋势为4.3 mm/10a。导致若尔盖湿地潜在蒸散量上升的主要气象因子是温度上升、相对湿度下降和降水量的减少,虽然日照时数减少和风速减小有利于潜在蒸散量的下降,但由于气温上升的趋势更明显,影响更大,所以若尔盖湿地潜在蒸散量呈明显的上升趋势。近40 a若尔盖湿地地表湿润度以-0.03/10a的趋势减小,其中2001-2010年比1981-1990年下降了0.11,下降十分明显;与此同时,年平均气温以0.41℃/10a的趋势上升,降水量以-13.5 mm/10a的趋势减少,虽然若尔盖湿地仍属于湿润区,但出现了明显的暖干化趋势。 相似文献
5.
利用1961-2003年南疆36个代表站逐日地面观测资料,分析了浮尘日数的分布特征,并构建多元线性回归影响因子模型,探讨了气温、气温日较差、地气温差、海平面气压、气压差、平均风速、降水量7个气候因子对浮尘日数变化的影响程度。结果表明:南疆浮尘日数具有明显的地域差异性和季节性;43 a内浮尘日数呈明显减少趋势,具有6~9 a的振荡周期,地气温差、平均风速、降水量的相继突变导致1986年浮尘日数突变;3~9月南疆浮尘日数变化的主要影响因子依次是平均风速、气温日较差和降水量,春季气温日较差占主导地位,6~8月是平均风速,9月为降水量。 相似文献
6.
1981-2010 年气候变化对青藏高原实际蒸散的影响 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
基于1981-2010 年青藏高原80 个气象台站观测数据, 通过改进的LPJ 动态植被模型, 模拟并分析了青藏高原实际蒸散及其与降水的平衡关系(P-E) 的时空变化。研究结果表明, 在过去三十年来青藏高原气候呈现以变暖为主要特征的背景下, 降水量整体略有增加, 潜在蒸散呈减少趋势, 特别是2000 年以前减少趋势显著;青藏高原大部分地区实际蒸散呈增加趋势, P-E的变化趋势呈西北增加-东南减少的空间格局。大气水分蒸散发能力降低理论上会导致实际蒸散减少, 而青藏高原大部分地区实际蒸散增加, 主要影响因素是降水增加, 实际蒸散呈增加(减少) 趋势的区域中86% (73%) 的降水增加(减少)。 相似文献
7.
黄土高原陆地表层作物生长季最大可能蒸散量的变化特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于黄土高原1961~2008年气候资料,应用修订的Penman-Monteith(P-M)模型计算作物生长季最大可能蒸散量,分析其时空分布、异常分布特征和次区域时间演变特征。结果表明:一致性异常分布是黄土高原作物生长季最大可能蒸散量的最主要空间模态。高原西北部区域作物生长季最大可能蒸散量呈显著增加趋势,且发生突变现象;高原东北部区域和高原东南部区域作物生长季最大可能蒸散量呈显著下降的趋势,也发生突变;黄土高原作物生长季最大可能蒸散量的3个空间分区中,3~4a的周期振荡表现得比较显著。 相似文献
8.
1960—2017年艾比湖流域实际蒸散量与气象要素的变化特征 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
传统估算蒸散发的方法大都基于局地尺度,而在生态水文发生剧烈变化的资料稀缺流域背景下,充分考虑流域下垫面的空间变异性的陆面过程模型为流域长时序、大尺度及连续模拟实际蒸散量提供了新途径。以艾比湖流域为研究区,应用可变下渗能力模型（VIC）模拟1960—2017年艾比湖流域的水文过程,探讨研究区值实际蒸散发量的年、月、日时空变化规律,并运用小波分析方法对5个气象要素及研究区实际蒸散发量的模拟值进行多尺度特征分析,结果表明：① VIC在温泉和博乐的径流纳什效率系数（NSE）分别为0.09和0.23,模拟效果较为满意;VIC实际蒸散量的模拟值与理论计算值,R2达0.80,均方根误差（RMSE）为31.76 mm a-1,NSE为0.32,模拟效果相对较好;② 时间尺度上,艾比湖流域58 a来年际实际蒸散量呈上升趋势,年均实际蒸散量以1.03 mm a-1的速率递增;月值和日值蒸散量均呈单峰趋势;且年代际变化中5—7月的实际蒸散量在20世纪90年代和21世纪呈现下降趋势,20世纪70年呈现上升趋势,而其余月份无明显变化;③ 空间分布上,艾比湖流域内实际蒸散发量总体上呈现高海拔及其附近地区蒸散强烈,从春季到夏季,强蒸散区由西北向东南转移,年实际蒸散量空间分布与春夏季分布一致;④ 艾比湖流域实际蒸散发量与各气象要素在时频域中均存在1~4个显著性周期,且在一定尺度的周期上,平均风速、平均温度以及日照时数超前于实际蒸散量变化,而年降水量和相对湿度滞后于实际蒸散量变化,受降水影响实际蒸散发1965年和2003年发生1 a周期的“强—弱”转换,受相对湿度影响实际蒸散量在1965年和2008年发生2~4.5 a周期的“强—弱”转换。 相似文献
9.
