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1.
巧家盆地黄土的粒度特征及其成因分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
通过对巧家盆地地区金沙江左岸阶地上的厚层黄土进行实地考察,并进行了系统采样和粒度特征分析,结果表明该区黄土的粒度组成较为一致,以10～50μm的“风成基本粒径”粗粉砂质为主,其含量在26．09％-46．06％。同时〉63μm的砂质也较大,在剖面顶部达到了28．73％,随着地层向下呈现出粗粒径减小,粘粒含量增大的趋势。巧家黄土地粒度频率曲线呈双峰态特征,与长江以南的典型红土有着相似的分布特征。其粒度组成与粒度参数特征反映了风成近源堆积特性,通过将巧家黄土的粒度参数特征与洛川黄土和河流相沉积的相对比,显示其与典型的风成黄土具有相同的成因。 相似文献
2.
岷江上游晚更新世黄土粒度与元素组成特征及其物源指示意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
岷江上游地区广泛分布黄土地层,揭示其成因和物源对深入理解该区环境演变具有重要意义。以位于四川省茂县叠溪镇的晚更新世黄土剖面为研究对象,分析了黄土粒度分布、粒径频率曲线和粒度参数以及元素地球化学特征,并与北方黄土和邻近的成都粘土对比。结果表明叠溪黄土剖面粉砂(2～50μm)平均含量达81. 59%,且变异较小,而粘粒(2μm)和砂粒( 50μm)平均含量分别为13. 77%和4. 95%,相对北方黄土含较多1μm左右的细颗粒。粒径频率曲线和粒度参数特征表明叠溪黄土具有典型风成沉积特征,沉积物主要由1000 m高度的近地表风力搬运沉积为主。叠溪黄土常量元素含量与北方黄土基本相同,表现为明显的Na淋失而K相对稳定,风化程度较低。Ti O2/Al2O3、K2O/Al2O3、Eu/Eu*、(La/Yb)N、(Gd/Yb)N和(La/Sm)N等特征值以及Zr、Th、Sc、La、Th、Ba、Sr、Rb、Pb和U含量分布反映出叠溪黄土与北方黄土物源具有相似性,均明显区别于成都粘土。末次冰期亚洲冬季风和邻近山原地带产生的重力风可能均对岷江上游黄土沉积发挥了重要作用。 相似文献
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以长江三峡巫山第四纪沉积物为主要研究对象,目的在于弄清它究竟是风化壳还是北方黄土在此区的沉积。利用马尔文激光粒度仪对其粒度进行了检测,并计算了粒度参数,结果表明:(1)砂含量极少,平均值为0.7﹪,粉砂最高,为68.64﹪,黏粒次之,为30.66﹪;风尘基本粒组10~50μm含量较高,平均值为52.07﹪,推测其成因有一定的风成特性。(2)剖面粒度分布曲线呈单峰形态,拖有细尾,与风成黄土类似,可能指示沉积后经历了风化成壤作用。(3)望天坪剖面粒度参数特征与北方风成黄土具一定相似性,判别参数分析对应于风成成因。根据以上分析,初步判定其物源具风成特性,但其环境意义还有待进一步探讨。 相似文献
4.
澧阳平原晚冰期短尺度气候变化的风成沉积物稀土元素和粒度记录 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
对澧阳平原SL剖面的系统采样和室内稀土元素分析、粒度分析和AMS14C年代测定,揭示了澧阳平原岗地黄土剖面成因特征,探讨了澧阳平原晚冰期短尺度的气候变化过程。结果表明,澧阳平原岗地黄土在稀土元素配分模式上与黄土高原黄土-古土壤、镇江下蜀黄土具有高度的一致性,而且岗地剖面沉积物无任何水流作用痕迹,因此表明,澧阳平原岗地黄土剖面为风成成因。粒度结果表明,SL剖面较好地记录了晚冰期短尺度的气候变化过程,SL遗址剖面自然沉积物记录了晚冰期千年尺度的气候事件,如BL事件、OlderYD事件、AL事件、YD事件。SL剖面全新世早期表现为升温阶段,9.0～8.00kaBP的彭头山文化在此区兴起,表明此时气候相当适宜,适合人类生存。 相似文献
5.
