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1.
The initial impetus for developing a specialty in ocean geography resulted from the need to resolve applied problems in coastal resources, as opposed to development of oceanographic research methods and concepts. However, the development in the last 10 to 20 years of sophisticated technologies for ocean data collection and management holds tremendous potential for mapping and interpreting the ocean environment in unprecedented detail. With the understanding that ocean research is often very costly, yet deemed extremely important by large funding agencies, geographers now have the opportunity to perform coastal and marine studies that are more quantitative in nature, to formulate and test basic hypotheses about the marine environment, and to collaborate with geographers working in corollary subdisciplines (e.g., remote sensing, GIS, geomorphology, political geography as pertaining to the Law of the Sea, etc.), as well as with classically-trained oceanographers. This article reviews, for the non-specialist, the newest advances in mapping and management technologies for undersea geographic research (particularly on the ocean floor) and discusses the contributions that geographers stand to make to a greater understanding of the oceans.  相似文献   

2.

A regret frequently expressed at International Geographical Congresses concerns the lack of summary information about the nature of geographic research in the host country. During a discussion of this point with members of the Association of Japanese Geographers, the idea of publishing a series of reports on various aspects of Japanese research surfaced. The concept was later enthusiastically supported by the United States National Committee for the International Geographical Union. This first report, “Historical Geography in Japan,” has been modified for the benefit of the English-speaking readers of THE PROFESSIONAL GEOGRAPHER. Although the reports will be of particular interest to those planning to attend the 1980 IGC in Tokyo, they should prove of general interest as well.—H. Jesse Walker, Member, U.S. National Committee, IGU.  相似文献   

3.
This paper surveys the contributions of the International Geographic Union (IGU) and the International Cartographic Association (ICA) to the field of population studies over the past 3 decades. Reviewing the various focal themes of conferences sponsored by the organizations since the 1960s, the author examines the evolution of population studies in IGU and ICA. During the 1960s, IGU began holding symposia addressing the issue of population pressure on the physical and social resource in developing countries. However, it wasn't until 1972, at a meeting in Edmonton, Canada, when IGU first addressed the issue of migration. But since then, migration has remained on the the key concerns of IGU. In 1978, the union hosted a symposium on Population Redistribution in Africa -- the first in a series of conferences focusing on the issue of migration. As an outgrowth of migration, the IGU also began addressing the related issue of population education. The interest in migration has continued through the 1980s. In addition to studies of regional migration, the IGU has also focused on conceptual issues such as migrant labor, environmental concerns, women and migration, and urbanization. In 1984, IGU began cooperating with ICA in the areas of census cartography and population cartography. The author concludes his review of IGU and ICA activities by discussing the emerging trends in population studies. The author foresees a more refined study of migration and more sophisticated population mapping, the result of better study techniques and the use of computer technology.  相似文献   

4.
The 32nd International Geographical Congress (IGC) was held on August 26-30 in Cologne, Germany. About 3000 geographers from countries and regions across the world participated in the IGC, which caused an unprecedented number of attendees in the history of IGU. Organized by The Geographical Society of China (GSC), China had a record over 100 geographers to this congress, including Academician Qin Dahe, Vice President of IGU, and Academician Liu Changming, former Vice President of IGU.  相似文献   

5.
High-resolution oxygen-isotope records of benthic ostracods and molluscs from Ammersee, southern Germany, show high-frequency climatic changes during the last deglaciation and parallel in great detail published faunal and floral variations reconstructed from Norwegian Sea sediments and isotope variations in Greenland ice cores. The marine and the terrestrial records give evidence of a synchronous late glacial climatic development in Greenland, NW- and Mid-Europe. However,14C-ages of the supraregional climatic events and of two tephra layers in the marine sediments of the northeastern Atlantic Ocean are significantly older than the14C-ages of the corresponding horizons on land. These differences strongly suggest that major short-term events have affected the exchangeable carbon on earth during the dramatic environmental changes related to the deglaciation and in particular have affected the CO2-distribution within the ocean and between ocean and atmosphere. Dating methods independent of climatic variations and of the global carbon budget should be given priority to refine the timescales of the marine and atmospheric processes during the last deglaciation.This is the fourth paper in a series of papers published in this issue on high-resolution paleolimnology. These papers were presented at the Sixth International Palaeolimnology Symposium held 19–21 April, 1993 at the Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. Dr. A. F. Lotter and Dr. M. Sturm served as guest editors for these papers.  相似文献   