近50年来中国西北地区干湿状况时空分布 总被引：54，自引：3，他引：51
根据西北地区77个气象台站气候资料,并利用改进的Penman公式,计算了该地区1958年~2001年的44年平均潜在蒸散量的时空分布,并分析了与降水量变化之间的关系,得到4种类型潜在蒸散量与降水量年际变化的组合分布型。其中年平均潜在蒸散量减小而年降水量增大的组合占研究区站点总数的40%以上。分析潜在蒸散量及观测蒸发量与各气候因子的相关性,发现干旱区的蒸发与太阳辐射和风速有关。定义干燥指数为潜在蒸散量与降水量的比值,用来描述西北干旱区的干湿状况。对干旱区四个季节(春、夏、秋、冬)干燥指数近50年的线性变化趋势分析结果显示,干旱区春季大部分区域干燥指数呈增加趋势,即趋于变干;夏季大部分地区趋于变湿,但仅在新疆东部和甘肃西部较为明显;秋季新疆大部、甘肃西部和青海北部等地区趋于变湿,而干旱区东部区域则趋于变干。冬季干旱区大部分区域趋于变湿,只有新疆西南部和西北部及东部部分地区、甘肃西部和内蒙西部等地有变干趋势。 相似文献
10.
作为全球海拔最高的独特自然地理单元,青藏高原对局部、区域乃至全球天气和气候系统具有显著影响。基于气象台站观测资料,对1960年以来青藏高原整体和区域尺度的降水量和极端降水量变化特征及其影响因素研究进行了回顾。结果表明:近60年青藏高原年降水量呈现上升趋势,变化速率为3.8~12.0 mm/10a,但其显著性存在争议。冬春两季降水量显著增加,春季降水量上升速率最大,夏秋两季降水量变化趋势不明显。区域尺度上,三江源区年降水量总体呈现上升趋势,变化速率为7.3~20 mm/10a;雅鲁藏布江流域年降水量呈现不明显上升趋势,变化速率为0.4~9.0 mm/10a;祁连山区年降水量显著增加,变化速率1.0~13.2 mm/10a;年降水量增长速率在青海高原为1.9~3.3 mm/10a,西藏高原为12.5 mm/10a,柴达木盆地为6.7~8.6 mm/10a,共和盆地为7.2 mm/10a。青藏高原极端降水量和极端降水日数明显增多,但是极端降水量变化空间异质性特征显著。青藏高原降水变化的影响因素很多,主要包括大尺度大气环流、高原地表状况及气候变暖。未来应采用更多类型数据源监测青藏高原降水变化,尤其是区域或流域尺度,进一步完善青藏高原降水变化机制研究。 相似文献
11.
基于Shuttleworth-Wallace Hu（SWH）双源蒸散模型对青藏高原那曲、纳木错、藏东南站蒸散发进行估算,在结果验证良好基础上,对青藏高原蒸散发变化特征及各站主要影响因素进行了分析。结果表明：SWH模型在青藏高原3个草甸站适用性良好;年蒸散发介于388~732 mm之间,年内分布呈先增大后减小特征;3站蒸散发组分差异较大,那曲站和纳木错站土壤蒸发对蒸散总量的贡献分别为53%和56%,藏东南站蒸散发则几乎全部由植被蒸腾贡献,占比高达95%;植被叶面积指数为3站蒸散发最主要的影响因素,饱和水汽压差对藏东南站蒸散发影响也较大。研究结果可对青藏高原蒸散发及其组分时空格局与水循环过程研究提供科学依据。 相似文献
12.