汉江上游郧县辽瓦店剖面粒度组成特征及其意义 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
对汉江上游河谷辽瓦店（LWD）剖面的地层特征及粒度分布进行了研究,并与渭河河谷典型风成堆积物对比。结果表明：该剖面中黄土和古土壤的粒度组成以粗粉砂（10～50 μm）为主,频率曲线图、三角图、参数结构散点图等均指示它们具有相同的物质来源,但明显区别于洪水滞流沉积物;其地层序列、宏观特征和粒度分布与渭河河谷全新世黄土-古土壤序列具有良好的可比性。LWD剖面的黄土和古土壤具有风成的基本特性,但其粒度组成比渭河河谷黄土整体偏细,这可能与沙尘暴越过秦岭后强度减弱有关。 相似文献
6.
辽东半岛黄土粒度分维特征及其环境意义 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
应用分形理论中的幂指函数关系法,分别选取粒径r区间和质量累计百分含量5%～95%的范围为无标度区,对辽东半岛黄土的粒度分维特征进行分析。结果显示:以粒径r区间为无标度区(0.76～263.75μm),七顶山马兰黄土的粒度分维值介于2.2085～2.3184之间,平均值为2.2744,相关系数为0.8835;离石黄土粒度分维值介于2.2748～2.4237之间,平均值为2.3467,相关系数为0.8920。全剖面粒度分维值在2.2085～2.4237之间,平均值为2.3187,相关系数达0.88以上,粒度分布具有分形特征。而以质量累计百分含量5%～95%的范围为无标度区,马兰黄土分维值介于2.4220～2.5042之间,平均值为2.4761,相关系数为0.9889,分选系数为2.4067;离石黄土分维值介于2.4268～2.545之间,平均值2.4993,相关系数为0.983,分选系数为2.5097。全剖面分维值介于2.422～2.545之间,相关系数达0.98以上。研究得出:分维值的大小对黄土的形成环境有良好的指示意义,对同一种成因以及不同种成因的沉积物分维特征研究应注意无标度区的选择。本区马兰黄土比离石黄土... 相似文献
7.
雅鲁藏布江河谷黄土的沉积特征及成因 总被引：10，自引：5，他引：5
在野外调查和室内资料分析的基础上,对西藏雅鲁藏布江中部流域河谷地区黄土的形成时代、物质特征及成因进行了研究,认为该黄土是近源黄土,形成时代与青藏高原东缘武都黄土相近。黄土的重矿物组成明显受到雅鲁藏布江河谷第四纪碎屑物质的影响,其地球化学元素构成与黄土高原北部榆林剖面相近,粒度组成以100~50μm和50~10μm的颗粒为主,为沙黄土。该黄土是在雅鲁藏布江河谷丰富碎屑物质、宽谷与峡谷相间地貌特征的基础上,受冬季或寒冷时期西风急流和河谷与山地间热力差异产生的谷风搬运堆积,并在温暖时期经历生物、化学、粘化作用等过程共同形成的。 相似文献
8.
《山地学报》2019,(5)
成都粘土下伏地层为褐色粘土和网纹红土,揭示其沉积环境特征差异性对深入理解区域环境演变具有重要意义。通过对比分析三层粘土的粒度组成、粒径频率曲线、粒度参数和分形维数特征,探讨了三层粘土沉积环境的差异性。结果表明:(1)成都粘土及其下伏粘土均以粉砂(5～50μm)为主,相较北方黄土粘粒(5μm)含量偏高而Kd值偏低,且含较多100μm的粗颗粒。(2)三层粘土的粒度参数特征与典型风成黄土相似而明显区别于河湖相沉积物。(3)褐色粘土具有较高的粗粉砂(10～50μm)含量和较大的粒径分布偏度、峰度值,而平均粒径(φ值)和分形维数最小;成都粘土标准偏差为最大,峰度最小,而网纹红土的平均粒径和分形维数最大。(4)三层粘土的粒度分形维数均与粒度组成、平均粒径和峰度呈显著相关性,而仅有褐色粘土分形维数与标准偏差和偏度具有显著相关性。(5)风化成土作用会影响沉积物粒度组成、粒度参数和分形维数,成都粘土和网纹红土较褐色粘土经历了较强的风化成土作用,三层粘土按沉积时间先后古气候特征表现为暖湿-冷干-暖湿的变化趋势。 相似文献
9.