6.
Absolute gravity observations yield insight into geophysical phenomena such as postglacial rebound, change in the Earth's hydrological cycle, sea level change, and changes in the Earth's cryosphere. In the article, the first gravity values at 16 Norwegian stations measured by a modern absolute gravimeter of the FG5 type are presented. The gravity observations were corrected for Earth tides, varying atmospheric pressure, polar motion, and ocean tide loading. The ocean tide loading corrections were subject to special attention. A model based on locally observed ocean tides was applied at some of the stations. The authors estimated the total uncertainties of the gravity values to range from 3 to 4 µgal (1 µgal = 10?8 m s?2). These errors are of magnitude one order less than previously presented absolute gravity values from Norway. The final gravity values are time tagged and will change due to postglacial rebound. The maximum effect is expected to be approximately ?1 µgal yr?1.  相似文献   

7.
面向建设实践,促进地理学的发展   总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7  
以经济建设为中心是我国长期的、基本的国策，可持续发展纲领从总体战略上、社会发展上、经济发展上、生态发展上为经济建设提供了框架。在此框架下，地理学可以在人地关系、区域可持续发展、全球环境变化及地理信息技术等领域发挥学科优势，同时也面临着巩固理论基础、扩展应用领域方面的机遇与挑战。  相似文献   

8.
海权论与和谐海洋大战略观   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
21世纪是海洋世纪。在当今和平的时代里,国家与国家之间的竞争,主要表现在能源等资源的竞争．人与自然的和谐发展以及科学技术的进步,如何用和平的手段去获取国家海洋的控制权益．提高国家的综合竞争能力,兵不血刃而达到目的,是我国重要的海洋战略。论文结合马汉的海权论,海洋新世纪的发展趋势,论述了构建当代我国和谐海洋大战略观及对海洋的控制权益。  相似文献   

9.
温州海洋旅游区位特征与吸引力分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
苏北春 《地理科学》2008,28(3):452-456
温州海洋旅游资源丰富,种类较为齐全,其区位特征是优势资源集中于海岛。由于温州海洋旅游资源禀赋价值总体上低于内陆性旅游资源,特别是近海岸海洋环境问题的影响,因而使海洋旅游的发展受到了很大制约。作为区域性的海洋旅游中心地,温州海洋旅游无论是资源区位还是客源区位明显处于一种被"边缘化"了的劣势,客源地与海洋旅游地之间属于内陆性风景名胜区与海洋旅游地的间接关联。因此,温州海洋旅游吸引力的形成,必须借助于各种旅游资源和产品所产生的聚合效应,特别是要借助于温州经济的巨大品牌效应。  相似文献   

10.
辽宁省海洋产业结构分析及优化升级对策   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  
海洋产业结构是指各海洋产业部门之间的比例构成以及它们之间相互依存、相互制约的关系.海洋产业结构是否合理对一个国家和地区的海洋经济发展至关重要.在论述辽宁省海洋经济发展状况的基础上,对辽宁省的海洋产业结构进行了分析,进而探讨了全省海洋经济的支柱产业和主导产业以及海洋产业结构存在的问题,并就此提出了调整措施和对策,为优化海洋产业结构提供科学依据.  相似文献   

11.
b
The results are presented from tidal gravity measurements at five sites in Europe using LaCoste and Romberg ET gravimeters. Improvements that we have made to the accuracies of these gravimeters are discussed. It is shown that the 'standard' calibration of the International Center for Earth Tides, used for worldwide tidal gravity profiles, is 1.2 per cent too high. The M2 and O1 observations are compared with model calculations of the Earth's body tide and ocean tide loading and it is shown that there is a very significant improvement in the agreement between observations and models compared to that obtained with previous tidal gravity measurements. For O1, where the ocean tide loading and attraction in central Europe is only 0.4 per cent of the body tide, our measurements verify that the Dehant-Wahr anelastic body tide model gravimetric factor is accurate to 0.2 per cent. It is also shown that the effects of lateral heterogeneities in Earth structure on tidal gravity are too small to explain the large anomalies in previously published tidal gravity amplitudes. The observations clearly show the importance of conserving tidal mass in the Schwiderski ocean tide model. For sites in central Europe, the M2 and O1 observations and the models are in agreement at the 0.1 μgal (10−9 m s−2) level and tidal corrections to this accuracy can now be made to absolute gravity measurements.  相似文献   

12.

