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1.
孟加拉国沿海地区因其地理位置和自然灾害较多而归属生态环境脆弱地区,大约有3500万人生活在这里,他们的饮用水安全受到威胁。盐水入侵、砷和铁等重金属对水源的污染是造成水资源短缺的主要原因。海平面上升和气候异常事件加剧了沿海地区特别是西南沿海地区饮用水安全危机。本文以孟加拉国Satkhira地区的沿海Tala upazilas为例开展研究,采用基于GIS的多尺度分析方法来确定未来淡水缺乏解决方案和水源的选择,为此进行了问答式现场调查,收集研究区详细资料,以找到合适的水危机解决方案。基于浅层和深层两个不同含水层的资料(它们是饮用水主要来源的含水层水质),对不同水源的潜力和服务区域、社区的社会经济状况、用水类型以及相应的水源和用水需求进行了评价。研究发现,由于这里的地下水受砷、铁、盐碱污染,地表水又因管理不当而不能充分利用,在研究区及其附近很难找到其他的安全水源。在某些情况下,地表水在风暴潮期间由于高盐水的闪蒸和咸水养殖业的渗漏而遭污染。考虑到各种限制条件并结合现场数据、路网、聚落点位置、需水量等地理空间和社会经济信息进行分析,发现了一些符合社区饮用水需求的潜在水源点的分布位置,并提出了一些预防饮用水水危机和地表水可持续利用的技术措施。  相似文献   

2.
This paper examines spatial and temporal patterns of large to medium‐sized fires across the Indonesian Archipelago using remote sensing, particularly the MODIS fire products, over a 14 years period (2000–13 inclusive) in conjunction with climatic and land data in a GIS. Results showed fires (burned area and number of fires) were detected the most in year 2002 and least in 2010. The extent of burning was correlated with the annual Southern Oscillation Index with most burning occurring during times of sustained negative SOI values, which generally means drier conditions across the region. Most of the detected fires occurred in the middle of the dry season and in drier eastern Indonesia. Across Indonesia, approximately 1.5 per cent of available open vegetation area burned, whereas only 0.5 per cent of forest area burned. Most open vegetation burning was detected in the savanna with an area equivalent to 11.1 per cent of its extent being burned over the 14 years. On Sumba Island, where the pronounced dry season extends for at least four months, open vegetation is the most common land cover type, of which 99 per cent burned by area over the study period making it the island with the most burned areas in the Indonesian Archipelago.  相似文献   

3.
The aim of this study is to evaluate the groundwater quality in shallow aquifers from West Aceh, Sumatra, for irrigation uses. Groundwater samples have been collected from 32 stations for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), total dissolved solids (TDS), sodium percentage (per cent Na) and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) analysis. Evaluation of water quality for irrigation using the United States Salinity Laboratory classifications suggests that the majority of the groundwater samples are good for irrigation. The crop tolerance of irrigation water salinity, as based on EC value, showed that paddy (rice), soybeans and sweet tomatoes are suitable for agricultural cultivation, but that corn and field beans are not suitable. Results indicate that, if used for agricultural irrigation, the groundwater quality ranges from excellent to good, except for a few locations (e.g. Meureubo sub‐district) which indicate signs of deterioration.  相似文献   

4.
We assessed deforestation in Southeast Mexico (a surface area of 29 000 km2 in seven states) through the comparison of land use/land cover maps at a scale of 1:250 000. This facilitated mapping of the land use/land cover change (LULCC) processes and calculation of the rates of change and the change matrix for the period 1978–2000. An original method was used to assess the accuracy of the LULCC map. The verification sites were selected through a stratified random sampling and were corroborated with aerial photographs for 1978 and 2000. Error matrices were elaborated using both hard and fuzzy set approaches in order to take into account the errors related to generalization of the map in fragmented landscapes. The results showed an average annual deforestation rate of 1.1 per cent which represents an average annual loss of 190 000 ha of forest, or an estimated total reduction of 4.2 million ha over 22 years. Furthermore, deforestation processes are concentrated in some areas such as Yucatan and Chiapas states, which registered major forest conversions to grassland and slash‐burning. The overall accuracy of the LULCC map, assessed with hard and fuzzy set approaches, was 72 per cent and 88 per cent respectively.  相似文献   