藏北高原安多地区高山草甸土的母质成因及其成土模式 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
基于对藏北高原安多地区高山草甸士的粒度组成及理化性质的研究,探讨了该地区高山草甸土的母质成因及成土模式.分析结果表明,安多地区高山草甸土的粒度分布以20μm为界线呈双峰态分布.主峰峰值粒径在90 μm左右,较细峰呈宽阔细尾分布,峰值粒径在3～6 μm之间.高山草甸土的各粒级组成(＜2μm、2～20 μm、20 ～ 300 μm、300 ～2 000 μm)沿剖面变化很小.高山草甸土主要由极细砂组成(50～ 125 μm),平均粒径集中在60～90 μm,明显比黄土高原黄土、川西黄土、成都粘土的粗.高山草甸土粒度分布特征与土壤底部的薄层粗骨性残留古风化层相比存在显著差别,而与该区域河谷沉积、风尘沉积具有相似的特征.总之,各实验数据指示,安多地区高山草甸土具有土层厚、质地均匀、无砾石和层理不发育的特点,与基岩原地风化形成的高山草甸土存在明显差别,其成土母质来源于风尘沉积.该区高山草甸土成土过程符合风尘“加积型”土壤发育模式,而风尘沉积在高山草甸土的形成和发育过程中发挥了重要的作用. 相似文献
10.
哈尔滨黄土的粒度与地球化学特征及其对粉尘物源的指示 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
哈尔滨黄土位于欧亚黄土带的最东端，对它的风尘物源研究是深层次理解风尘堆积与区域构造-地貌-气候变化耦合关系的关键。然而，对哈尔滨黄土地球化学组成的研究尚未开展，对其性质还存在认识上的不统一。为此，我们研究了哈尔滨天恒山剖面L1黄土层的粒度和地球化学组成，并对其化学风化和物源等展开讨论。为了示踪哈尔滨黄土的物源，我们还对东北沙地（浑善达克沙地、科尔沁沙地、呼伦贝尔沙地和松嫩沙地）进行了表土采样和地球化学分析。结果表明：哈尔滨黄土不含细砂组分（125~250 μm），含有极细砂组分（63~125 μm，4.8%~10.5%），粉砂（4~63 μm）和黏土组分（<4 μm）占绝对优势，分别占73%~82%和12%~18%；粒度模式为三峰态分布（众数分别为36~40、8~10 μm和0.8 μm），与黄土高原典型黄土的粒度分布模式一致，但明显粗于黄土高原中部黄土。哈尔滨黄土经历了初级的化学风化过程，具有较低的成熟度和再循环历史。单靠地球化学方法不能很好地确定哈尔滨黄土的物源，但整合的方法（包括粒度、元素和同位素组成、MDS和PCA统计方法以及自然地理要素等）很好确定了哈尔滨黄土有一个混合源，松嫩沙地松花江水系沉积物为哈尔滨黄土提供了主要的粉尘贡献，浑善达克沙地和科尔沁沙地为哈尔滨黄土提供了部分细颗粒粉尘。 相似文献
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《The Professional geographer》1988,40(4):471-499
Books reviewed in this article: USA, Eine Geographische Landeskunde , Vol. I, Der Grossraum in Strukturellem, Wandel, 3rd Ed. Helmut Blume . Introduction to Remote Sensing . James B. Campbell . The Sounds of People and Places: Readings in the Geography of American Folk and Popular Music . George O. Carney , ED. Development and Underdevelopment . John Cole . Mobility and Employment in Urban Southeast Asia: Example from Indonesia and the Philippines . Michael A. Costello , Thomas R. Leinbach , AND Richard Ulack . Soviet Asia: Economic Development and National Policy Choices . Leslie Dienes . The Third World City . David Drakakis -Smith . Scholars' Guide to Washington, DC for Cartography and Remote Sensing Imagery (maps, charts, aerial photographs, satellite images, cartographic literature and geographic information systems). Ralph E. Ehrenberg . Population and Development in the Third World . Allan AND Anne Findlay . The Early Mapping of Hawaii . Gary L. Fitzpatrick . Energetics of Physical Environment: Energetic Approaches to Physical Geography . K. J. Gregory , ED. Wildland Recreation: Ecology and Management . William E. Hammitt and David N. Cole . Agricultural Commercialization and Government Policy in Africa . J. Hinderink AND J. J. Sterkenburg . The Dynamics of American Housing . James W. Hughes AND George Sternlieb . Thailand: Buddhist Kingdom as Modern Nation State . Charles F. Keyes . Resolving Locational Conflict . Robert W. Lake , ED. Lands at Risk in the Third World: Local-level Perspectives . Peter D. Little and Michael M. Horowitz , EDS. Nathaniel Southgate Shaler and the Culture of American Science . David N. Livingstone . Regions: The Economics and Politics of Territory . Ann R. Markusen . Wetlands . William J. Mitsch and James G. Gosselink . Historical Geography: Progress and Prospect . Michael Pacione , ED. Loess and Periglacial Phenomena . Marton P$eacsi and Hugh M. French , EDS. Regional Management of Metropolitan Floodplains, Experience in the United States and Abroad . Rutherford H. Platt , ED. Human Cartography: Mapping the World of Man . Janos Szegö . Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History . Helen H. Tanner , ED. The Botany of Mangroves . P. B. Tomlinson . Urban Spatial Traffic Patterns . Rodney Vaughan . The Night After … Climatic and Biological Consequences of a Nuclear War . Yevgeni Velikhov , ED. Industrial Geography . H. D. Watts . Dictionary of Quotations in Geography . James O. Wheeler and Francis M. Sibley . Vermont Townscape . Norman Wiliams , Jr. , Edmund K. Kellogg and Peter M. Lavigne . 相似文献
