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1.
Eutrophication, prompted by anthropogenic activities and climate change has led to multiple adverse effects in freshwater systems across the world. As instrumental measurements are typically short, lake sediment proxies of aquatic primary productivity (PP) are often used to extend the observational record of eutrophication back in time. Sedimentary pigments provide specific information on PP and major algal communities, but the records are often limited in the temporal resolution. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) data, in contrast, provide very high seasonal (sub-varve-scale) resolution, but the pigment speciation is limited. Here, we explore a combined approach on varved sediments from the Ponte Tresa basin, southern Switzerland, taking the advantages of both methods (HSI and high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC) with the goal to reconstruct the recent eutrophication history at seasonal to interannual resolution. We propose a modified scheme for the calibration of HSI data (here: Relative Absorption Band Depth between 590 and 730 nm RABD590–730) and HPLC-inferred pigment concentrations (here: ‘green pigments’ {chlorophyll a and pheophytin a}) and present a calibration model (R2?=?0.82; RMSEP?~?12%). The calibration range covers >?98% of the spectral index values of all individual pixels (68 µm?×?68 µm) in the sediment core. This allows us to identify and quantify extreme pigment concentrations related to individual major algal blooms, to identify multiple algal blooms within one season, and to assess interannual variability of PP. Prior to the 1930s, ‘green pigment’ concentrations and fluxes (~?50 µg g?1;?~?2 µg cm?2a?1, chlorophyll a and pheophytin a) and interannual variability was very low. From the 1930s to 1964, chlorophyll a and pheophytin a increased by a factor of ~?4, and ββ-carotene appeared in substantial amounts (~?0.4 µg cm?2a?1). Interannual variability increased markedly and a first strong algal bloom with ‘green pigment’ concentrations as high as 700 µg g?1 is observed in 1958. Peak eutrophication (~?12 µg cm?2a?1 chlorophyll a and pheophytin a) and very high interannual variability with extreme algal blooms (‘green pigment’ concentrations up to 1400 µg g?1) is observed until ca. 1990, when eutrophication decreases slightly. Maximum PP values after 2009 are likely the result of internal nutrient cycling related to repeated deep mixing of the lake.  相似文献   

2.
Hypoxia in freshwater systems is currently spreading globally and putting water quality, biodiversity and other ecosystem services at risk. Such adverse effects are of particular concern in permanently stratified meromictic lakes. Yet little is known about when and how meromixis and hypoxia became established (or vanished) prior to anthropogenic impacts, or how human activities such as deforestation, erosion and nutrient cycling affected the mixing regimes of lakes. We used calibrated hyperspectral imaging (HSI) data in the visible and near infrared range from a fresh, varved sediment core taken in Lake Jaczno, NE Poland, to map sedimentary pigments at very high resolution (sub-varve scale) over the past 1700 years. HSI-inferred bacteriopheophytin a (bphe a, produced by anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria) serves as a proxy for meromixis, whereas HSI-inferred green pigments (chlorophyll a and diagenetic products) can be used as estimators of aquatic productivity. Meromixis was established and vanished long before significant human disturbance in the catchment was observed in the late eleventh century AD. Under pre-anthropogenic conditions, however, meromixis was interrupted frequently, and the lake mixing regime flickered between dimixis and meromixis. During two periods with intense deforestation and soil erosion in the catchment, characterised by sedimentary facies rich in clay and charcoal (AD 1070–1255 and AD 1670–1710), the lake was mostly dimictic and better oxygenated than in periods with relative stability and a presumably closed forest around the lake, i.e. without human disturbances. After ca. AD 1960, meromixis became established quasi-permanently as a result of eutrophication. The persistent meromixis of the last ~60 years is unusual with respect to the record of the last 1700 years.  相似文献   

