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1.
《The Journal of geography》2012,111(6):333-338
Abstract The diagrammatic climate key presented here was developed in an attempt to simplify the teaching of climate classification at the secondary and college levels. The chart emphasizes four critical temperatures involved in the Koppen classification, and shows their relationships to the various climate types. It is hoped that use of this key will give students a better understanding of the role of critical temperatures such as 64.4° or 71.6°, symbols such as Aw or BSk, and the overall scheme of climate classification. The chart has been developed for the Köppen climatic classification as modified by Ackerman and Van Royen and popularized by Trewartha.1 Because the modified Koppen system is widely used and accepted, that system—along with Fahrenheit temperatures—will be utilized in the following discussion. Figure 1 represents the working skeleton, which may be drawn upon the chalkboard, presented by use of transparent overlay, or handed out on individual laboratory exercise sheets. 相似文献
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Climate types, biome types, and soil orders are commonly used among physical geographers in research and to describe natural environmental characteristics. However, little attempt has been made to quantify the percentage of global land surface that is covered by combinations of climate types, biomes, and soil orders. This research overlays a world map of 31 climate types produced based on the Köppen–Geiger criteria using gridded NCAR/NCEP reanalysis monthly mean surface air temperature and precipitation data from 1981 to 2010 with global maps of eight biomes adapted from World Wildlife Federation and 12 soil orders from United States Natural Resources Conservation Service. Areas covered by each of the 2976 combinations are then calculated. Results suggest that, as expected, a few climate/biome/soil combinations are most common, such as desert climate/desert biome/entisols, tundra climate/tundra biome/gelisols, and desert climate/desert biome/aridisols. The local nature of soil properties causes small enclaves of unexpected combinations of climate, biome, and soils, and the 10 most extensive climate/biome/soil combinations occupy only one-quarter of the global land surface. The strong correspondence between climate and biome types validates the Köppen–Geiger criteria for categorizing climates based on vegetation realms, even today, despite the general paucity of data available when the criteria were established. 相似文献
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一种新的气候变化敏感区的定义方法与预估 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
气候变化敏感区的研究是气候变化研究的一个重要方向,前人对气候变化敏感区的定义大多基于单一的指标,而对综合性指标研究较少。基于柯本气候分类法所划分出的中国气候类型分布及其变化频次,提出一种新的气候变化敏感区定义方法,并使用该方法划分中国的气候变化敏感区,气候类型变化频繁的区域被认为是敏感区。选取CESM模型中等碳排放（RCP 4.5）下的模拟数据计算2006-2013年、21世纪40年代和90年代气候类型的变化,以此预估未来30~80年间气候变化敏感带的变化。结果显示：依据本文提出的方法划分的气候变化敏感区,与降水变化敏感区有较好拟合;中国气候变化最敏感的区域分布在黑河腾冲线附近、秦岭淮河一线、青藏高原西部和天山以北部分地区,气候最为稳定的区域分布在青藏高原中东部、昆仑山、祁连山以北、天山以南、贺兰山以西的大片区域和大兴安岭附近;未来30~80年间,西部（贺兰山、横断山以西）地区气候变化敏感区基本不变,而东部地区的气候变化敏感区则逐渐向北偏移。 相似文献
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Päivi Lujala Haakon Lein 《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2020,74(3):138-151
ABSTRACT It is commonly assumed that personal experiences of a changing climate will influence people’s attitudes to the extent that they will be more likely to acknowledge anthropogenic climate change as a real threat and therefore be more willing to accept both mitigation and adaptation efforts. In the article, the authors examine how survey participants’ personal experiences of extreme events and climate-related changes in the natural environment influenced their perceptions of climate change. Using data from a nationally representative survey conducted in Norway in 2015 and the results of logistic regressions, the authors find that individual observations of changes in nature were linked to higher levels of concern with regard to climate change, as well as to attitudes that were more positive towards personal mitigation and adaption efforts. Somewhat counter-intuitively, they also find that participants who had personally experienced a natural hazard event were less concerned about climate change compared with participants without such experiences. The authors conclude that personal experience of the consequences of climate change may in some cases have a limited effect on enhancing people’s concerns about climate change. 相似文献
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fil. dr. ANDERS RAPP 《Geografisk tidskrift / udgivet af Bestyrelsen for Det Kongelige danske geografiske selskab》2013,113(1):95-99
