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1.
开垦对内蒙古温带草地土壤不同有机碳组分的影响(英文) 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
Cultivation is one of the most important human activities affecting the grassland ecosystem besides grazing, but its impacts on soil total organic carbon (C), especially on the liable organic C fractions have not been fully understood yet. In this paper, the role of cropping in soil organic C pool of different fractions was investigated in a meadow steppe region in Inner Mongolia of China, and the relationships between different C fractions were also discussed. The results indicated that the concentrations of different C fractions at steppe and cultivated land all decreased progressively with soil depth. After the conversion from steppe to spring wheat field for 36 years, total organic carbon (TOC) concentration at the 0 to 100 cm soil depth has decreased by 12.3% to 28.2%, and TOC of the surface soil horizon, especially those of 0-30 cm decreased more significantly (p<0.01). The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) at the depth of 0-40 cm were found to have decreased by 66.7% to 77.1% and 36.5% to 42.4%, respectively. In the S.baicalensis steppe, the ratios of soil DOC to TOC varied between 0.52% and 0.60%, and those in the spring wheat field were only in the range of 0.18%-0.20%. The microbial quotients (qMBs) in the spring wheat field, varying from 1.11% to 1.40%, were also lower than those in the S. baicalensis steppe, which were in the range of 1.50%-1.63%. The change of DOC was much more sensitive to cultivation disturbance. Soil TOC, DOC, and MBC were significantly positive correlated with each other in the S. baicalensis steppe, but in the spring wheat field, the correlativity between DOC and TOC and that between DOC and MBC did not reach the significance level of 0.05. 相似文献
2.
贵州猫跳河流域土地利用变化和土壤侵蚀(英文) 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
Due to the extremely poor soil cover, a low soil-forming rate, and inappropriate intensive land use, soil erosion is a serious problem in Guizhou Province, which is located in the centre of the karst areas of Southwest China. In order to bring soil erosion under control and restore environment, the Chinese Government has initiated a serious of ecological rehabilitation projects such as the Grain-for-Green Programme and Natural Forest Protection Program and brought about tremendous influences on land-use change and soil erosion in Guizhou Province. This paper explored the relationship between land use and soil erosion in the Maotiao River watershed, a typical agricultural area with severe soil erosion in central Guizhou Province. In this study, we analyzed the spatio-temporal dynamic change of land-use type in Maotiao River watershed from 1973 to 2007 using Landsat MSS image in 1973, Landsat TM data in 1990 and 2007. Soil erosion change characteristics from 1973 to 2007, and soil loss among different land-use types were examined by integrating the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) with a GIS environment. The results indicate that changes in land use within the watershed have significantly affected soil erosion. From 1973 to 1990, dry farmland and rocky desertified land significantly increased. In contrast, shrubby land, other forestland and grassland significantly decreased, which caused accelerated soil erosion in the study area. This trend was reversed from 1990 to 2007 with an increased area of land-use types for ecological use owing to the implementation of environmental protection programs. Soil erosion also significantly varied among land-use types. Erosion was most serious in dry farmland and the lightest in paddy field. Dry farmland with a gradient of 6°-25° was the major contributor to soil erosion, and conservation practices should be taken in these areas. The results of this study provide useful information for decision makers and planners to take sustainable land use management and soil conservation measures in the area. 相似文献
3.
北京城市空间发展和土地利用—伦敦经验启示 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Beijing is facing a huge challenge to manage the growth of its built-up area whilst also retaining both productive arable land and land for conservation purposes in order to simultaneously realize the three aims of economic development,protecting arable land and generating environmental improvements. Meanwhile,London,as a world city with more than 200 years of industrialization and urbanization,has accumulated rich theoretical and practical experiences for land use planning in a major urban area,such as the creation of Garden Cities,a designated Green Belt and New Towns. This paper firstly analyzes the main characteristics of the spatial distribution of the built-up area,arable land and conservation land in Beijing. Then,some of the key aspects of urban fringe planning in the London region are examined. Lastly,several implications from the experience of London are provided with respect to land-use planning for Beijing,concentrating on a re-appraisal of land-use functions around Beijing,measures to improve the green belt,the development of small towns to house rural-urban migrants and urban overspill,and effective implementation of land-use planning. 相似文献
4.