3.
This study represents a step towards developing seasonal climate inferences by using high-resolution modern data sets. The importance of seasonal climate changes is highlighted by the instrumental record of a meteorological station close to our study site (lac du Sommet in the Laurentian Mountains, Québec, Canada): Between 1966 and 2001, May temperatures increased significantly by 3.1°C (r = 0.41, n = 35, p < 0.01) but annual mean temperatures only by 0.6°C (r = 0.21, n = 35, p > 0.05). Comparison of this instrumental record with fossil diatom assemblages in a sediment core from lac du Sommet showed that axis one of a principal component analysis (PCA) of the fossil diatoms was best correlated with wind velocity in June (r = 0.62, n = 19, p < 0.005) and that past diatom production was significantly enhanced in periods with colder July temperatures (r =  ?0.77, n = 19, p < 0.0005) and higher wind velocity in June (r = 77, n = 19, p < 0.0005). The strong impact of the spring and summer conditions on overall diatom composition and productivity suggests that seasonal lake responses to climate are more important than annual mean temperatures. However, the seasonal dynamics of diatom communities are not well understood, and seasonality is rarely inferred effectively from lake sediment studies. Our research presents a pilot study to answer a twofold question: Is it possible to identify diatom communities which are typical for warmer or colder seasonal climate using sediment traps, and if it is, can this knowledge be used to infer seasonal climate conditions from fossil diatom assemblages? To address these questions, the seasonal dynamics of diatom communities and water chemistry were studied using sediment traps and water samples at biweekly intervals in four lakes distributed along an altitudinal gradient in the Laurentian Mountains from May through October 2002. Date of ice break-up was significantly related to the diatom assemblages taken in spring and uncorrelated to other significant environmental variables. Summer water temperature, circulation of the water column and pH explained a significant part of the biological variance in summer, and total nitrogen (TN) explained most of the biological variance in autumn. To infer these variables, weighted averaging partial least squares models were applied to the seasonal data sets. Inferred ice break-up dates were significantly correlated with number of days below 0°C in April (r = 0.52, n = 19, p < 0.025), inferred circulation of the water column was significantly related to measured wind velocity in June (r = 0.64, n = 19, p < 0.005), inferred summer water temperature and inferred pH was significantly related to measured July air temperature (r = 0.50, r =  ?53, n = 19, p < 0.025) and inferred TN autumn concentrations had an inverse relationship to August temperatures (r =  ?0.53, n = 19, p < 0.01). This comparison of the historical record with diatom-inferred seasonal climate signals, based on the comparison of fossil diatom assemblages with modern sediment trap data of high temporal resolution, provides a promising new approach for the reconstruction of seasonal climate aspects in paleolimnological studies.  相似文献   

4.
Diatoms, organic matter and magnetic susceptibility in a 10-m-long sediment sequence from coastal Lake Lilaste, Latvia, were analysed to evaluate Holocene environmental changes related to past sea-water intrusions. Lake Lilaste is located ~1 km from the present sea coast in an area with a low uplift rate and a threshold altitude of 0.5 m a.s.l. It was thus considered to be an appropriate site to study the influence of past sea level fluctuations on the lake and its sediments. Variations in diatom community composition, along with sediment lithostratigraphy, show that a shallow, nutrient-rich freshwater lake existed there during the early Holocene. The first brackish-water diatoms appeared concurrent with a sea level rise ca. 8700 ± 50 cal a BP, but long-term, intermittent inputs of brackish water were observed between 6700 ± 40 and 4200 ± 80 cal a BP. During those time spans, diatoms indicate increased nutrient concentrations and high conductivity, a consequence of occasional mixing of brackish and freshwater that promoted biological productivity. Lilaste was isolated from the sea at 4200 ± 80 cal a BP, after which a stable freshwater environment, dominated by planktonic diatoms such as Aulacoseira ambigua, A. granulata, A. islandica and A. subarctica, was established. At 400 ± 50 cal a BP, planktonic diatoms were gradually replaced by Fragilaria spp., indicating the beginning of anthropogenic impact. The reconstructed relative water-level curve from the lake coincides with the eustatic sea level curve from 6800 ± 40 cal a BP onwards. There was a distinct increase in abundance of brackish-water diatoms when the sea level reached the threshold of Lilaste, which at that time was probably about 3 m lower than the present sea level. According to radiocarbon-dated shifts in the diatom community composition, the Litorina Sea transgression was a long-lasting event (ca. 2200 years) in the southern part of the Gulf of Riga, where the land uplift rate was near zero. It culminated more than 1000 years later than at other sites with higher uplift, in the northern part of the Baltic Sea.  相似文献   