Rapp, Anders: Periglacial nivation cirques and local glaciations in the rock canyons of Söderåsen, Scania, Sweden. A discussion and new interpretation. Geografisk Tidsskrift 82: 95–99, Copenhagen, October 15, 1982. Present opinions about the genesis of the rock canyons OdensjOn, Skäralid and Klöva Hallar of Söderåsen, Sweden are reviewed, and a new theory is presented. It is proposed, that during periglacial tundra periods large amounts of drifting snow collected in valleys of north-south directions. Small glaciers were created, which caused local overdeepening and removal of loose material. These processes were active in tundra periods before and after the main Quaternary glaciations. SUMMARY Odensjön, Skäralid and Klöva Hallar are three valleys of canyon type, deeply cut (60–100 m) into the horst block of Söderåsen, of fractured Precambrian gneiss rock. It has been shown by other authors that the cold periods after the Weichselian deglaciation were characterized by permafrost and ice wedges on sandy plains in south Sweden. Strong winds caused widespread wind-polishing of stones and bedrock, predominantly from easterly and westerly directions. Based on this evidence, the author presents the theory that large deposits of wind-blown snow were trapped in the canyon valleys of Söderåsen, except for the valleys of east-west directions. The snow was metamorphosed to firn and local, small glaciers, which filled the valleys. The rims of the canyon valleys have in many cases well developed nivation hollows, either steep nivation funnels or gently sloping, semicircular nivation cirques. Odensjøn is a closed, semicircular rock basin, which has been much discussed by scientists earlier, and which seems to fit the theory of creation by nivation from mainly west, but also east, and a local cirque glacier flow northwards causing the overdeepening and removal of loose material. The three valleys mentioned were problably widened and deepened into a series of nivation basins in tundra periods before and after each major continental glaciation. The nivation hollows and the deep canyon valleys were not destroyed by glacial erosion during the Weichselian and earlier Quaternary major ice advances, because the valleys were filled with densely packed snow and ice from snow drifting before the main glacier front moved over them from NE directions. The theory will be further checked by a team of scientists from the Department of Physical Geography in Lund. A comparison is made with cirque forms in present-day mountain tundra conditions in the area of Kärkevagge in northern Lappland, investigated by the author during the 1950's and later. 相似文献
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为更好地保护南方红豆杉这一重要紫杉醇药用资源,文章利用相关的气候指数,结合国际常用的植被与气候相互关系的指标,对南方红豆杉地理分布区与气候的关系进行了分析。结果表明：1）南方红豆杉各项气候指数的变异系数值均较大,从10.55%到321.08%;2）单一气候指数表明,南方红豆杉分布区温暖湿润,若干气候指标的累计曲线表现出亚热带的特征,其中最明显的特点为年均温大多在15℃以上,且不存在绝水期,雨量充沛;3）综合气候指数中的温暖指数（WI）的最适热量分布范围值（PWH）为[107.816,172.504];4）南方红豆杉分布区的干燥度指数（K）、年均生物温度（BT）和可能蒸发量率（PER）等与其他亚热带物种近似,具有明显的亚热带分布特征;5）主成分分析结果表明年均温度是影响南方红豆杉分布的第一主导因素,最适年均温约为16℃。最后,文章在如何有效保护南方红豆杉和扩大该种群方面提出了一些建议。 相似文献
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Heidrun A. Ullerud Anders Bryn Helle Skånes 《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2019,73(5):301-317
ABSTRACTThe abstract classification system Nature in Norway (NiN) has detailed ecological definitions of a high number of ecosystem units, but its applicability in practical vegetation mapping is unknown because it was not designed with a specific mapping method in mind. To investigate this further, two methods for mapping – 3D aerial photographic interpretation of colour infrared photos and field survey – were used to map comparable neighbouring sites of 1 km2 in Hvaler Municipality, south-eastern Norway. The classification accuracy of each method was evaluated using a consensus classification of 160 randomly distributed plots within the study sites. The results showed an overall classification accuracy of 62.5% for 3D aerial photographic interpretation and 82.5% for field survey. However, the accuracy varied for the ecosystem units mapped. The classification accuracy of ecosystem units in acidic, dry and open terrain was similar for both methods, whereas classification accuracy of calcareous units was highest using field survey. The mapping progress using 3D aerial photographic interpretation was more than two times faster than that of field survey. Based on the results, the authors recommend a method combining 3D aerial photographic interpretation and field survey to achieve effectively accurate mapping in practical applications of the NiN system. 相似文献
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《The Journal of geography》2012,111(3-4):169-172
Abstract The new Advanced Placement (AP) human geography course is a wonderful opportunity to ensure the availability of high quality geographic education for high school students. As with any course, in addition to the students' interest and ability, their success is also closely linked to the teachers' preparation. In order to be as well prepared as possible, most AP human geography teachers want and need to know several things in addition to the course content. Questions addressed include how to promote the course, who to promote it to, necessary geographic background for both students and teachers, recommended texts and other resources, how to prepare students for the examination, and how to incorporate the course into the school curriculum. 相似文献