Soil respiration is one of the primary fluxes of carbon between soils and the atmosphere.It is produced by rhizosphere respiration and soil microbial respiration.Soil respiration is not only affected by environmental factors,but also changes with the hu-man-induced disturbances of ecosystems.Land-use,the measures of land management,the pollution of soil,and so on can affect soil respiration and change the soil efflux.According to some research,the authors summed up their impacts on soil respiration by human activities through land-use changes and land-management measures among agroecosystem,grassland ecosystem,and for-est ecosystem.The results showed that (1) when adding fertilization to farmland,the soil respiration will increase;(2) fenced land can decrease soil respiration,while soil respiration in the grazed land at a grassland ecosystem will decline with the increasing of grazing intensity;(3) with grassland fertilization;farmland cultivation;fire,fertilization,and cutting of forest,conflicting results were found in the changes of soil respiration.Perhaps plant species,site condition,and measurement season can lead to different results on soil respiration. 相似文献
5.
Cropping systems worldwide have been affected by the current trend in global warming and the optimization of cropping systems is an important area of research in the transition of agricultural land. The Loess Plateau is a typical ecologically fragile region with the most serious soil erosion in China. We carried out a field experiment in Yan’an city on the Loess Plateau to explore the effect of sowing date on crop growth and yield. We then analyzed the feasibility of a double-cropping system by ... 相似文献
6.
《地理学报(英文版)》2017,(8)
Soil organic carbon(SOC) stocks in terrestrial ecosystems vary considerably with land use types. Grassland, forest, and cropland coexist in the agro-pastoral ecotone of Inner Mongolia, China. Using SOC data compiled from literature and field investigations, this study compared SOC stocks and their vertical distributions among three types of ecosystems. The results indicate that grassland had the largest SOC stock, which was 1.5-and 1.8-folds more than stocks in forest and cropland, respectively. Relative to the stock in 0–100 cm depth, grassland held more than 40% of its SOC stock in the upper 20 cm soil layer; forest and cropland both held over 30% of their respective SOC stocks in the upper 20 cm soil layer. SOC stocks in grazed grasslands were remarkably promoted after ≥20 years of grazing exclusion. Conservational cultivation substantially increased the SOC stocks in cropland, especially in the 0–40 cm depth. Stand ages, tree species, and forest types did not have obvious impacts on forest SOC stocks in the study area likely due to the younger stand ages. Our study implies that soil carbon loss should be taken into account during the implementation of ecological projects, such as reclamation and afforestation, in the arid and semi-arid regions of China. 相似文献
7.
An approach to spatially explicit reconstruction of historical forest in Northeast China 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
The spatially explicit reconstruction of historical land-cover datasets plays an important role in studying the climatic and ecological effects of land-use and land-cover change（LUCC）. Using potential natural vegetation（PNV） and satellite-based land use data, we determined the possible maximum distribution extent of forest cover in the absence of human disturbance. Subsequently, topography and climate factors were selected to assess the suitability of land for cultivation. Finally, a historical forest area allocation model was devised on the basis of the suitability of land for cultivation. As a case study, we used the historical forest area allocation model to reconstruct forest cover for 1780 and 1940 in Northeast China with a 10-km resolution. To validate the model, we compared satellite-based forest cover data with our reconstruction for 2000. A one-sample t-test of absolute bias showed that the two-tailed significance was 0.12, larger than the significant level 0.05, suggesting that the model has strong ability to capture the spatial distribution of forests. In addition, we calculated the relative difference of our reconstruction at the county scale for 1780 in Northeast China. The number of counties whose relative difference ranged from-30% to 30% is 99, accounting for 74.44% of all counties. These findings demonstrated that the provincial forest area could be transformed into forest cover maps well using the model. 相似文献
8.