This is the second in a series of reports on Japanese geographic research prepared in cooperation with the Association of Japanese Geographers (AJG). Like the report on historical geography, which appeared in the August issue, this report on geomorphology has been modified for the English-speaking readership of THE PROFESSIONAL GEOGRAPHER. As an indication of the relative importance of geomorphology in Japanese geography, at the April 1979 annual meeting of the AJG in Tokyo 30 percent of the 138 papers presented were devoted to geomorphology.—H. Jesse Walker, Member, U.S. National Committee, IGU  相似文献   

13.
21世纪是海洋世纪.在全球范围内大规模开发、利用、共享海洋资源是这个时代的一个发展的主题.文章从国际海洋法角度,阐述了大陆架划界的基本理论依据,对3种不同划界方法进行了对比分析,主张遵循国际海洋法自然延伸原则和公平原则的划界科学依据.在缓解大陆架油气矿产资源开发方面,文章提出应遵循"搁置争议,共同开发"的准则,进一步做好必要的科学技术准备,依据法律维护我国海洋专属经济区权益.  相似文献   

14.
LUCC研究的最新进展评述   总被引：150，自引：15，他引：135  
土地利用/土地覆被变化(LUCC)是全球环境变化的重要组成部分和主要原因之一,进入新世纪以来,LUCC研究一直是地理学研究的前沿与热点。本文综述了2002年8月在南非德班国际地理学联合会(IGU)"2002年区域地理大会"上有关LUCC的主要研究成果,认为国际上LUCC研究在应用RS、GIS技术开展土地利用/土地覆被变化监测、评价与制图;农村与农业土地利用/土地覆被变化分析;城市土地利用/土地覆被变化分析;土地利用/土地覆被变化动力学;土地利用/土地覆被变化与生态环境等五个方面取得最新进展,反映出LUCC研究范围在进一步拓展,研究内容在进一步深化。  相似文献   

15.
本文概要介绍了我国２１世纪发展白皮－《中国２１世纪议程》;全面列举了国际社会对西北地区第一批优先项目支持的承诺,勾勒了西北地区“可持续发展之路”的轮廓。  相似文献   

16.
Seismic reflection profiles and well data are used to determine the Cenozoic stratigraphic and tectonic development of the northern margin of the South China Sea. In the Taiwan region, this margin evolved from a Palaeogene rift to a latest Miocene–Recent foreland basin. This evolution is related to the opening of the South China Sea and its subsequent partial closure by the Taiwan orogeny. Seismic data, together with the subsidence analysis of deep wells, show that during rifting (～58–37 Ma), lithospheric extension occurred simultaneously in discrete rift belts. These belts form a >200 km wide rift zone and are associated with a stretching factor, β, in the range ～1.4–1.6. By ～37 Ma, the focus of rifting shifted to the present‐day continent–ocean boundary off southern Taiwan, which led to continental rupture and initial seafloor spreading of the South China Sea at ～30 Ma. Intense rifting during the rift–drift transition (～37–30 Ma) may have induced a transient, small‐scale mantle convection beneath the rift. The coeval crustal uplift (Oligocene uplift) of the previously rifted margin, which led to erosion and development of the breakup unconformity, was most likely caused by the induced convection. Oligocene uplift was followed by rapid, early post‐breakup subsidence (～30–18 Ma) possibly as the inferred induced convection abated following initial seafloor spreading. Rapid subsidence of the inner margin is interpreted as thermally controlled subsidence, whereas rapid subsidence in the outer shelf of the outer margin was accompanied by fault activity during the interval ～30–21 Ma. This extension in the outer margin (β～1.5) is manifested in the Tainan Basin, which formed on top of the deeply eroded Mesozoic basement. During the interval ～21–12.5 Ma, the entire margin experienced broad thermal subsidence. It was not until ～12.5 Ma that rifting resumed, being especially active in the Tainan Basin (β～1.1). Rifting ceased at ～6.5 Ma due to the orogeny caused by the overthrusting of the Luzon volcanic arc. The Taiwan orogeny created a foreland basin by loading and flexing the underlying rifted margin. The foreland flexure inherited the mechanical and thermal properties of the underlying rifted margin, thereby dividing the basin into north and south segments. The north segment developed on a lithosphere where the major rift/thermal event occurred ～58–30 Ma, and this segment shows minor normal faulting related to lithospheric flexure. In contrast, the south segment developed on a lithosphere, which experienced two more recent rift/thermal events during ～30–21 and ～12.5–6.5 Ma. The basal foreland surface of the south segment is highly faulted, especially along the previous northern rifted flank, thereby creating a deeper foreland flexure that trends obliquely to the strike of the orogen.  相似文献   