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《The Journal of geography》2012,111(4):168-173
AbstractThis article presents a case study that highlights the benefits and limitations of Web-based video in lab sections of The Geographer’s Craft, an upper-level undergraduate course in which students apply digital geographic methods. Over three years (2010–2013), the authors experimented with different teaching strategies utilizing Web-based video for lab lectures and software demonstrations. This article presents three different approaches for its application, from inside and outside the classroom, to a ”flipped classroom” setting. The authors argue that Web-based video is a valuable tool for teaching digital geographic research methods and techniques while allowing for greater focus on theory and application. 相似文献
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《The Journal of geography》2012,111(6):268-269
Abstract College enrollment and Association of American Geographers membership data reveal a significant deficit in minority participation in geography and environmental science. The author asserts that this dearth may have its origin at the K-12 level, where science subjects are presented in a manner that alienates socioeconomically disadvantaged pupils. With recent research indicating that low-income and nonwhite communities are disproportionately affected by environmental degradation, it is pertinent that methods be developed to increase the number of minority students choosing to pursue environmental careers. Involving students directly in projects investigating the pollution in their communities aids in enhancing student interest. By participating in a lead (Pb) contamination study, students are introduced to several geographic subdisciplines including cartography, demography, and environmental geography. Students also acquire skills in spatial analysis, map interpretation, and graphic design. Complementing basic lead-soil field investigations with geographic information systems, spreadsheet, and/or computer mapping software, offers students a valuable high-tech learning experience. 相似文献
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《The Journal of geography》2012,111(6):301-303
Abstract Teaching geography within a field-based, environmental-problem-solving framework integrates geographic knowledge and practice and introduces high school students to skills required to undertake geographic research. A five-day field investigation on coastal geography was designed for juniors at a science high school in New Jersey. The goal of the field investigation was to allow students to engage in problem-solving, gather field data, apply geographic concepts and tools, and foster the ability to think critically. The purpose of the investigation was to identify the spatial distribution of litter on a beach and interpret the distribution based on physical and human processes. The field site is a 400-m-long shoreline reach in Raritan Bay, New Jersey. Students defined the term “litter” for purposes of the investigation, developed a classification system, and mapped the location and type of litter on the beach. Three sampling grids were established across the beach from the dune crest to the waterline. Students conducted topographic surveys of the sampling grids, collected litter in each grid cell, and counted, classified, and weighed the litter. Data gathered were reduced, analyzed, and interpreted based on the published literature. Findings were presented at a formal presentation on the last day of the investigation. Students submitted a written report and presented the results of the investigation at a student conference two months later. Field investigations can expose students to different methods of data sampling and measurement. Collaboration between secondary schools and universities can result in successful learning initiatives that allow students the opportunity to experience the role of a practicing professional. 相似文献
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Lars Coenen Kevin Morgan 《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2020,74(1):13-24
ABSTRACTTheory development on the geographies of innovation has been very successful in incorporating the changing patterns of knowledge dynamics due to globalization, lifting the gaze beyond processes of localized learning and increasingly acknowledging the multilevel, multiscalar governance of innovation. Arguably less attention has been directed to the changing qualities and impacts of innovation as a result of globalization, notably in view of social polarization and climate change. The aim of the article is to provide suggestions for how research on the geography of innovation can be improved by engaging with a more capacious understanding of innovation and territorial development. The authors explore how socio-ecological innovation can be introduced in contemporary discussions and practices of place-based smart specialization policy. They conclude by suggesting that future research should address and interrogate (1) the rise of the foundational economy as an expression of place-based innovation, which entails new forms of co-governance, and (2) the challenge of experimentalism in the public sector, a sector that looms large in lagging regions and the places that were deemed not to matter until they took their revenge on the mainstream political system. 相似文献