5.
To evaluate the comparability of neo- and paleo-limnology, we made year-to-year as well as seasonal comparisons of contemporary zooplankton data and cladoceran remains in thick (9–42 mm) annual laminations in sediment of Lake Vesijärvi, southern Finland. We calculated the expected annual exuviae production of nine planktonic taxa in the water column using contemporary zooplankton records, and compared the value to the observed net accumulation of their remains in deep sediment for 7 years. Although all of the species studied occur commonly in the lake pelagic zone, deposition of remains differed significantly among taxa. The observed accumulation of three Bosmina species and Chydorus sphaericus was similar to or exceeded expected values, suggesting good preservation of their remains as well as focusing of sediment into the deepest part of the lake. The accumulation of Limnosida and Leptodora remains exceeded expected values several fold, suggesting under-representation of these species in pelagic plankton samples, as well as efficient transportation and spatial averaging of their remains in the sediment. Daphnia, Diaphanosoma, and Ceriodaphnia were clearly under-represented in the sediment due to poor preservation of their remains and use of a 50-μm sieve in sediment processing. Thus, sieving should be taken into account as a possible source of bias. Correlation between relative abundances of all species in the sediment and in the plankton was weak (r s = 0.54, P < 0.001), but for well-preserved species, the correlation was strong (r s = 0.91, P < 0.001). Inter-annual variation in the deposition of remains suggested that resuspension and sediment focusing may vary between years, thus making it difficult to interpret absolute abundances, even though the deepest part of the basin shows clear varve formation and seasonality is well recorded. Detailed study of the uppermost lamination showed the seasonal succession of a cladoceran community within an annual varve as well as differences in the seasonality and intensity of ephippia production among the species. We recommend that results of cladoceran analyses be expressed in several ways (relative abundances, per unit dry weight, per unit organic matter, and as net accumulation values) before drawing final conclusions, as each approach may reveal a different aspect of the deposition process. In addition, sedimentation differences between epilimnetic and hypolimnetic species should be considered in stratified lakes.  相似文献   

6.
Chlorophyll a preserved in lake sediments reflects, in part, past primary production. This study assesses the spectral properties of sedimentary chlorophyll a using visible-near infrared reflectance (VNIR) spectroscopy, with the objective of establishing a new, non-destructive paleolimnological proxy. Reflectance spectra were determined from a dilution series (n = 10) involving incremental additions of pulverized modern algae to a lake sediment matrix of low organic content. This enabled an assessment of the development of sediment reflectance spectra in relation to different sediment chlorophyll a concentrations, and subsequent regression of spectral features against measured concentrations of chlorophyll a and derivatives obtained by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The experiment demonstrates that ubiquitous troughs in sediment reflectance near 675 nm are attributable to chlorophyll a and derivative compounds. A significant correlation (r 2 = 0.98, P < 0.01) was obtained between the area of the reflectance trough in the 650–700 nm interval and summed concentrations of chlorophyll a, all derivative isomers, and degradational pheopigments. A simple linear inference model derived from this experiment was applied to a down-core sequence of VNIR spectra from a productive prairie lake (Alberta, Canada), where it produced inferred sediment chlorophyll a concentrations in concordance with HPLC measurements. Although a larger training set is desirable to further refine the inference model, the analyses reported here demonstrate that reflectance spectroscopy provides a rapid, semi-quantitative method for assessing the chlorophyll a content of lake sediments.  相似文献   