青藏高原近30年气候变化趋势 总被引：209，自引：17，他引：192
以1971~2000年青藏高原77个气象台站的观测数据 (最低、最高气温,日照时数,相对湿度,风速和降水量) 为基础,应用1998年FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith模型,并根据我国实际状况对其辐射项进行修正,模拟了青藏高原1971~2000年的最大可能蒸散,并由Vyshotskii模型转换为干燥度,力求说明近30年青藏高原的气候变化趋势,以及干湿状况的空间分布。应用线性回归法计算变化趋势,并用Mann-Kendall方法进行趋势检验。结果表明：青藏高原近30年气候变化的总体特征是气温呈上升趋势,降水呈增加趋势,最大可能蒸散呈降低趋势,大多数地区的干湿状况有由干向湿发展的趋势。气候因子与地表干湿状况间并不是线性关系,存在很大的不确定性。 相似文献
13.
Trends of annual and monthly temperature, precipitation, potential evapotranspi- ration and aridity index were analyzed to understand climate change during the period 1971–2000 over the Tibetan Plateau which is one of the most special regions sensitive to global climate change. FAO56–Penmen–Monteith model was modified to calculate potential evapotranspiration which integrated many climatic elements including maximum and mini- mum temperatures, solar radiation, relative humidity and wind speed. Results indicate gen- erally warming trends of the annual averaged and monthly temperatures, increasing trends of precipitation except in April and September, decreasing trends of annual and monthly poten- tial evapotranspiration, and increasing aridity index except in September. It is not the isolated climatic elements that are important to moisture conditions, but their integrated and simulta- neous effect. Moreover, potential evapotranspiration often changes the effect of precipitation on moisture conditions. The climate trends suggest an important warm and humid tendency averaged over the southern plateau in annual period and in August. Moisture conditions would probably get drier at large area in the headwater region of the three rivers in annual average and months from April to November, and the northeast of the plateau from July to September. Complicated climatic trends over the Tibetan Plateau reveal that climatic factors have nonlinear relationships, and resulte in much uncertainty together with the scarcity of observation data. The results would enhance our understanding of the potential impact of climate change on environment in the Tibetan Plateau. Further research of the sensitivity and attribution of climate change to moisture conditions on the plateau is necessary. 相似文献
14.
Trends of annual and monthly temperature, precipitation, potential evapotranspi-ration and aridity index were analyzed to understand climate change during the period 1971–2000 over the Tibetan Plateau which is one of the most special regions sensitive to global climate change. FAO56–Penmen–Monteith model was modified to calculate potential evapotranspiration which integrated many climatic elements including maximum and mini-mum temperatures, solar radiation, relative humidity and wind speed. Results indicate gen-erally warming trends of the annual averaged and monthly temperatures, increasing trends of precipitation except in April and September, decreasing trends of annual and monthly poten-tial evapotranspiration, and increasing aridity index except in September. It is not the isolated climatic elements that are important to moisture conditions, but their integrated and simulta-neous effect. Moreover, potential evapotranspiration often changes the effect of precipitation on moisture conditions. The climate trends suggest an important warm and humid tendency averaged over the southern plateau in annual period and in August. Moisture conditions would probably get drier at large area in the headwater region of the three rivers in annual average and months from April to November, and the northeast of the plateau from July to September. Complicated climatic trends over the Tibetan Plateau reveal that climatic factors have nonlinear relationships, and resulte in much uncertainty together with the scarcity of observation data. The results would enhance our understanding of the potential impact of climate change on environment in the Tibetan Plateau. Further research of the sensitivity and attribution of climate change to moisture conditions on the plateau is necessary. 相似文献
15.
Quantifying the relationship between the drought severity index and climate factors is crucial for predicting drought risk in situations characterized by climate change. However, variations in drought risk are not readily discernible under conditions of climate change, and this is particularly the case on the Tibetan Plateau. This study examines the correlations between the annual drought severity index (DSI) and 14 climate factors (including temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed, and hours of sunshine factors), on the Tibetan Plateau from 2000 to 2011. Spatial average DSI increased with precipitation and minimum relative humidity, while it decreased as the hours of sunshine increased. The correlation between DSI and climate factors varied with vegetation types. In alpine meadows, the correlation of the spatial DSI average with the percentage of sunshine and hours of sunshine (P<0.001) was higher compared to that in alpine steppes (P<0.05). Similarly, average vapor pressure and minimum relative humidity had significant positive effects on spatial DSI in alpine meadows, but had insignificant effects in alpine steppes. The magnitude of DSI change correlated negatively with temperature, precipitation, and vapor pressure, and positively with wind speed and sunshine. This demonstrates that the correlation between drought and climate change on the Tibetan Plateau is dependent on the type of ecosystem. 相似文献
16.