This study investigated the effects of various grazing systems, including continuous grazing, rotational grazing, and no-grazing systems, on the community biomass in the Stipa breviflora Griseb desert grassland during the grazing seasons in 2005, 2006, and 2007, based on study sites established in 1999. We found that the seasonal dynamics of the aboveground biomass were quite similar among the three treatments, which reached peak values in period from August to September during each study year. The continuous grazing system reduced the aboveground biomass from 2005 to 2007 under drought conditions, and the rotational grazing and no-grazing systems maintained more aboveground biomass than the continuous grazing system did. The belowground biomass declined with the increase of soil depth among the three treatments, and in the surface 20-cm soil layer it accounted for more than 60% of the total biomass. The belowground biomass was found to be highly correlated with soil depth under rotational grazing. The total belowground biomass within the 0–100-cm soil layer for rotational grazing was significantly higher than for continuous grazing and no-grazing, and had 15,775 kg/ha more biomass. Our results demonstrate that conservative rotational grazing can alleviate grassland deterioration by reserving more aboveground and belowground biomass than the continuous grazing system does. 相似文献
9.
Land use change plays an important part in the studies of global environmental change and regional sustainable development. The change of soil quality can particularly reflect the impacts of human socio-economic activities on environment. Taking the coastal plain of south Hangzhou Bay as a study case, we analyzed the effects of land use changes on organic matter （OM）, total nitrogen （TN）, total phosphorus （TP）, available phosphorus （AP）, available potassium （AK）, total salinity （TS）, pH value in soil genetic layers, and assessed soil quality change related to different land use types from 1982 to 2003. The results show that： （1） The general change tendency of soil quality in the coastal plain of south Hangzhou Bay declined obviously in A layer and slightly rise in B （or P） layer and C （or W） layer. The contents of TP decreased generally in all soil genetic layers, but the variety difference of other soil quality indices was relatively great. （2） The change of soil quality in the areas where land use changed is far more remarkable than that with land use unchanged. The value of quality variety is A layer 〉B （or P） layer 〉C （or W） layer. （3） The changes of soil tillage, cultivation, fertilization, irrigation and drainage activities related to land use may make some soil-forming processes disappeared and bring in other new processes which will affect the soil quality and soil genetic layers directly. 相似文献
10.
Soil erosion and its response to the changes of precipitation and vegetation cover on the Loess Plateau 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6
Soil erosion is a major threat to our terrestrial ecosystems and an important global environmental problem. The Loess Plateau in China is one of the regions that suffered more severe soil erosion and undergoing climate warming and drying in the past decades. The vegetation restoration named Grain-to-Green Program has now been operating for more than 10 years. It is necessary to assess the variation of soil erosion and the response of precipita- tion and vegetation restoration to soil erosion on the Loess Plateau. In the study, the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation （RUSLE） was applied to evaluate annual soil loss caused by water erosion. The results showed as follows. The soil erosion on the Loess Plateau between 2000 and 2010 averaged for 15.2 t hm-2 a 1 and was characterized as light for the value less than 25 t hm-2 a-1. The severe soil erosion higher than 25 t hm-2 a-~ was mainly distributed in the gully and hilly regions in the central, southwestern, and some scattered areas of earth-rocky mountainous areas on the Loess Plateau. The soil erosion on the Loess Plateau showed a deceasing trend in recent decade and reduced more at rates more than 1 t hm 2 a 1 in the areas suffering severe soil loss. Benefited from the improved vegetation cover and ecological construction, the soil erosion on the Loess Plateau was significantly declined, es- pecially in the east of Yulin, most parts of Yah＇an prefectures in Shaanxi Province, and the west of Luliang and Linfen prefectures in Shanxi Province in the hilly and gully regions. The variation of vegetation cover responding to soil erosion in these areas showed the relatively higher contribution than the precipitation. However, most areas in Qingyang and Dingxi pre- fectures in Gansu Province and Guyuan in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region were predomi- nantly related to precipitation. 相似文献
11.