7.
We examined long-term relationships between Cladocera and limnogeological and climate variables in a late Holocene lake sediment sequence to assess cladoceran responses to climate change and reconstruct past climate variations in southern Finland, near the Baltic Sea coast. Elemental composition, organic matter, and inferred water quality variables were used to constrain paleoenvironmental (until 4500 cal BP) conditions and human impact. Fossil Cladocera assemblages, ephippia, and body size trends were utilized to estimate mean July air temperature (T Jul) variability, open-water season length, and water-temperature regimes. Results revealed stable cladoceran communities, dominated by Eubosmina, until 500 cal BP, followed by major assemblage changes including increases in Chydorus cf. sphaericus, Alonella spp., and Bosmina longirostris. Pb and Cu concentrations were associated temporally with increasing human impact and warming climate during the past few centuries, and were the most significant factors in explaining cladoceran community changes, based on redundancy analysis. A Cladocera-based T Jul reconstruction estimated elevated temperatures for the end of the Holocene Thermal Maximum, a cooler period during ~3000–2000 cal BP, slightly increased temperatures during 1200–800 cal BP corresponding to the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA), and lower temperatures during the Little Ice Age (LIA), 800–200 cal BP. The reconstruction also suggests that significant climate warming took place during the twentieth century. Cladocerans mostly associated with warm periods included B. longirostris and Pleuroxus uncinatus, whereas Alona affinis, A. quadrangularis, and C. cf. sphaericus were associated with colder climate. Compared to a reference Chironomidae-inferred T Jul reconstruction from the same region, discrepancies were apparent in amplitude of temperature change, as the temperature variability in the cladoceran-based record was muted until ~200 cal BP. During the LIA, increased ephippia and body size agreed with the temperature reconstruction, but suggested a severely shorter open-water season and reduced water temperatures compared to the preceding late Holocene episodes, even though the cladoceran T Jul showed quite similar temperatures for these periods. Our results suggest that fossil cladoceran assemblages, ephippia, and morphological attributes respond sensitively to long-term climate fluctuations and this record reflects well the major climate events of the late Holocene and provides realistic paleoclimatic estimates for maritime southern Finland.  相似文献   

8.
选取新疆奇台县的134个土壤样本,利用土壤反射率对数的一阶导数光谱分别对4 种小波函数进行多层离散分解,采用PLSR方法分别建立了土壤速效钾含量的反演模型,并对其精度值进行检验。结果表明：小波分解获得的各层低频系数以1～3层较高,而其余各层则较低。所有函数分解的6层中,均以第2层低频系数建模的精度最高,随着分解层数（>2层）的增加,其精度值和显著性明显降低。相同尺度下,采用4种小波函数的低频系数构建的反演模型的精度差异较小,而Bior1.3为最优函数;基于Bior 1.3分解的ca2低频系数建模的R2达0.964,RMSE仅为8.19 mg·kg-1,且为极显著水平,为最佳反演模型,经样本检验后发现,此模型可用以快速、准确估算土壤高光谱速效钾含量。  相似文献   

9.
基于高光谱数据的戈壁地表砾石粒径反演研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
戈壁地表砾石粒径组成特征反映戈壁形成过程信息,且在很大程度上决定戈壁改造利用的难易,是开展戈壁研究的基础和前提。结合高光谱数据的微分变换,遴选出砾石粒径的敏感波段与反演方程,进行戈壁地表砾石粒径反演研究。结果表明：微分变换后的砾石光谱反射率与粒径有较好相关性,相关性最好的波段为908nm、983nm和985nm。其中,对数倒数微分变换之后的反射率与粒径成正相关（R2 =0.61）,而一阶微分、平方根微分、对数微分3种变换形式之后的反射率与粒径呈负相关,相关系数分别为-0.633、-0.646、-0.649。将一阶微分变换后的光谱数据与粒径进行回归分析,发现一元三次回归模型具有较好的拟合精度,其中对数微分在回归分析中表现最好（R2 =0.851）,经过验证得出对数微分预测精度（75.27%）高于其他4种微分形式的精度,表明砾石光谱的对数微分变换之后的908nm波段可应用于戈壁地表砾石粒径的反演。  相似文献   

