共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 62 毫秒
1.
Maya Pasgaard Tania Fredborg Nielsen 《Geografisk tidskrift / udgivet af Bestyrelsen for Det Kongelige danske geografiske selskab》2016,116(2):134-146
Explicit notions of “communities”, as key actors in conservation and development projects across the Global South, are common. Narratives about “indigenous people” or “forest-dependent communities” in forest conservation programmes prevail, portraying a picture of “communities” as homogeneous and harmonious entities. In this study, we unfold “communities” as a construct with an empirical example of a community-based forest protection project, Northern Cambodia. Based on qualitative interviews, field observations and document analysis, we examine the “community” construct in terms of establishment of boundaries, geographical composition and social coherence. We not only find that the establishment of forest “community” boundaries are dominated by powerful external actors rather than the “community members” themselves, but that the spatial composition of “communities” is complex, and affects the ability of local people to benefit from the project. We also find that the studied “communities” show low levels of social coherence and mainly consist of migrant farmers, as opposed to common policy narratives. Taking these inconsistencies into account, we discuss implications of constructing “communities” for the success of forest conservation projects, and argue in favour of more discursive and political analyses to better understand, acknowledge and adapt to existing and changing conditions in present and prospective project locations. 相似文献
2.
Sustaining the “Societal and Scriptural Fence”: Cultural,Social, and Political Topographies of Same-Sex Marriage in Alabama 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In June 2006, voters in Alabama overwhelmingly approved a statewide referendum that added a prohibition against same-sex marriage to the state's constitution. This research examines the Alabama vote by “placing” the politics of sexuality within the state's multifaceted web of cultural and social space. We fuse a traditional electoral geography approach with an overall postpositivist cultural and social perspective, beginning with an assessment of the politics of place by situating Alabama as a place with a long history of battles over the so-called culture wars. The cultural politics of the legislative debate and the geographic distribution of the actual vote are also examined within a socio-demographic context, drawing some comparisons from a similar vote in Georgia in 2004, another state in the American Deep South. Those opposed to same-sex marriage in Alabama made effective use of various social constructions that are deeply embedded within a “moral” geography, situating the state as a fenced-off bastion of “religious traditional values,” a common theme throughout the American South. In this vein, social boundaries and territory were demarcated as a powerful political act in Alabama, a strategy that situated the state as hetero-normatively “in place,” while deeming sexual minorities as “out of place.” 相似文献
3.
基于路网分割的京津冀城乡空间识别及特征分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
提出一种基于路网分割应用于区域尺度快速识别城乡边界的方法。该方法利用路网与城市空间格局的强耦合联系,通过城乡斑块地理分割与精度计算确定城市斑块的最优解,识别区域城乡空间。以京津冀为例开展方法验证,分析了区域城乡空间格局、路网特征及城市用地经济效率。结果表明,该方法识别精度较高,可用于低成本、快速、高效的区域城乡空间识别;京津冀城市空间格局呈现“大京津、小河北”的差异性,路网密度特征呈现京、津、石3个显著的高密度区域,二者存在高耦合性;2015年该区域城市用地经济效益总体良好,石家庄、保定、和承德3市综合效率值欠佳,需进一步提高土地利用效率。 相似文献
4.
Karen Bridget Murray 《Urban geography》2013,34(2):277-299
In this paper, I develop the concept of “bio-gentrification” as a way to broaden critical theoretical debates on the relationship between gentrification and “social mixing” policies. Bio-gentrification weds urban Marxist political economic insights to the neo-Foucauldian notion of biopower. The former stresses spatial tactics of removal and displacement and value generated through land and property. The latter assesses a wider terrain of spatial tactics, their relationship to knowledge produced about humans as living beings, and their alignment with capitalist urbanization. The Vancouver example illuminates how social mixing “truths” and practices to which they are tied generate value by naturalizing human insecurity in situ and transforming the biological existence of disadvantaged peoples into raw material for profit through a process that can be conceptualized as a “vulnerability bio-value chain.” Bio-gentrification refers to the tension between removal and embedding of disadvantaged peoples and points to the need for a bio-gentrification politics to confront this dynamic. 相似文献
5.