Understanding the effect of human activities on the soil environment is fundamental to understanding global change and sustainable development. In the process of transformation of tropical rain forests and semiarid grasslands to farmlands, land degradation usually occurs. But the transformation of arid desert landscape to oasis is found to have quite different consequences. Taking an alluvial plain oasis in the north piedmont of the Tianshan Mountains as a case study, we investigate oasis soil properties related to different land-use systems during the transformation of arid desert to oases. Selected land-use systems consisted of an annual crop field less than 3 years old, annual crop field 3?6 years old, annual crop field more than 6 years old, perennial crop field less than 4 years old, perennial crop field of 4-6 years old, perennial crop field more than 6 years old, abandoned farmland more than 3 years old, woodland field more than 6 years old, ecological forestation field, natural shrubbery field, desert grass land, and saline or alkaline field. Different land-use systems affect significantly the distribution of sand, silt and clay. Sand content in oasis soil tends to decrease with cultivation years but silt and clay contents tend to be increased in the oasis soils. Soil fertility is higher in the land-use systems under strong human disturbance than under weak human disturbance. Oasis soil nutrients also tend to increase with cultivation years. Soils have a significantly lower salinity in the land-use systems under strong human disturbance than under weak human disturbance. Soil organic matter and nutrients of the annual and perennial crop systems in the oasis tend to increase with cultivation time with the oasis soil acting as a carbon sink. These results show that soils are not degraded and the soil quality is gradually improved under rational land use and scientific management patterns, including uniform exploitation of land resources, effective irrigation systems, sound drainage systems, balanced fertilizer application, crushed straw return to soil and transformation of annual crop fields to perennial ones. 相似文献
12.
天山北坡绿洲不同土地利用对土壤特性的影响 总被引：35，自引：1，他引：34
以天山北坡三工河流域冲积平原型绿洲作为研究区,选择12种土地利用系统作为土地利用方式的具体体现,通过采集不同土地利用系统上层土壤 (0~20 cm) 和下层土壤 (20~40 cm) 样方,分析不同土地利用系统对主要土壤特性的影响。研究结果表明：(1) 土地利用系统对砂、粉砂和粘土粒度分布的影响显著。绿洲土壤砂含量随着土地种植年限增加有降低的趋势,而粉砂和粘土含量有增加的趋势;(2) 绿洲土地利用系统对土壤pH值和养分变异的影响显著。人类强干扰的土地利用系统的土壤养分普遍高于人类影响较弱的土地利用系统,上层土壤养分普遍高于下层土壤,而且随着人类干扰时间的延长土壤养分呈整体增加趋势;(3) 人类活动强干扰的土地利用系统土壤盐分含量低于人类活动影响较弱的土地利用系统;人类活动作用时间长的土地利用系统土壤盐分含量总体低于人类活动作用时间短的土地利用系统;(4) 绿洲土壤总体表现为"碳汇"的趋势,土壤质量逐步得到提高,其最主要的原因在于合理的土地利用与科学的管理方式结合;绿洲土壤的"碳汇"积极响应了减轻温室气体排放的东京协定 。 相似文献
13.
14.
以人工生物土壤结皮治理沙化土地技术是近年来新兴的绿色环保固沙技术,是目前沙区生态恢复研究的热点。然而,用于人工生物土壤结皮培养的荒漠蓝藻等生物体的产量是限制该技术大规模应用的瓶颈。为阐明荒漠蓝藻规模化培养的生长特征及其限制因子,以分离于腾格里沙漠蓝藻结皮中的优势荒漠蓝藻——鱼腥藻（Anabaena cylindrica）、具鞘微鞘藻（Microcoleus vaginatus）、念珠藻（Nostoc carneum）、席藻（Phormidium sp. NIES-2121）、伪枝藻（Scytonema sp. NIES-4073）、爪哇伪枝藻（Scytonema javanicum）和单歧藻（Tolypothrix tenuis）为研究对象,测定了不同扰动时长下荒漠蓝藻的生长特征和产量,分析了荒漠蓝藻的生长与扰动时长、温度、光照强度、光合有效辐射、pH和电导率对荒漠蓝藻的影响。结果显示：荒漠蓝藻接种后干重先迅速增加后逐渐趋于稳定,而6 h和12 h扰动下干重在培养后期高于3 h扰动;荒漠蓝藻在3、6、12 h扰动下的总质量分别为每培养池（15 m3）0.858、0.940、0.841 kg;在3 h和12 h扰动下荒漠蓝藻干重与日均温度呈显著二项式相关,与日均光照强度和日均光合有效辐射呈显著负相关;荒漠蓝藻总质量与有效积温显著正相关。6 h扰动时长下荒漠蓝藻的总质量最高,且6 h扰动下荒漠蓝藻长势好于3 h,较12 h扰动耗能小。在荒漠蓝藻规模化培养时应将扰动时长设置为6 h,且确保生长期内的有效积温应不低于145 ℃。 相似文献
15.