10.
Due to methodological challenges there are only a few studies that focus on macrophyte dynamics in large lakes despite their notable role in a lake’s ecosystem functioning. This study investigates composition and productivity changes of the submerged vegetation of Lake Karakul, Pamir Mountains (Tajikistan), using sedimentary ancient DNA metabarcoding and elemental (C/N) and isotopic (δ13C, δ15N) measurements of Stuckenia cf. pamirica (Baagøe) Z. Kaplan (Potamogetonaceae) leaf remains. No Stuckenia cf. pamirica leaf remains were found for 28.7–26.1 cal ka BP, when both Potamogetonaceae and Chara (L.) DNA sequences were recorded, suggesting sparse submerged vegetation at the coring site. This agrees with the inference of a deep lake reached using geochemical proxies. From 26.1 to 17.5 cal ka BP a few macrophyte remains and high numbers of Potamogetonaceae sequences were recovered: lake level was probably low, as suggested by other studies on the lake. Another phase of increased numbers of Chara sequences and the absence of Stuckenia cf. pamirica leaf remains was found between 17.5 and 12.2 cal ka BP, which coincides with a lake-level transgression at Lake Karakul as indicated by paleo-shoreline investigations. Analyses of macrophyte remains reveal intermediate paleo-productivity from 6.9 cal ka BP and high paleo-productivity from 2.2 cal ka BP onwards. From comparisons with other studies, we suggest that lake-level changes are the main driver for the submerged vegetation composition and productivity at the coring site in Lake Karakul and underline our conclusions by depicting the present-day distribution of Stuckenia cf. pamirica and Chara within the lake.  相似文献   

11.
This paper examines the utility of hyperspectral remote sensing to detect fresh and dry biomass, water content and plant area index of burned and unburned grassland in southern California. Contrary to many previously published reports, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI, a vegetation greenness index) was not a good indicator of any of these important biophysical properties in either the burned or unburned area, especially after regeneration. Rather, the water band index (WBI, an index of water status in vegetation) showed better promise of estimating these biophysical properties in this semi-arid ecosystem. Despite the post-regeneration similarities in visual and harvested values of these two areas, we found that the full range of hyperspectral reflectance in ‘visible to infrared’ (400–1000 nm) wavelengths when used in a cluster analysis can readily differentiate the burned and unburned areas. This demonstrates the utility of hyperspectral remote-sensing in mapping subtle features that may not be detectable from conventional remote-sensing indices (e.g. NDVI) alone.  相似文献   

12.
高光谱遥感土壤有机质信息提取研究   总被引：16，自引：1，他引：15  
土壤反射光谱特征分析是反演土壤信息参量的基础资料。本文阐述了使用航空成像光谱仪OMIS- Ⅰ数据并 结合ASD FieldSpec FR(350~2500nm)便携式光谱仪获取野外光谱数据, 对山东省烟台市招远东良乡原状农用土有 机质含量进行反演, 从而实现有机质填图。通过对土壤原反射率对数一阶微分变换并确定其与SOM的相关性, 最 终建立相应的多元线性回归方程。分析认为土壤有机质的测定选用762nm、874nm 及1667nm 波段在本次研究中效 果最佳。该模型也可作为土壤有机质估测和评价的参考。  相似文献   