资源型城市脆弱性研究对于当前我国落实新型城镇化战略，推动城市高质量发展具有重 要意义。通过以黄土高原地区 25 个矿产资源型城市为研究对象，从经济、社会、生态环境和资源 4 个维度构建指标体系，采用 TOPSIS 法、灰色关联法和地理探测器等方法研究了 2000—2015 年的城 市脆弱性格局及时空演化，并以人口这一流动性最强的社会资源为切入点，分析其脆弱性演变的 区域效应。结果表明：（1）2000—2015 年，黄土高原地区资源型城市以中低脆弱性为主，总体呈上 升趋势，城市间极差化显著，但不平衡性趋缓；（2）该区域资源型城市脆弱性主要问题呈“生态环 境-经济＋社会－经济＋资源”的转变特征，其中成熟型、衰退型城市的问题尤为突出；社会及生态 环境脆弱性总体上均得以改善，资源脆弱性上升区集中在东部、南部；（3）综合脆弱性的人口响应 程度呈下降趋势。城镇人口比重的响应程度最强，人口老龄化、社会总抚养比和流动人口比重的 响应具有阶段性特征。（4）分维度脆弱性的人口响应呈现维度差异。经济和社会脆弱性的人口响 应具有一致性，社会总抚养比是关键解释因子，生态环境脆弱性中流动人口比重的解释力较强且 增幅显著，而资源脆弱性中城镇人口比重的响应程度最高。 相似文献
6.
The notion of the “urban experiment” has become increasingly prevalent and popular as a guiding concept and trope used by both scholars and policymakers, as well as by corporate actors with a stake in the future of the city. In this paper, we critically engage with this emerging focus on “urban experiments”, and with its articulation through the associated concepts of “living labs”, “future labs”, “urban labs” and the like. A critical engagement with the notion of urban experimentation is now not only useful, but a necessity: we introduce seven specific areas that need critical attention when considering urban experiments: these are focused on normativity, crisis discourses, the definition of “experimental subjects”, boundaries and boundedness, historical precedents, “dark” experiments and non-human experimental agency. 相似文献
7.
Ramesh Dhussa 《The Professional geographer》2013,65(2):312-313
In this article, we first replicate and then adapt an existing index of social vulnerability to hazard developed for the United States to a non-U.S. context. We construct indexes for Norwegian municipalities, describe the adjustment process, and compare the replicated and adapted assessments. Our results indicate only a moderate correlation between the replicated and adapted vulnerability indexes and for several municipalities the difference between the indexes is considerable. This demonstrates that context matters and that indexes of vulnerability need to be adapted rather than replicated. To facilitate such adaption processes, we identify three types of accommodation: conceptual, technical, and geographic. 相似文献
8.
Geospatial data and tools are key in locating lost or missing persons in as short a time as possible. In this study, we used a geographic information system (GIS) to analyze four years of search and rescue (SAR) mission data from Colorado to determine the appropriate use of GIS for volunteer-based SAR organizations with limited resources and GIS expertise. GIS can provide more sophisticated analyses of geospatial data than simple mapping technologies, but our findings indicated that complex spatial analysis might not be required on all missions, because the majority of missions were completed within six to ten hours. Instead, new technologies such as tablets with mapping software and online GIS systems that provide quick and easy access to up-to-date geospatial data such as imagery offer capabilities that could improve mission planning. Here we provide a framework in which SAR missions can apply geospatial technologies to aid with missions, identify critical “hotspots,” and enhance postanalysis and training. The work here is highly applicable for nonprofit SAR groups when deciding on what GIS technologies to consider for their areas. 相似文献
9.
OpenStreetMap (OSM) is an online public access database that allows for the collaborative collection of local geographic information. We employ this mapping technology to discuss a new social theory of poverty that moves away from income poverty to an economy that directly produces individuals' basic needs. Focusing on urban farming in Philadelphia as an example, we use OSM to support the argument that money, land, labor, and capital do not limit food production in the city. OSM is a type of “commons” that allows community members to depict features of interest to them that might otherwise be underrepresented in official or commercially produced maps such as Google Maps. Using the concept of facilitated volunteered geographic information (VGI) we developed an open framework for combining residents' local knowledge of food resources with expert guidance in data input. We believe this helps overcome problems with ad hoc data submission efforts to which collaborative online projects are susceptible. The program for “tagging” food resources in OSM was deployed in a public “map-a-thon” event we organized in Philadelphia, bringing together technical experts and food enthusiasts. To share the results, we present the Philly Fresh Food Map as an interactive online Web map that can be used and updated by the public. 相似文献
10.
The main objective of this study is to assess evacuation assistance need in the 100 year floodplain of South Florida (Palm Beach, Broward and Miami-Dade counties) by examining select population characteristics of the floodplain inhabitants. Dasymetric mapping is used to redistribute block group level census data to homogeneous inhabited zones of 30 m × 30 m. Because the 100 year floodplain does not correspond to block group boundaries, this data redistribution increases the resolution and accuracy of the floodplain population and their social characteristics. Data on poverty, age, vehicle ownership and mobile housing units are obtained for each 30 m × 30 m zone in the floodplain and is aggregated to the block group level. It is then used to assess evacuation assistance need (based on volume of need as well as concentration of need) for the floodplain in each block group. Results reveal variations in evacuation need across the floodplain. “Age” is the main driver of evacuation need along the coast. “Poverty” is a factor inland, in both urban and rural areas. “Lack of vehicle ownership” contributes to assistance need in coastal and inland urban areas, but not so much in rural areas. “Mobile housing” is a factor in rural areas. Miami-Dade County has higher volume and concentration of poor households lacking vehicular ownership. Palm Beach and Broward counties, on the other hand, have a more dominant presence of elderly and of mobile housing. These results have important implications for local and regional evacuation planning in the event of a 100 year flood. 相似文献
11.