5.
This study aims to map forest cover in Peninsular Malaysia using satellite images as deforestation is of concern in the recent decades, and is an important environmental issue for the future too. The Carnegie Landsat Analysis System‐Lite (CLASlite) program was used in this study to detect forest cover in Peninsular Malaysia using Landsat satellite data. The results of the study show that CLASlite algorithm misclassified some oil palm, rubber and urban areas as forest vegetation. A reliable forest cover map was produced by first combining Landsat and ALOS PALSAR images to identify oil palm, rubber and urban areas, and then subsequently removing them. The HH and HV polarization data of ALOS PALSAR (threshold method) could detect oil palm plantations with 85.26 per cent of overall accuracy. For urban area detection, Enhance Build up Index (EBBI) using spectral bands from Landsat provided higher overall accuracy of 94 per cent. These methods produced a forest cover reading of 5 914 421 ha with an overall classification accuracy of 94.5 per cent. The forest cover (including rubber areas) detected in this study is 0.38 per cent higher than the percentage of 2010 forest cover detected by the Forestry Department of Peninsular Malaysia. The technique described in this paper presents an alternative and viable approach for updating forest cover maps in Malaysia.  相似文献   

6.
Sentinel‐2 images were used for mapping debris‐free glaciers for the first time in Cordillera Blanca. Landsat‐8 and Sentinel‐2 data were compared for glacier area estimation in 2016, obtaining comparable results. It was observed that normalized difference snow index method for glacier mapping using MSI data is less sensitive to cast shadows and steep terrain compared with Landsat data. Estimated total glacier areas in 1975, 1994, and 2016 were 726 ± 20.3 km2, 576.9 ± 15.1 km2 and 482.8 ± 7.4 km2, respectively. Glacier area in 2016 using Landsat was slightly lower (475.7 ± 16.8 km2) compared to the area estimated using MSI data. Observed glacier shrinkage between 1975 and 2016 was 33.5 per cent, which is lower compared to observed glacier area loss in the eastern cordilleras of Peru. Glacier shrinkage was higher at northern and northeastern slopes (47.9 per cent and 48.1 per cent, respectively) compared to the south‐western slopes (11.1 per cent).  相似文献   

7.
This study evaluates the dynamics and identifies the indirect biophysical and socio‐economic factors related to the recovery, degradation and deforestation of the tropical dry forest (TDF) cover in the municipality of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico. Annual rates and transition matrices were determined to identify indirect factors; the cartographic information of 25 variables with shift points were overlaid and Generalized Linear Models (GLM) were applied. The change process with the greatest impact in TDF during the study period (1993–2011) was degradation, with 10468 ha degraded (12 per cent of the initial tropical cover); recovery of coverage was the second most important change process, with 4808 ha (5.5 per cent); and deforestation was the change process with the lowest impact, with a loss of 2800 ha (3.23 per cent). The net balance was negative, with a decrease (through land degradation and deforestation) of 8460 ha (9.75 per cent). The recovery of coverage was mainly associated with biophysical factors such as land suitability and accessibility to natural vegetation. On the other hand, deforestation and degradation of coverage were associated with both biophysical and socioeconomic factors such as land suitability, accessibility to natural vegetation, migration, marginalization, population pressure, economy, education and health. The findings of this study determined the spatial distribution of forest recovery, deforestation and degradation processes at a regional level, allowing for future researchers to focus their efforts at local and landscape levels. Also, the work allows for an approximation of the factors associated with the change processes studied, hence supporting the allocation of resources for the establishment of management, conservation, development and restoration strategies of tropical dry forests at the regional level.  相似文献   

8.
太湖流域的水环境质量呈现严重恶化趋势,农业污染物的排放是太湖流域水体环境恶化的主要原因之一。农业污染物主要来源于种植业、畜禽养殖业和水产养殖业的生产过程,不同于以往分开论述三者对水环境的影响,本文基于全国第一次污染普查数据,运用污染足迹模型定量分析了湖州市农业面源(种植业、畜禽养殖业和水产养殖业)对水环境的影响。研究结果表明:(1)农业生产产生的污染物对水环境的影响排序为:磷>氮>有机物;(2)各农业生产类型对水环境的影响排序为:水产养殖业>种植业>畜禽养殖业;(3)湖州市各区县对水环境的影响也存在着明显的空间差异。通过对湖州市农业污染足迹评估,可以明确地提出哪种污染物类型、农业生产类型和区域是湖州市农业面源污染治理的重点。研究结果可以为太湖流域农业的可持续发展和水资源的可持续利用提供一定的参考价值。  相似文献   