辽宁省潜在蒸散发量及其敏感性规律分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用Penman-Monteith法和敏感系数法对辽宁省1965~2014年潜在蒸散发量及影响潜在蒸散发的气象因子敏感性进行分析,探讨气候变化下影响辽宁省潜在蒸散发量变化的主导因子及潜在蒸散发对气候变化的定量响应。结果表明：① 近50 a辽宁省潜在蒸散发呈现显著减少趋势,在空间上由西向东递减;② 潜在蒸散发对气象因子的敏感性在年尺度上表现为,水汽压最为敏感,其次为太阳辐射、风速、平均气温;在季节尺度上,春季和秋季对平均气温最不敏感,夏季对风速最不敏感,冬季对太阳辐射最不敏感;③ 空间分布上,气象因素的敏感系数与气象因子空间变化规律相吻合,潜在蒸散发对气温的敏感性由北部向南部递增,对水汽压、太阳辐射的敏感性由东部向西部递减,而风速与之变化趋势相反。④ 风速的显著降低是辽宁省潜在蒸散发量下降的主要原因,太阳辐射的下降及水汽压的升高也促使了潜在蒸散发量的下降。 相似文献
17.
The net accumulation record of ice core is one of the most reliable indicators for reconstructing precipitation changes in high mountains. A 20.12 m ice core was drilled in 2006 from the accumulation zone of Laohugou Glacier No.12 in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, China. We obtained the precipitation from the ice core net accumulation during 1960-2006, and found out the relationship between Laohugou ice core record and other data from surrounding sites of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Results showed that during 1960-2006, the precipitation in the high mountains showed firstly an increasing trend, while during 1980 to 2006 it showed an obvious decreasing trend. Reconstructed precipitation change in the Laohugou glacier basin was consistent with the measured data from the nearby weather stations in the lower mountain of Subei, and the correlation coefficient was 0.619 (P<0.001). However, the precipitation in the high mountain was about 3 times more than that of the lower mountain. The precipitation in Laohugou Glacier No.12 of the western Qilian Mountains corresponded well to the net accumulation of Dunde ice core during the same period, tree-ring reconstructed precipitation, the measured data of multiple meteorological stations in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, and also the changes of adjacent PDSI drought index. Precipitation changes of the Laohugou glacier basin and other sites of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau had significantly positive correlation with ENSO, which implied that the regional alpine precipitation change was very likely to be influenced by ENSO. 相似文献
18.
ShiQiao Zhou 《寒旱区科学》2020,12(6):430-435
Tibetan lake levels are sensitive to global change, and their variations have a large impact on the environment, local agriculture and animal husbandry practices. While many remote sensing data of Tibetan lake level changes have been reported, few are from in-situ measurements. This note presents the first in-situ lake level time series of the central Tibetan Plateau. Since 2005, daily lake level observations have been performed at Lake Nam Co, one of the largest on the Tibetan Plateau. The interannual lake level variations show an overall increasing trend from 2006 to 2014, a rapid decrease from 2014 to 2017, and a surge from 2017 to 2018. The annual average lake level of the hydrological year (May-April) rose 66 cm from 2006 to 2014, dropped 59 cm from 2014 to 2017, and increased 20 cm from 2017 to 2018, resulting in a net rise of 27 cm or an average rate of about 2 cm per year. Compared to the annual average lake level based on the calendar year, it is better to use the annual average lake level based on the hydrological year to determine the interannual lake level changes. As the lake level was stable in May, it is appropriate to compare May lake levels when examining interannual lake level changes with fewer data. Overall, remote sensing results agree well with the in-situ lake level observations; however, some significant deviations exist. In the comparable 2006-2009 period, the calendar-year average lake level observed in-situ rose by 10-11 cm per year, which is lower than the ICESat result of 18 cm per year. 相似文献