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《The Professional geographer》2013,65(4):488-489
Book Reviewed in this article: Main Street: Northeastern Oregon: The Founding and Development of Small Towns. Barbara Ruth Bailey. Food Politics: The Regional Conflict. David N. Balaam and Michael J. Carey, eds. The International Economy and Industrial Development: Trade and Investment in the Third World. R. Ballance, J. Ansari and H. Singer. Neighborhoods in Urban America. Ronald H. Bayor, ed. The English Heartland. By Robert Beckinsale and Monica Beckinsale. Regional Dimensions of Industrial Policy. Michael E. Bell and Paul S. Lande, eds. Tension Areas of the World. D. Gordon Bennett, ed. Latin America: an Introductory Survey. B. W. Blouet and O. M. Blouet, eds. Integration and Division: Geographical Perspectives on the Northern Ireland Problem. Frederick W. Boal and J. Neville H. Douglas, eds. Energy and Land Use. Robert W. Burchell and David Listokin, eds. Slopes and Weathering. Michael Clarke and John Small. Alaska's Rural Development. Peter G. Cornwall and Gerald McBeath, eds. The Politics of Park Design: A History of Urban Parks in America. Galen Cranz. World Congress on Land Policy, 1980, Proceedings. Matthew Cullen and Sharon Woolery, eds. Oregon Divided: A Regional Geography. Samuel N. Dicken and Emily F. Dicken. Urban Food Marketing and Third World Rural Development. T. Scarlett Epstein. South Africa: Spatial Frameworks for Development. T. J. D. Fair. Institutions and Geographical Patterns. Robin Flowerdew, ed. Industrialization of U.S. Agriculture, An Interpretive Atlas. Howard F. Gregor. Planning Theory: Prospects for the 1980s. Patsy Healy, Glen McDougall and Michael J. Thomas, eds. Neighborhood Mobilization: Redevelopment and Response. Jeffrey R. Henig. The American Urban System: A Geographical Perspective. R. J. Johnston. Climate, History and the Modern World. Hubert H. Lamb. Climate and History: Studies in Past Climates and Their Impact on Man. T. M. L. Wigley, M. J. Ingram and G. Farmer. China: Railways and Agricultural Development, 1875–1935. Ernest P. Liang. A Desirable Energy Future—A National Perspective. Robert S. Livingston, T. D. Anderson, T. M. Besmann, M. Olszewski, A. M. Perry, and C. D. West. Topothesia: Essays Presented to T. S. Ó Máille. B. S. Mac Aodha, ed. Transportation for the Poor: Research in Rural Mobility. Hal S. Maggied. Land Uses in American Cities. Harold M. Mayer and Charles R. Haves. Industrial Organisation and Location. Philip McDermott and Michael Taylor. Human Adaptability: an Introduction to Ecological Anthropology. Emilio F. Moran. Regional Analysis and the New International Division of Labor. Frank Moulaert and Patricia W. Salinas, eds. The Nuclear War Atlas. Victoriaville, Quebec, Canada: Urbanization and Environmental Quality. Isao Orishimo. The Garden of Eden: The Botanic Garden and the Re-Creation of Paradise. John Prest. Earthfire, The Eruption of Mount St. Helens. Charles Rosenfeld and Robert Cooke. Contest for the South China Sea. Marwyn S. Samuels. The Future of the Wetlands: Assessing Visual-Cultural Values. Richard C. Smardon, ed. Tucson: the Life and Times of An American City. C. L. Sonnichsen. The Geography of Multinationals. Michael Taylor and Nigel Thrift, eds. Impact of Marine Pollution on Society. Virginia Tippie and Dana Kester. Reviving the Industrial City: the Politics of Urban Renewal in Lyon and Birmingham. Jerry A. Webman. Andean Reflections: Letters from Carl O. Sauer While on a South American Trip under a Grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, 1942. Robert C. West, ed. Cartographic Drawing with Computers. P. Yoeli. 相似文献
15.