9.
甘肃省荒漠化宏观监测研究   总被引：14，自引：5，他引：9  
马立鹏  李晓兵 《中国沙漠》2002,22(2):122-128
"甘肃省荒漠化宏观监测研究"是全国荒漠化监测的组成部分。文章依据联合国《荒漠化防治公约》中有关规定,结合《全国荒漠化监测技术方案》,首次划定了荒漠化气候类型区,确定了甘肃省荒漠化潜在发生范围;应用先进的"3S"技术与抽样理论相结合的调查方法,对荒漠化本底现状与演变动态进行了全面评价;首次查清了全省荒漠化(风蚀、水蚀、盐渍化)的有关翔实数据并进行了程度分级。结果表明:①甘肃省荒漠化潜在发生范围为2300万hm2,占省实际管辖面积的50.57%,荒漠化土地面积17784918.25 hm2,占荒漠化潜在发生范围的77.33%,占甘肃省实际管辖面积的43.73%。@荒漠化土地按程度划分:轻度荒漠化面积1777482.86 hm2;中度荒漠化面积5464505.98 hm2;重度荒漠化面积5862203.28 hm2;极重度荒漠化土地面积4680726.13 hm2。③荒漠化土地面积按气候区分:干旱区9919533.90 hm2;半干旱区6320399.25 hm2;亚湿润干旱区1544985. 10hm2。④荒漠化土地按类型划分:风蚀荒漠化14290986.25 hm2;水蚀荒漠化2806446.45 hm2;盐渍荒漠化687485.15 hm2。⑤甘肃省沙化土地总体呈蔓延趋势。本监测期沙化上地总面积为1113.4万hm2,占监测总面积200554.0 km2的 55.52%,较1994年增加了18491.32hm2,每年增加37898.26hm2,年递增率为0.34%。  相似文献   

10.
Monitoring and assessment of landslide hazard is an important task for decision making and policy planning in the landslide area. Massive landslides, caused by the catastrophic Chi‐Chi earthquake in 1999, occurred in Central Taiwan, especially at Chiufenershan area in Nantou county. This study proposed two useful indicators coupled with the Self‐organizing map (SOM) neural network and the Preference Ranking Organization METHod for Enrichment Evaluations (PROMETHEE) technique to quickly extract accurate post‐quake landslides from multi‐temporal Système Probatoire de l'Observation de la Terre (SPOT) images. A GIS‐based system was developed to simplify and integrate the procedures such as image pre‐processing, the SOM training, the PROMETHEE calculation, landslide extraction and accuracy assessment. The evaluated result shows that the landslide area soon after the earthquake is 209.50 ha (Kappa coefficient 96.88%). Over seven years of vegetation recovery, the denudation area has declined to 112.64 ha (Kappa coefficient 90.64%). Most earthquake‐induced landslides could be restored by natural vegetation succession. The developed system is a useful decision‐making tool for landslide area planning.  相似文献   

11.
Thunderstorms are one of the most dangerous convective weather events. Despite the recent advances in prediction of convective storms worldwide, thousands of casualties occur annually. In the present study, the authors highlight specifically, thunderstorm‐related casualties reported in India from 1978–2012. Analysis of long‐term data have revealed about 16 308 casualties resulting from 1381 thunderstorm events with an average of 465 casualties occurring annually. The maximum number of casualties were concentrated in north‐eastern and central north‐eastern states. About 80 per cent of total casualties were recorded in West Bengal (23 per cent), Assam (20 per cent), Orissa (14 per cent), Bihar (13 per cent) and Jharkhand (8 per cent) states. The national casualties rate per million population per year and casualties density standardized by area has been found to be 0.50 and 5.07, respectively. Male casualties were found to be more prominent than female and children casualties, probably due to the larger proportion of males performing their work outdoors. The number of thunderstorm events and casualties was observed to be highest during pre‐monsoon season and lowest during winter. It is believed that the findings from this study will help policy makers to draw strategies to cope with the perils of thunderstorms.  相似文献   