13.
We reconstructed the paleohydrologic and climatic history of the Lake Neor region, NW Iran, from the end of the late glacial to the middle Holocene (15,500–7500 cal yr BP). Subfossil chironomid and pollen assemblages in a sediment core from a peatland located south of Lake Neor enabled identification of four main hydrologic phases. The period 15,500–12,700 cal yr BP was characterized by a relatively dry climate with an open landscape, suggested by the abundance of Irano-Turanian steppe plants (e.g. Amaranthaceae, Artemisia and Cousinia). Dominance of several shallow-water and semi-terrestrial chironomid taxa (e.g. Pseudosmittia, Smittia/Parasmittia and Paraphaenocladius/Parametriocnemus) during this period is indicative of lower water tables in the wetland. Between 12,700 and 11,300 cal yr BP, chironomid taxa indicate higher wetland water tables, as suggested by the presence of Zavrelia, Chironomus anthracinus/plumosus-type and Micropsectra, which are inhabitants of open-water, lacustrine areas. The open-steppe vegetation remained dominant in the watershed during this time. Increasing wetland moisture could be explained by: (1) cool summers that reduced the evaporation rate; and/or (2) a decrease in duration of the summer dry season. The period 11,300–8700 cal yr BP was characterized by lower wetland moisture, contemporaneous with a delay in the expansion of deciduous forest, suggesting persistent dry climate conditions throughout the beginning of the Holocene, which may have been related to the intensified seasonality of precipitation. Around 8700 cal yr BP, higher wetland water levels, inferred from chironomids, occurred simultaneously with the onset of regional deciduous forest expansion, probably caused by a shortening of the summer dry period. We concluded that chironomids are appropriate paleoecological proxies to investigate global and local hydrologic variability in the Middle East.  相似文献   

14.
Elemental and isotopic compositions of organic matter in surficial sediments from five transects across Lagoa do Caçó (Brazil) were analyzed to identify the depth-related processes that affect the production and deposition of sedimentary organic matter in this shallow tropical lake. Each of four transverse transects began at a margin dominated by aquatic macrophytes (Eleocharis), crossed the central deep part of the lake, and terminated in the opposite, macrophyte-dominated margin. In each transect, TOC concentrations, C/N ratios, and δ13C values decreased between 0 and 4 m, whereas δ15N values increased. The variables remained stable in sediment from 4 m water depth to the center of the lake at 10 m. The depth-related patterns reflect differences in both the delivery and the deposition of organic matter in the lake. Organic matter is produced in abundance in the marginal area by emersed and submerged macrophyte vegetation that diminishes with depth and disappears at 4 meters. After the disappearance of macrophytes, organic matter is produced at low rates principally by open-lake phytoplankton. Drawdown of dissolved oxygen is high in the lake margins, but it is low in the oligotrophic open waters of the lake. Preservation of organic matter is consequently better in sediments of the lake margins than in deep waters. The depth-related pattern of organic matter delivery and deposition in the sediments of Lagoa do Caçó, in which water levels are sensitive to groundwater fluctuations, shows that the elemental and isotopic compositions of sediment organic matter can provide a record of changes in the paleohydrology of this and other similar shallow lake systems.  相似文献   

15.
腾格里沙漠典型植物含水率与地物光谱的关系分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
地物光谱特征不仅是遥感机理研究的重要内容,亦是遥感应用分析的重要依据。用ASD手持式光谱仪测定了腾格里沙漠10种典型植物的冠层光谱,对测得光谱数据进行包络线去除和一阶微分处理,并在实验室采用烘干法得到植物的含水率,运用相关系数法分析植物含水率与经包络线去除的光谱数据之间的关系,同时分析了不同含水率植物的红边特征。结果表明：研究区植物最大含水率为88.19%,最小含水率为37.34%;含水率与包络线去除的光谱数据在可见光（561~718 nm）和近红外（861 nm,894 nm）波段均存在极显著相关性,并建立了两者之间的回归模型,说明可见光近红外波段可以反映沙漠植物的水分状况;不同含水率植物的红边参数有所差异。  相似文献   