水盐动态与土地利用变化相互作用的分析 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
利用1987年和1998年两期土地利用现状图,1988~1998年水文资料和2000年、2001年地下水和土壤水、盐含量的监测资料,分析三工河流域水盐的时空动态变化对流域土地利用的影响。1988~1998年三条河流年出山口总径流量10年间无显著变化,但上游老绿洲耕地面积逐步扩大,引水量逐年增加,可以占到出山口径流总量的90%以上。1998年相对于1988年,上游绿洲地下水位有所下降,而所有下游观测点的地下水位均有所升高,盐渍化问题加剧。通过2000年和2001年三工河流域下游的新垦绿洲地下水、土壤的连续观测表明,从绿洲、过渡带到沙漠中,土壤盐分含量的变化梯度不大,差异不显著,而水分则有显著的下降趋势。但是在过渡带由于受绿洲灌溉过程的影响,地下水位较浅,土壤含水量较高,植被较为稳定,因此绿洲边界始终没有变化。因此水分的减少是绿洲过渡带动态稳定的关键限制因子。绿洲内的撂荒地和靠近绿洲的荒漠草地受绿洲内部灌溉过程的影响,地下水位升高,超过了地下水的临界深度,同时又因为缺少灌溉的反复淋洗,在强烈的蒸发作用下,盐分的表聚现象十分明显,而且整个剖面内盐分的含量都较高,土壤的盐渍化现象非常严重。 相似文献
16.
黑河中游不同土地覆被类型土壤呼吸及对水热因子的响应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以黑河中游6种典型土地覆被类型（百年灌溉农田、新垦灌溉农田、人工杨树林、人工樟子松林、人工梭梭灌木林和天然荒漠草地）为研究对象,对土壤呼吸及其对土壤含水量和土壤温度的响应进行测定。结果表明：灌溉农田的土壤呼吸速率显著大于人工樟子松林地和杨树林地,人工林地显著大于荒漠草地和梭梭灌木林地。6种土地覆被类型土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度显著正相关性,Q10值1.14~1.31,表明该地区土壤呼吸速率对土壤温度的敏感性低于世界平均水平;土壤呼吸速率与土壤含水量呈显著的指数关系。这表明6种土地覆被类型的土壤呼吸特征存在显著差异,且不同土地覆被类型的土壤呼吸特征与水热因子关系密切,以人类活动为主导的土地覆被变化深刻影响着荒漠绿洲生态系统水土气生的相互作用。 相似文献
17.
1975-2010年石羊河流域绿洲时空演变研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
应用RS和GIS技术,以石羊河流域绿洲为研究对象,对1975 2010年流域绿洲的时空动态变化进行了监测,并结合气候变化、地表径流量和人类活动等资料探讨了绿洲变化的原因.结果表明:近35年来,石羊河流域绿洲整体规模呈波动变化的趋势,1975、1990、2000年和2010年,流域绿洲总面积分别为7 563.06、7 730.62、7 131.56 km2和7 459.43 km2.通过分析绿洲与荒漠面积之间的转化发现绿洲主要经历了“绿洲化-荒漠化-再绿洲化”的过程,绿洲面积缩小了103.63 km2.绿洲内部耕地、城镇居民地和水域面积增加,而林地和草地面积缩小.绿洲的变化受自然因素和人类活动的共同作用,但人口数量的增加、经济的发展以及地表径流的变化对绿洲演变的影响更为显著. 相似文献
18.