《The Professional geographer》1983,35(4):488-524
Book Reviewed in this article: Main Street: Northeastern Oregon: The Founding and Development of Small Towns . Barbara Ruth Bailey . Food Politics: The Regional Conflict . David N. Balaam and Michael J. Carey , eds. The International Economy and Industrial Development: Trade and Investment in the Third World . R. Ballance , J. Ansari and H. Singer . Neighborhoods in Urban America . Ronald H. Bayor , ed. The English Heartland . By Robert Beckinsale and Monica Beckinsale . Regional Dimensions of Industrial Policy . Michael E. Bell and Paul S. Lande , eds. Tension Areas of the World . D. Gordon Bennett , ed. Latin America: an Introductory Survey . B. W. Blouet and O. M. Blouet , eds. Integration and Division: Geographical Perspectives on the Northern Ireland Problem . Frederick W. Boal and J. Neville H. Douglas , eds. Energy and Land Use . Robert W. Burchell and David Listokin , eds. Slopes and Weathering . Michael Clarke and John Small . Alaska's Rural Development . Peter G. Cornwall and Gerald Mc Beath , eds. The Politics of Park Design: A History of Urban Parks in America . Galen Cranz . World Congress on Land Policy, 1980, Proceedings . Matthew Cullen and Sharon Woolery , eds. Oregon Divided: A Regional Geography . Samuel N. Dicken and Emily F. Dicken . Urban Food Marketing and Third World Rural Development . T. Scarlett Epstein . South Africa: Spatial Frameworks for Development . T. J. D. Fair . Institutions and Geographical Patterns . Robin Flowerdew , ed. Industrialization of U.S. Agriculture, An Interpretive Atlas . Howard F. Gregor . Planning Theory: Prospects for the 1980s . Patsy Healy , Glen Mc Dougall and Michael J. Thomas , eds. Neighborhood Mobilization: Redevelopment and Response . Jeffrey R. Henig . The American Urban System: A Geographical Perspective . R. J. Johnston . Climate, History and the Modern World . Hubert H. Lamb . Climate and History: Studies in Past Climates and Their Impact on Man . T. M. L. Wigley , M. J. Ingram and G. Farmer . China: Railways and Agricultural Development, 1875–1935 . Ernest P. Liang . A Desirable Energy Future—A National Perspective . Robert S. Livingston , T. D. Anderson , T. M. Besmann , M. Olszewski , A. M. Perry , and C. D. West . Topothesia: Essays Presented to T. S. Ó Máille . B. S. Mac Aodha , ed. Transportation for the Poor: Research in Rural Mobility . Hal S. Maggied . Land Uses in American Cities . Harold M. Mayer and Charles R. Haves . Industrial Organisation and Location . Philip Mc Dermott and Michael Taylor . Human Adaptability: an Introduction to Ecological Anthropology . Emilio F. Moran . Regional Analysis and the New International Division of Labor . Frank Moulaert and Patricia W. Salinas , eds. The Nuclear War Atlas. Victoriaville, Quebec, Canada : Urbanization and Environmental Quality . Isao Orishimo . The Garden of Eden: The Botanic Garden and the Re-Creation of Paradise . John Prest . Earthfire, The Eruption of Mount St. Helens . Charles Rosenfeld and Robert Cooke . Contest for the South China Sea . Marwyn S. Samuels . The Future of the Wetlands: Assessing Visual-Cultural Values . Richard C. Smardon , ed. Tucson: the Life and Times of An American City. C. L. Sonnichsen . The Geography of Multinationals . Michael Taylor and Nigel Thrift , eds. Impact of Marine Pollution on Society . Virginia Tippie and Dana Kester . Reviving the Industrial City: the Politics of Urban Renewal in Lyon and Birmingham . Jerry A. Webman . Andean Reflections: Letters from Carl O. Sauer While on a South American Trip under a Grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, 1942 . Robert C. West , ed. Cartographic Drawing with Computers . P. Yoeli . 相似文献
16.