社会变革和制度文化制约下的“多尺度嵌入”——以缅甸莱比塘铜矿项目为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
“一带一路”倡议的深入推进加速了中国企业对外投资的步伐。而对于这些“走出去”的企业而言,往往面临着东道国社会环境及治理结构变革、制度制约、文化冲突等多重挑战。此前经济地理学提出的“主动嵌入”和“被动嵌入”,并不能完全解释“一带一路”倡议背景下中国企业在“走出去”过程中所呈现的“外资”与东道国治理结构、地方制度文化环境之间的复杂相互作用关系。本研究构建了“全球-国家-地方”多尺度嵌入的分析框架,以缅甸莱比塘铜矿为例,阐释企业如何通过多样化制度创新,顺应东道国的社会变革,突破制度和文化的制约,从而取得政府、企业、当地社区“多赢”局面的合作模式,从而从新的视角理解制度的多尺度性和尺度之间的相互作用。研究发现：尺度要素之间存在耦合关联作用,且作用模式有不同的组合,同时多个尺度要素的嵌入和影响过程也存在时序效应。最后,结合莱比塘案例,为中国企业“走出去”提出了政策建议。 相似文献
12.
“Geographic polarization”, the spatial concentration of “like” voting behavior, is a phenomenon closely related to “partisan polarization”, the intensification of diametrically ideological positions, is understudied, and is critical to the understanding of current American electoral behavior. To date, few studies have examined geographic polarization, and those that do have done so at the scales of regions, states, and counties. However, local influences operating within areas smaller than counties influence voting behavior and can produce geographic polarization. To address these scalar and methodological shortcomings, this research focuses on the smallest political units, precincts, using a case study of the Greater Cincinnati Metropolitan Area. Presidential election data from 1976 through 2008 were collected by precincts, analyzed using spatial statistics, and mapped to examine evolving geographic polarization over this 32-year period. The results measured at the precinct-scale, suggest an increased concentration of partisan behavior and emphasize a local residential spatial pattern of geographic polarization. 相似文献
13.
喀什地区生态脆弱性时空变化及驱动力分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
生态脆弱性评价对认识、保护和改造生态环境,促进人与自然的和谐具有重要意义。为了合理利用生态资源,在开发建设中保护环境,故研究喀什地区生态脆弱性时空动态变化,为社会经济与生态保护和谐发展提供科学依据。基于“暴露度-敏感性-恢复力”的评价框架,从自然条件和人为活动方面选取13个指标构建2000-2016年喀什地区生态脆弱性评价指标体系,采用空间主成分方法分析喀什地区生态脆弱性等级的时空变化,并用地理探测器模型分析其驱动因素。结果表明:喀什地区北部区域生态脆弱性高于南部地区,高度脆弱区面积增多且集中在叶尔羌河中下游和喀什噶尔河下游,脆弱性呈现整体增加并向东北方向转移。2000-2016年喀什地区各县市生态脆弱性最低值在塔什库尔干塔吉克自治县,其次为喀什市和泽普县,均属于微度脆弱;最高的是莎车县、伽师县和巴楚县,属于高度脆弱地区。气温、地形和植被覆盖度因素造成喀什地区南北地带生态脆弱性空间分异;耕地面积、牲畜头数的增长引起景观破碎度变大,与区域恶劣的自然环境相互耦合加重了喀什地区的生态脆弱性,导致了喀什地区整体生态环境脆弱性向东北方向扩大。 相似文献
14.
《Urban geography》2013,34(5):691-709
Municipalities create a local political geography that can institutionalize subordinate positions for minority groups. Most importantly, local governments determine which areas are incorporated into a municipality through annexation and which are excluded. Through these powers, local governments can diminish or deny minority political standing in local affairs, limit access to public services, and reduce the value of minority property. The boundaries are a component of racial residential segregation. Racially disparate application of local governments' power to shape local political geography creates barriers to equality that are difficult to discern on the ground, but which can be made visible by the mapping of spatial data. This study presents four cases where governmental decisions concerning a municipal boundary have institutionalized racial inequality, which is documented with maps created from public GIS data and other public records (e.g., City Council meeting minutes) as well as legal documents. This pattern of systematic exclusion of minority neighborhoods is receiving attention in the legal community, but studies in the social sciences have been limited. 相似文献
15.