12.
The effects of interyear variability of extreme rainfall events on maize yields at locations in Cameroon, in central‐west sub‐Saharan Africa were investigated through a simulation assessment combining a weather generator with a crop growth model. This study analyzes the potential of using dry/wet year predictions to reduce risk in subsistence agricultural production associated with climate variability at the site level. Weather data sets from eight provincial study localities were classified into three precipitation scenarios – dry (lower threshold), normal and wet (upper threshold) years. According to the modelling results, there is a less than 12 per cent variance in mean maize yields across six out of the eight localities when planting occurs in March, May and August. The variance is equivalent to approximately 100–300 kg per ha, which represents a significant amount of food in the household security of the majority impoverished sectors of rural and urban society, and which could greatly impact the socioeconomic activities of the entire populace. The results lead to the conclusion that all extreme dry and wet years are not equal in terms of their regional manifestation. This calls for precise monthly and sub‐seasonal local level forecasts and the effective dissemination of this information to farming communities in Cameroon, thereby facilitating the adaptive management of indigenous cropping practices and reducing their vulnerability to climate related disasters.  相似文献   

13.
This paper demonstrates the use of a Geographic Information System (GIS) to develop timber thinning strategies on the Kyburz Planning Area of the Tahoe National Forest in northeastern California. The primary criteria used in an assessment of selective thinning potential were forest health and fire hazard ratings. By eliminating environmentally sensitive, economically unfeasible, or low fire hazard areas from consideration, the use of GIS reduced the area that was considered appropriate for thinning by approximately 58%. GIS offers considerable potential for improving resource management strategies.  相似文献   

14.
Using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method for multi-index evaluation has special advantages, while the use of geographic information systems (GIS) is suitable for spatial analysis. Combining AHP with GIS provides an effective approach for studies of mineral potential mapping evaluation. Selection of potential areas for exploration is a complex process in which many diverse criteria are to be considered. In this article, AHP and GIS are used for providing potential maps for Cu porphyry mineralization on the basis of criteria derived from geologic, geochemical, and geophysical, and remote sensing data including alteration and faults. Each criterion was evaluated with the aid of AHP and the result mapped by GIS. This approach allows the use of a mixture of quantitative and qualitative information for decision-making. The results of application in this article provide acceptable outcomes for copper porphyry exploration.  相似文献   

15.
六百年来汾河上游人口压力增长与环境状态演变之关系   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
应用文献学方法、野外勘查和实测数据,研究六百年来汾河上游行政区划变迁、人口、耕地和土壤侵蚀的发展,得到以下结论:(1)本区耕地增长远不及人口增长,故人均耕地减少1/3,而粮食单产并无明显提高;(2)通过对晚清阳曲县府推行土地清丈的成果分析,指出当时官方公布的耕地数不及实际数的一半;(3)清乾隆至光绪间,因坡地开垦而使侵蚀量有所增加,但在总侵蚀量中比重极小;(4)清光绪朝至今,由于较多开垦陡、急坡地,人为因素有所增长,但耕地上的侵蚀仍远少于自然力导致的沟蚀,只居次要地位。  相似文献   

16.
In this study, the Land Use Dynamic Simulator model was applied to investigate the impact of farm credit as an adaptation strategy to cope with effects of climate variability on agricultural land‐use change and crop production in the Vea watershed in Ghana. The authors identified the determinants of crop choices within the landscape (e.g., farm household and biophysical characteristics of farm plot). The crop choice sub‐model was then linked to the crop yield sub‐model to determine the yields of selected crops. In adapting to the impacts of climate variability, the maize credit adoption sub‐model under the maize cultivation credit scenario was integrated into decision‐making. This was simulated for a 20‐year period, and compared with the business‐as‐usual scenario. Under the simulated maize credit scenario, maize adopters increased from about 20 per cent to about 50 per cent and the area allocated for maize cultivation significantly increased by about 266 per cent. Consequently, the average annual aggregated household crop yield increased by 6.3 per cent higher than in the business‐as‐usual scenario. This simulation study shows that access to maize credit can significantly influence agricultural land‐use change and food availability in the study area. However, although access to farm credit may translate into food availability, the sustainability of this strategy is questionable.  相似文献   