当前新疆与中亚国家的经济形势进入平稳发展的新时期,新疆在经济合作中的地位逐渐明晰,产业结构、资源条件等是开展合作的直接影响主因。利用遥感技术开展LUCC研究,可直观探讨自然和非自然因素对LUCC影响,为区域可持续发展提供决策依据。以土库曼斯坦马雷绿洲1976年、2001年、2010年和中国新疆于田绿洲1977年、2000年和2011年共6期TM和MSS影像为数据源,对中亚地区两个生态环境皆较脆弱的绿洲进行土地利用/覆被变化（LUCC）分析,对比研究干旱区绿洲LUCC,并分析其自然和非自然因素。在研究期间,马雷绿洲中轻度盐渍地变化最多,相对变化达到2.21,净变化速度为3.49%,面积下降最多的是沙漠类型,相对变化为-0.59,净变化速度为-2.60%;于田绿洲水体面积变化最多,相对变化为5.54,净变化速度达5.51%,沙漠面积也下降最多,相对变化为-0.97,净变化速度为-9.31%。结果表明：（1）马雷绿洲和于田绿洲具有相似的地类变化趋势：耕地、中轻度盐渍地、其它地类面积有所增加,而林地、重度盐渍地、沙漠面积减少;（2）LUCC是由自然因素和非自然因素共同作用引起的。 相似文献
19.
干旱区典型山地绿洲荒漠系统中绿洲土地利用/覆盖变化对生态系统服务价值的影响 总被引：26，自引：7，他引：19
研究土地利用/覆盖变化对区域生态系统服务价值的影响具有重要意义。对处于干旱区典型MODS（Mountain-Oasis-Desert System）系统中的新疆南部且末绿洲1989年Landsat TM 影像及2004年的CBERS遥感影像进行处理,分析且末绿洲15 a来的土地利用/覆盖变化。在此基础上,采用中国陆地生态系统服务价值的测算方法,评估且末绿洲土地利用/覆盖变化引起的生态系统服务价值的变化。结果表明,1989-2004年,且末绿洲减少的土地面积有林地、戈壁沙地和盐碱地,增加的土地面积有水域、建筑用地和耕地。林地减少了41.73％,耕地增加了58.04％。1989年且末绿洲生态系统服务价值总额为184 349.88万元,2004年为176 970.72万元,15 a间,生态系统服务价值损失了7 379.16万元。林地面积的减少是生态系统服务价值减少的主要原因。保护区域生态环境,恢复和提高区域生态系统服务功能是该区域生态环境建设的重要任务。 相似文献
20.
河西走廊荒漠绿洲过渡带封育对土壤和植被的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
在河西走廊荒漠绿洲过渡带,封育天然植被是植被群落恢复、防止绿洲沙漠化的有效措施。以流动沙丘作为对照(0年),对封育5年和15年的半固沙和固定沙丘植被群落以及土壤进行调查取样和分析。结果表明:随着封育年限增加,天然固沙植被群落生物多样性增加,灌木层和草本层植物密度、盖度和生物量都显著增加,灌木层盖度从10%增加到40%,草本层以一年生草本植物为主,物种从5种增加到8种,生物量从1 g·m-2增加到13 g·m-2。随着天然植被盖度增加,土壤表层沙土细粒化明显,沙土中黏粉粒含量显著增加,土壤质地由粗质沙粒向细质沙粒转变;随着沙土中黏粉粒成分的增加,沙土有机质、全氮、全磷含量也增加,灌丛下土壤养分含量高于灌丛间,“沃岛效应”明显。同时,在灌丛下表层土壤出现明显的盐分集聚现象,其中SO42-、K+、Na+含量分别增加了6、3、17倍。在降水100 mm左右的荒漠绿洲过渡带,封育可以显著恢复固沙植被群落和提高沙土质地和养分。 相似文献