16.
扎龙湿地克钦湖富营养化状态的高光谱遥感评价   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
通过分析扎龙湿地克钦湖水体高光谱反射率与水质参数的相关关系,采用单波段、波段比值等算法分别选取特征波长建立水质参数的高光谱定量模型,并且结合修正营养状态指数(TSIM)和综合营养状态指数法,对水体的富营养化程度进行了监测和评价。结果表明,单波段归一化反射率对叶绿素a估测模型效果较为理想;利用高光谱一阶微分反射率,诊断各水质参数的敏感波段,建立线性模型,确定了TN、TP、SD、CODMn的敏感波段分别为733 nm、765 nm、782 nm、680 nm。单因素水质参数评价水体富营养化水平具有一定的局限性。综合考虑多个水质指标,对水质的富营养化程度进行了评价,结果显示,克钦湖水体呈现出中营养化状态,需要采取一定的措施,防范于未然。  相似文献   

17.
Assessing the thermal evolution of sedimentary basins over time is a major aspect of modern integrated basin analysis. While the behavior of clay minerals and organic matter with increasing burial is well documented in different geological and thermal settings, these methods are often limited by the temperature ranges over which they can be precisely applied and by the available material. Here, we explore the emergent Δ47 clumped isotope geospeedometry (based on the diffusional redistribution of carbon and oxygen isotopes in the carbonate lattice at elevated temperatures) to refine time‐temperature paths of carbonate rocks during their burial evolution. This study provides a reconstruction of the thermal and exhumation history of the Upper Cretaceous thrust belt series in the western subalpine massifs (Bauges and Bornes, French Alps) by a new approach combining for the first time available data from three independent geothermometers. The investigated area presents two zones affected by contrasting thermal histories. The most external zone has undergone a relatively mild thermal history (T < 70°C) and does not record any significant clay mineral diagenetic transformation. By contrast, the internal zone has experienced tectonic burial (prealpine nappes) in response to thrusting, resulting in overheating (T > 160–180°C) that induced widespread clay mineral diagenetic transformations (progressive illitization from R0 to R1 and R3 illite‐smectite mixed‐layers), organic matter maturation (oil window) and Δ47 thermal resetting with apparent equilibrium temperatures above 160°C. The three employed geothermal indicators conjointly reveal that the investigated Upper Cretaceous rocks have suffered a wide range of burial temperatures since their deposition, with a thermal maximum locally up to 160–180°C. High temperatures are associated with the tectonic emplacement of up to 4 km of prealpine nappes in the northern part of the studied area. Finally, a forward thermal modeling using Δ47, vitrinite reflectance and clay mineral data, is attempted to precisely refine the burial and exhumation histories of this area.  相似文献   

18.
Patagonia is commonly seen as an exceptionally pristine area because of its wildlife and practically unpolluted waters. However, during the twentieth century the burning of natural forests was one of the most important human activities in Northern Chilean Patagonia. Some estimations indicate that three million hectares were burned during the first three decades of the century. Hence the objective of this study was to evaluate the impacts of the historical fires in Lake Burgos (45º42′S) and Lake Thompson (45º38′S) in Chilean Patagonia. The impact was measured by evaluating chironomid assemblage since they are sensitive enough to be used as an indicator of aquatic ecosystem health. Fires have a direct and drastic effect on a lake watershed but also indirectly affect a lake ecosystem, changing sedimentation patterns or increasing nutrient inputs. In the studied lakes the periods with higher prevalence of fires were identified by charcoal analysis, while organic matter and magnetic susceptibility allowed the confirmation of pre-fire and post-fire periods. The chironomid composition was evaluated through a PCA and an analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) to test the significance among periods while a Detrended Correspondence Analysis was applied to the chironomid assemblage downcore to assess compositional structure and taxa turnover. In Lake Burgos the ANOSIM test indicated significant differences between the pre-fire and fire periods (p < 0.05), while in Lake Thompson differences were not significant. However, in Lake Thompson the PCA clearly separated the pre-fire from the fire period but not the fire from the post-fire periods. In both lakes chironomid composition changed in relation to the period of higher prevalence of fires, which in turn implies catchment changes, pollution, and other anthropogenic impacts. Particularly a marked change in mesotrophic/eutrophic taxa was detected, reflecting an increase in nutrient input due to deforestation. Our findings point out that the lacustrine ecosystems are still affected by the impact of fires and the subsequent increase in nutrient supply that occurred almost 50 years ago. No sign of reverting to pre-disturbance conditions was observed, which makes these lakes highly sensitive to current human-induced impacts.  相似文献   