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《The Journal of geography》2012,111(9):21-29
Abstract Climate plays a strategic role in man's perception of the environment. Man's perception of climate influences his adjustment to the atmospheric environment. This study examines the climatic desirability of the conterminous United States as perceived by in-state college students in North Carolina, Arizona, Minnesota and Vermont. Based on climatic preference, the home states are perceived to be the most desirable states in the conterminous United States. In general, the climatic conditions in those states which are in close geographical propinquity to the sample states are also appealing to the students. In addition, Florida, Colorado and the West Coast states (especially California) are perceived as climatically desirable. 相似文献
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Karl Rehrl Simon Gröchenig Stefan Kranzinger 《International journal of geographical information science》2020,34(10):1953-1979
ABSTRACT Trajectory data mining is a lively research field in the domain of spatio-temporal data mining. Trajectory pattern mining comprises a set of specific pattern mining methods, which are applied as consecutive steps on a trajectory with the goal to extract and classify re-occurring spatio-temporal patterns. Despite the common nature and frequent usage of such methods by the GIScience community, a methodological approach is missing so far, especially when it comes to the use of machine learning-based classification methods. The current work closes this gap by proposing and evaluating a machine learning-based 3-steps trajectory data mining methodology using the detection and classification of stop points in vehicle trajectories as example. The work describes in detail the applied methodologies with respect to the three mining steps ‘stop detection’, ‘feature extraction’ and ‘classification in traffic-relevant and non-traffic-relevant stops’ and evaluates six machine learning-based classification algorithms using a real-world dataset of 15,498 vehicle trajectories with 5,899 detected stops (thereof 2,032 manually classified). Due to its exemplary nature, the presented methodology is suited to act as blueprint for similar trajectory data mining problems. 相似文献
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中国生态交错带（英文） 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
生态交错带（Ecotone）是指两个群落或两类生态系统之间的过度带,具有脆弱、敏感和易变等特性。20世纪70年代以来,在典型生态系统研究的基础上,生态交错带逐步成为生态学研究的重点。中国地域广阔,地质、气候、植被等生态类型复杂多变,蕴育了不同类型、不同尺度和不同规模的多种生态交错带,不仅为科学研究奠定了广阔空间,而且对我国经济、社会发展,以及文化多样性保护具有重要支撑作用。本文根据我国大尺度下生态交错带的地理分布及其生态环境特点,构建了以土地利用类型、自然气候特征和农业经济发展＂三位一体＂指标体系,并以此为依据对中国典型生态交错带进行了划分和空间分布范围的界定;在此基础上,分别对北方森林草原交错带、北方农牧交错带、西北荒漠绿洲交错带、西南川滇农林牧交错带和东部海陆交错带的动态变化、基本特征和存在问题进行了研究,对全面认识我国生态交错带自然演变规律,促进区域生态环境保护和优化经济发展具有重要意义。 相似文献
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为提升对土地资源的质的了解程度,优化资源利用方式和方向,实现黑土地保护目标和“藏粮于地、藏粮于技”战略要求,以黑龙江省作为典型研究区域,考虑黑土地保护与利用需求,并借鉴地球关键带理念,从气候影响、地貌条件、地质条件、土壤特性、水文分布5个维度构建三级分类,基于GIS平台采用空间叠置法对主导因素中级分类进行叠加和综合,进行省级尺度土地类型划分。结果表明,黑龙江省共划分为39个土地类,2 121个土地型和4 945个土地组。黑龙江省土地类型单元较丰富,类型单元面积分布不均衡,低级单元相比高级单元属性更丰富,黑土区的土地类型单元呈现出不同的数量特征和空间分布特征。类型单元可反映区域的自然地理规律。空间组合结构上主要有对称式空间组合结构、重复式空间组合结构、镶嵌式空间组合结构3种结构形式。土地类型数量和结构呈现的规律性分布可为黑土地的农业生产布局优化奠定基础。 相似文献
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《The Journal of geography》2012,111(5):186-193
Abstract This paper introduces global positioning system (GPS) technology to nonspecialist geographers and recommends a framework for implementing GPS instructional modules in college geography courses. The GPS system was developed as a worldwide satellite-based system by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) to simplify and improve military and civilian navigation and positioning. By presenting GPS in several courses, the approach outlined can expose large numbers of students to GPS and may help to demonstrate the utility of GPS for several geographic subdisciplines. 相似文献
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《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2012,66(2):109-112
The subject of this study is the ephemeral relief of the edge of one of the Vatnajökull outlet glaciers, called Sidujökull, developed in the shape of dirt cones. Special attention has been paid to the distribution of these forms, influenced by the existence of a system of fissures, supraglacial channels and shear planes in the glacier surface, and to the origin of covering material and development of conical forms. Taking into account the main process of ablation and the shape, a suggestion is made to use the term ‘ablation cone’ instead of ‘dirt cone’. 相似文献