《寒旱区科学》2014,(4):I0001-I0001
Permafrost engineering has been developing rapidly in recent years. Many projects have been undertaken with the latest technologies and show their importance in supporting regional social and economical development. For example, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway has been a milestone project in permafrost engineering. However, when designing and building infrastructures in cold regions, 相似文献
17.
HAYASHI Hiroaki 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2014,5(4):395-397
<正>1 Characteristics of Kunisaki GIAS and aims of this research Kunisaki GIAHS in the Kunisaki peninsula and Usa area,Oita,Japan,is a system where forestry,agricultural production,and fisheries are sustained by the strong connection between Sawtooth Oak forest,multiple interlinked irriga tion ponds,and Seto Inland Sea(Vafadari 2013a;2013b;Hayashi 2013).This area receive around 1,500 mm of annual precipitation with a 相似文献
18.
P. Guilizzoni A. Marchetto A. Lami N. G. Cameron P. G. Appleby N. L. Rose Ø. A. Schnell C. A. Belis A. Giorgis L. Guzzi 《Journal of Paleolimnology》1996,15(3):245-264
A palaeoecological study of an oligotrophic alpine lake, Paione Superiore (Italy), provided a record of historical changes in water quality. Historical trends in lake acidification were reconstructed by means of calibration and regression equations from diatoms, chrysophycean scales and pigment ratios. The historical pH was inferred by using two different diatom calibration data sets, one specific to the alpine region. These pH trends, together with the record of sedimentary carbonaceous particles and chironomid remains, indicate a recent acidification of this low alkalinity lake.Concentration of total organic matter, organic carbon, nitrogen, biogenic silica (BSiO2), chlorophyll derivatives (CD), fucoxanthin, diatom cell concentration and number of chironomid head capsules increased during the last 2–3 decades. When expressed as accumulation rates, most of these parameters tended to decrease from the past century to c. 1950, then all except P increased to the present day. A marked increase in sedimentary nitrogen may be related to atmospheric pollution and to the general increases in output of N in Europe. High C/N ratios indicate a prevailing allochthonous source of organic matter.Finally, the increase in measured air temperature from the mid-1800's appeared to be related to lake water pH before industrialization: cold periods generally led to lower pH and vice-versa. The more recent phenomenon of anthropogenic acidification has apparently decoupled this climatic-water chemistry relationship. 相似文献
19.
K. F. Walker I. G. Dunn D. Edwards T. Petr H. Z. Yang 《International Journal of Salt Lake Research》1995,4(3):169-222
Quinghai Hu is a large, high-altitude, saline lake in north-western China, and supports a fishery based on an endemic species of naked carp (snow trout). The fish take seven years to attain maturity and a marketable weight of 300 g, and have a lifespan of 14–21 years under the present fishery regime. They seasonally migrate from the lake to spawn over the gravel beds of inflowing rivers, but these areas have been reduced by weirs and irrigation diversions and recruitment may have declined. The population may have been affected also by a 1.85-m fall in the lake level over the past 30 years, and by associated changes in salinity. The fishery was opened to large-scale exploitation in 1958. Yields declined sharply (max. 28,523 tonnes, 1960) as the larger, older fish were removed, and then more slowly (min. 2523 tonnes, 1983). Since 1987 the fish factory has been limited to an annual quota of 1200 tonnes, taken by a fleet of four pair trawlers. Another 800 tonnes are taken by licensed fishermen, mainly using gill nets, and perhaps 1000 tonnes are taken illegally. The estimated total catch in 1992 was 3000 tonnes. New trawlers introduced in 1989–90 substantially increased the factory's catch per unit effort, and in 1990 the quota was virtually filled in one month in a zone within 20 km of the factory. Although this could suggest that the stocks will be conserved if the quota is retained, at least half of the catch in 1989–92 consisted of immature individuals. Trawling operations recently were suspended following a further decline in the catch after 1992. While the new trawlers are capable of a major increase in effort, neither the changing environment, the fish stocks or the present markets favour intensified pressure. Gillnets may provide better control over the minimum size limit and may cause less damage than trawling. Other options to improve the viability and profitability of the fishery include improvements in handling, processing and marketing. Failure to develop the fishery may encourage attempts to introduce exotic fish, at some risk to survival of the local species. 相似文献