19.
炭屑是探索自然火和人类用火及其驱动机制的重要指标。作者试图通过孢粉提取法获得毛乌素沙地东缘锦界剖面全新世中期(7.5~4.6 ka)的炭屑记录, 用来揭示该地区炭屑变化特征和火灾历史, 并探讨其与气候环境变化之间的关系。结果表明:在7.5~4.6 ka期间炭屑浓度变化范围为340～17 420粒·g-1, 平均为3 350粒·g-1。剖面炭屑总浓度变化趋势曲线呈“弓形”, 即在7.2 ka以前炭屑浓度较低, 平均约为1840粒·g-1 ;在7.2~6.6 ka浓度最高, 平均约为5 280粒·g-1, 并在6.8 ka前后达到峰值17 400粒·g-1 ;在6.6 ka之后浓度下降, 平均为1720粒·g-1。同时, 炭屑粒径指标表明<50 μm的炭屑占主导,>100 μm的炭屑稀少。炭屑浓度主要反映火灾频率和强度, 炭屑粒径则反映火灾距离和范围, 即毛乌素沙地东部在全新世中期火灾活动相对频繁并在6.8 ka左右达到最大值, 同时炭屑物源较远, 主要为区域性火灾。锦界剖面的化学风化指数、地球化学元素和粒度变化特征表明该地区在7.5~4.6 ka气候条件整体较好, 湿度增加, 处于全新世适宜期, 并在7.2~6.6 ka达到最佳值, 这表明毛乌素沙地的火灾主要发生在气候最佳时期。结合毛乌素沙地及其邻区的孢粉资料推测, 该地区在全新世气候适宜期时植被相对茂盛, 为毛乌素沙地的火灾提供了丰富的可燃烧物, 可能是火灾增多的主要原因。  相似文献   

20.
洪河自然保护区乌拉苔草生物量高光谱遥感估算模型   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
尝试用不同方法构建洪河自然保护区湿地植被乌拉苔草(Carex meyeriana)的高光谱植被指数,建立水上鲜/干生物量高光谱估算模型,并比较了不同模型的反演精度。通过实测不同覆盖度和水深状况下乌拉苔草的冠层高光谱反射率与水上生物量的数据,采用高光谱可见光—近红外波段及其微分光谱波段(350~1 050 nm)逐波段构建FNDVI、FRVI、FDVI、FDNDVI、FDRVI、FDDVI植被指数,分别找出与水上鲜生物量和干生物量具有最佳相关性波段组合的植被指数,建立乌拉苔草水上生物量的最佳估算模型,并对比分析了反射率光谱植被指数(FNDVI、FRVI、FDVI)模型和微分光谱植被指数(FDNDVI、FDRVI、FDDVI)模型的反演精度。结果显示,微分光谱与乌拉苔草水上生物量的相关性比反射率光谱好;微分光谱植被指数与乌拉苔草水上生物量的相关性比反射率光谱植被指数好,尤其以微分光谱植被指数FDRVI与FDNDVI建立的二次函数模型反演乌拉苔草的水上鲜生物量和干生物量的效果最好,精度分别达74.9%、71.4%,其均方根误差分别为0.074 4和0.026 2,通过了p<0.01极显著验证。这表明,采用微分光谱植被指数FDRVI、FDNDVI对乌拉苔草水上鲜生物量和干生物量的估算可以取得较高的预测精度。  相似文献   

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