17.
This is the second in a series of reports on Japanese geographic research prepared in cooperation with the Association of Japanese Geographers (AJG). Like the report on historical geography, which appeared in the August issue, this report on geomorphology has been modified for the English-speaking readership of THE PROFESSIONAL GEOGRAPHER. As an indication of the relative importance of geomorphology in Japanese geography, at the April 1979 annual meeting of the AJG in Tokyo 30 percent of the 138 papers presented were devoted to geomorphology.—H. Jesse Walker, Member, U.S. National Committee, IGU  相似文献   

18.
大气CO2体积分数升高导致的海洋酸化不仅会降低海水pH,还会改变其碳酸盐平衡体系,使得海水中文石饱和度（Ω）降低,相应地会降低珊瑚钙化的速率。已有研究表明：珊瑚骨骼δ13C、δ11B和δ15N具有记录Suess Effect、生物生产力、海水pH值以及营养源的能力;主要表现为：δ11B记录的pH值、δ13C记录的海水无机碳库（DIC）δ13C和生物生产力,以及δ15N记录的陆源物质输送量相结合,可用来指示受季风影响的南海“大陆架碳泵”和近海污染与海洋酸化的联系。目前关于珊瑚对海洋酸化的记录研究仍相对较少,珊瑚碳-氮-硼同位素组合的应用将会加深对于海洋酸化与气候变率和全球碳、氮循环的关系的认识,可能成为揭示海水pH值变化规律性的重要手段。  相似文献   

19.
ABSTRACT

Peri-urban areas are the interface between urban and rural regions, with these regions traditionally acting as foodbowls for adjacent urban areas. This peri-urban agriculture provides a diverse suite of benefits to urban areas. Increasingly, however, peri-urban areas are being converted to residential uses, driven in part by higher land values secured for land converted for residential development. In Sydney, planning and development has tended to treat peri-urban areas as ‘suburbs in waiting’. Using a Foucauldian governmentality approach, this paper investigates the prevailing rationalities in metropolitan-level strategic planning documents—in particular A Plan for Growing Sydney and the Draft South West District Plan—and how these rationalities relate to peri-urban agriculture. Our analysis shows that the three overarching rationalities—the global city, the compact city and the sustainability agenda—frame the urbanisation of peri-urban agricultural lands as necessary and inevitable, and only integrate agriculture as part of the future of the city of Sydney when it can be rationalised within the ‘global city’ narrative. As a result, peri-urban areas are not considered to have unique planning needs, but are imagined as latent spaces that will enable Sydney to meet its housing and job targets through their future development.  相似文献   

20.
Abstract

Dora the Explorer is a twenty-three-minute television program for preschoolers viewed by millions every day in many countries. These programs are also marketed as videotapes and DVDs. This seven-year-old Latina, bilingual cartoon character teaches many things by interacting with the young viewers. On every program Dora and friends have to go someplace to solve a problem. Map is a cartoon character who helps viewers read the map and tells Dora where to go next. Some episodes are particularly geographic. Geographers need to evaluate the contributions of Dora the Explorer to geographic education for preschool children, a little-studied subject.  相似文献   

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