17.
This paper focuses on the large‐scale land use and land cover changes that have taken place in Sarawak state, East Malaysia over the three decades of 1972‐2002. Results are presented from a detailed land use and cover change (LUCC) study in the Niah River catchment using satellite imagery, questionnaire surveys and interviews. Successive waves of land cover changes have taken place. Large forest areas have been logged and gradually replaced by oil palm plantations, which now occupy more than 40 per cent of the total land area in the catchment. Concurrently, small‐scale farming systems have also changed. Formerly dominant Iban shifting cultivation practices are increasingly being replaced by cash crop production on permanent fields and impacted by off‐farm activities involving many ethnic groups. It is argued that land cover changes are continuous and complex processes involving a large number of variables which can be analysed for different time periods at various scales.  相似文献   

18.
Abstract

In most documentation of geographical information systems (GIS) it is very rare to find details of the algorithms used in the software, but alternative formulations of the same process may derive different results. In this research several alternatives in the design of viewshed algorithms are explored. Three major features of viewshed algorithms are examined: how elevations in the digital elevation model are inferred, how viewpoint and target are represented, and the mathematical formulation of the comparison. It is found that the second of these produces the greatest variability in the viewable area (up to 50 per cent over the mean viewable area), while the last gives the least. The same test data are run in a number of different GIS implementations of the viewshed operation, and smaller, but still considerable, variability in the viewable area is observed. The study highlights three issues: the need for standards and/or empirical benchmark datasets for GIS functions; the desirability of publication of algorithms used in GIS operations; and the fallacy of the binary representation of a complex GIS product such as the viewshed.  相似文献   

19.
新丰江流域生态环境质量遥感评价   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
利用新丰江流域1988、1998和2011年3个时期的遥感、土地利用、气象和DEM等数据,建立了新丰江流域生态环境质量评价体系。在数据标准化处理的基础上,利用ArcGIS的空间主成分分析方法,综合评价了新丰江流域生态环境质量的时空分布格局和动态变化情况。结果表明：新丰江流域生态环境质量总体保持较好,主要受到水热气象因子、地形地貌因子和土地覆盖因子的影响;1988―2011年生态环境质量等级“优”占据了80%以上的面积,质量等级“差”占据的面积均低于5%;新丰江流域生态环境质量具有明显的区域特征,质量较差的区域是以建设用地和耕地为主的平原地带,主要分布在新丰江流域的西部和东部地区,表明其主要受人为因素的干扰,生态环境质量随着时间推移有轻微下降的趋势。研究表明利用遥感与地理信息系统技术对区域环境质量进行评价具有很好的应用前景,可以迅速准确地判定区域生态环境质量变化趋势。  相似文献   

20.
Tree stem (>2 m tall) mortality was assessed following a late dry‐season wildfire across a seasonally flooded elevation gradient at Workshop Jungle, near Darwin, in the Northern Territory of Australia. For all species combined, dead stems had significantly smaller diameter at breast height (dbh) than living stems. Assessment of tree‐stem damage following a tropical cyclone at Cobourg Peninsula, NT, revealed that damaged stems had significantly greater dbh than undamaged stems for all tree species sampled across a boundary between monsoon rainforest and savanna. A greater proportion of stems were damaged by the cyclone than by the fire (28 per cent as against 18 per cent), although there were considerable between‐community differences in the proportion of damaged stems at the two sites. The fire caused little impact (<10 per cent) on total basal area of three different forest communities on the elevation gradient at Workshop Jungle. The cyclone was found to cause >50 per cent damage to total basal area of three different communities on Cobourg Peninsula. It is suggested that the combination of a cyclone followed by an intense fire in storm debris could potentially destroy a monsoon rainforest through its impact on all tree‐size classes. This may explain why some monsoon rainforests rapidly contracted following Cyclone Tracy that destroyed the city of Darwin on Christmas Day, 1974.  相似文献   

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