领域与地盘:中西方权地观之比较 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
通过对中西权地观中情感属性、权力属性、空间属性对比,提出地盘作为关系的空间投影发挥作用。根据塑造地盘的关系属性的不同,将地盘分为情感型地盘、工具型地盘及混合型地盘3类。地盘体系中讲究人情、信任与求和,通过模糊正规权力的空间边界对抗空间阻力,形成缓冲我与非我的圈层结构。 相似文献
16.
Using a mixed set of ethnographic methods including interviews and a structured survey, we evaluate local perceptions about the sustainability of salmon fisheries among fishers of the Cook Inlet region of Alaska. A majority of residents report participating in these fisheries, but we find significant disagreement about their sustainability. Household income and the types of fishing practiced both influence people's responses, and many implicated specific user groups for overharvesting and/or for receiving unfair catch allocations. Drawing on the theoretical areas of information theory and political ecology, we argue that these findings reveal a complex interplay among the practical, social, and political aspects of how local resource users, or “local experts,” develop and communicate their assessments of ecological conditions in a context of conflict. We conclude with notes on future research as it relates to the successful design of local-management and co-management solutions, especially in settings where resources are contested by stakeholders. 相似文献
17.
A comprehensive assessment of urban vulnerability and its spatial differentiation in China 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
The urban vulnerability poses a serious challenge to achieving sustainable development. With the concentration of the population and the economy, cities must manage the higher frequencies and risks of various hazards and are becoming more vulnerable. Research on the assessment and regulatory control of urban vulnerability is of great significance for both urbanization quality improvement and sustainable development in China or other countries in the world. Because of the complexity of cities and vulnerability concepts, existing studies have focused on different aspects of urban vulnerability. And the research content of urban vulnerability is scattered and relatively independent, leading to a lack of comparability among the research data and resulting in tremendous difficulties in summarizing the conclusions through comparison of independent research data. Therefore the goal of this study was to construct urban vulnerability index (UVI) from the perspective of sustainable development that could assess urban vulnerability comprehensively. In this study, we selected 10 subindexes involving 36 specific parameters from four aspects (resources, eco-environmental systems, economics, and social development) to construct a comprehensive index system. We also established the standard values of measurements. Then we take 288 prefecture-level cities in China as a study area and evaluate its overall urban vulnerability and its spatial differentiation. Results indicate that urban vulnerability of China has a remarkable spatial differentiation of both “gradient distribution” and “clustered distribution”; the extent of urban vulnerability corresponds to city size, the bigger the city, the lower its vulnerability; resource-based cities are more vulnerable than comprehensive cities; a city’s economic growth rate does not reflect the extent of its urban vulnerability. Further, we offer a few suggestions to cope with urban vulnerability in China. 相似文献
18.
Peter Edwards Lisa Sharma‐Wallace Tim Barnard Sandra J. Velarde Tui Warmenhoven Gerard Fitzgerald Duncan Harrison Loretta Garrett Tina Porou Pia Pohatu 《New Zealand geographer》2019,75(2):63-73
Sustainable livelihoods approaches used in international development are applied to a vulnerable New Zealand catchment. The Waiapu Catchment has a high proportion of indigenous residents, and is one of the most remote and deprived areas in the country. Linear and centralised approaches to indigenous development have failed to bring about desired changes. We identify “capitals” (social, human/political, physical, natural, financial and cultural) present in the catchment. From this assessment, we propose capital‐based holistic approaches to bring about community‐led change. The assessment and resulting approaches can be used in other vulnerable environments around the world. 相似文献
19.
基于2008、2018年A级景点数据,采用GIS空间分析方法,从景点时空分布集中性、移动性、可达性三方面对甘肃省旅游空间结构变化进行探究,并以“点—轴”理论为基础提出优化建议。结果表明:(1)甘肃省A级景点空间结构类型为聚集-随机型,景点分布高密度区主要集中在酒—嘉、兰州、天水等地,在旅游板块上呈现出“点强、面弱”的特点。(2)景点可达性时间成本变化明显,1 h等时圈增率为134%,2 h等时圈增率为41%,交通情况改善明显,路网“线分散”的特点趋于弱化。(3)以“点—轴”理论为基础,因地制宜,联系实际,提出三大旅游板块各自的增长级和发展轴线,以期推进甘肃省由“景点旅游”向“全域旅游”发展转变。 相似文献
20.
《The Journal of geography》2012,111(2):113-114
Abstract A new political geography has emerged that stresses the political conflict behind the production of space. This orientation in the subdiscipline constitutes a turn away from traditional political geography, where the emphasis had previously been on the spatial distribution of political phenomena. The “new” political geographic theory has been applied to the study of environmental issues, turning the attention of scholars to the political struggle behind the construction of nature as well as space. This article reviews how the new political geography of the environment (NPGE) perspective has impacted the study of such environmental phenomena as hazards, siting issues, human-land relationships, resources, development, and international environmental governance. It concludes by suggesting how the NPGE perspective can inform pedagogy in environmental education. 相似文献