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1.
《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2012,66(3-4):169-170
The central Glomdal caves, Storbekkgrotta and Kalkrastgrotta, are found within a 30 m (approximately) thick band of white marble. The karst system is allogenic and the cave morphology and surface topography provide evidence of several phases of development: 1. Phreatic conduit development. 2. Drainage and vadose incision. 3. Partial or complete infill with clastic (glaciogenic) sediments. 4. Glacial truncation of the conduits. 5. Reversed, phreatic flow in the up-hill direction, producing paragenetic halftubes and rock pendants. 6. Partial outwash of the previous infilling sediment. 7. Holocene vadose invasion. Since the paragenetic features are superimposed onto vadose features, the reversed flow must have occurred after base-level (i.e. bedrock) lowering. Together with the topographical situation of the karst, phase 5 (paragenesis under reversed flow) may be explained by subglacial water flow. This implies a temperate glacier sole at a time when the icefield could over-ride the local valley topography and provide an up-hill directed englacial hydraulic gradient. The results suggest that sub-glacial water flow may utilize pre-existing karst conduits (which are extremely stable Nye-channels in the glaciohydrologic context) and enlarge them somewhat. It is still not proven that entire cave passages with radii of 1 to 2 m may form under such sub-glacial conditions, as suggested by Horn in 1947. The chemistry and conduit hydrology of deep sub-glacial waters are crucial parameters in this regard. 相似文献
2.
《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2012,66(3-4):209-214
In August 1983, 18 samples were collected in Norwegian karst environments: seepage waters, surface flow upstream sinkholes or caves, allogenic and authigenie karst springs. Hydrochemical data (ion contents and computed variables for CO-CaCO system) are described by means of a factor analysis, the principal components analysis. Four factors, responsible for about 90 % of the total variance, are extracted and interpreted. Five clusters of samples are then identified: – Authigenic karst waters (seepage and only carbonate aquifer); – Waters of very short residence time (surface or karst flow); – CO-rich waters (seepage and possibly organic-rich surface waters), CO2 part is discussed in more detail; – CO-poor waters (surface waters above tree-line); – a central group, combining 2 or more of these characters. 相似文献
3.
云南西南部地区由于地质构造等方面的原因，喀斯特洞穴不象滇东地区那样分布广泛和发育强烈，在以往对云南喀斯特与洞穴的研究与开发中并未引起人们足够的重视，有关喀斯特与洞穴学的探测和研究工作在滇西地区进行得不多，可以说还是一块“处女地”。１９９３年至１９９４年间，笔者等人在滇西保山市、施甸县和景谷县等地的洞穴进行了实地综合调查。调查结果表明，滇西南地区的洞穴由于所处的地理位置和特殊的自然环境，有着丰富的喀 相似文献
4.
Until recently, the amount of published information available about the fauna in Norwegian karst caves has been very limited. The Karst Research Project in Norway, established in 1977, has considerably expanded our knowledge in this field. As ecosystems, Norwegian karst caves can be divided into two types: 1) open systems – connecting directly to the surface, with rivers or brooks entering through discrete openings. Most animals are surface or surface-related forms which may survive but rarely can reproduce underground. True cavernicoles are not often found; 2) infiltration systems – are fed by seepage water from overlying material, and show a more complex and interesting cave ecosystem, including troglophilic and troglobitic forms (which, with few exceptions, are invertebrates). Vertebrate data from caves in Norway consist of fossils and unfossilized bone remains, usually of mammals. These represent accidentals from stream and pit-fall traps, as well as remains of predator dens. Two on-going research projects in Norway arc: 1) the Ecosystem Study in Bevergrotta – sampling of the environment and contents has been continued for several years, and has shown this to be one of the most significant cave ecosystems in Norway; 2) Mammalian Remnants in Caves – sampling is still in the preliminary stage, and has collected only exposed remains. The data at present indicate bones of 5700 years old or younger. Clearly deeper sampling over a broad geographic area needs to be done. 相似文献
5.
云南石林洞穴发育特征初析 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
石林位于滇东喀斯特高原南部，喀斯特极其发育，以发育了典型的石林地形面闻名退途，倍受国内外喀斯特学者的关注。研究区内喀斯特洞穴极为发育，洞穴在发育分布上受到区域碳酸盐岩地层分布的控制，表现出洞穴分布的相对集中性、洞穴发育对地层的选择性和洞穴发育的成层性等特征。洞穴发育规模绝大多数为中小型洞穴；洞穴多为现代地下洞河，埋藏浅且多天窗，并且洞穴的发育延伸方向明显受裂隙构造的控制，有强烈的方向性。通过对石林地区喀斯特洞穴的发育延伸方向明显受裂隙构造的控制，有强烈的方向性。通过对石林地区喀林斯特洞穴发育条件、洞穴发育规模、分布特征和洞穴发育的古地理环境特征的条件，论述了石林地区洞穴的发育特征。 相似文献
6.
《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2012,66(3-4):157-161
Contemporary models of subglacial hydrology identify two quasi-independent hydrologic systems at the bed of temperate alpine glaciers: a dendritic, low pressure conduit network and a more extensive, high pressure regelation film. Observations in Castleguard Cave beneath the Columbia Icefield suggest that this distinction continues into the groundwater system; the conduit waters draining through erosional shafts, and the film waters percolating through a network of fine cracks and fissures, depositing calcite when encountering the cave atmosphere. The depleted aggressiveness of glacial meltwater limits its potential for karst development, even if comparatively large discharges are involved. However, conduit waters arc capable of developing short lengths of cave passage during a glacial epoch. Such passages can develop as cross-links to pre-existing karst, and may appear anomalous in the post-glacial landscape. The hydrochemical nature of the regelation film is unknown, although some erosional evolution is probably occurring along the flow route. The regelation-percolation flow system may be important in the initiation of karst flow routes, although the nature of the regelation film prevents further development, and subsequent evolution must involve conduit waters. Subglacial karst is most likely to develop in elevated areas, beneath comparatively thin ice, around the firn line, rather than beneath valley glaciers or high under the upper accumulation zone. Karst may cause relatively low ice velocities and decrease glacial erosion rates. 相似文献
7.
《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2012,66(3-4):193-197
Located at approximately 150 m above the present base level, the caves of Niaux, Lombrives and Sabart are an old drainage system, which worked between the Vicdessos and Ariège Valleys. In these caves, three successive sedimentary units were studied in detail. Each unit consists of two parts: the lower deposit is detrital, of fluvial origin, and testifies to a hydrological working of the conduit system; the upper deposit of each unit is mostly speleothems, corresponding to a draining of the conduits as the palcokarst evolved above base level. This is similar to the present environment of the caves. Only the speleothems from the upper part of each unit were dated by the 230Th/234 U method. The dates, from 27 samples, are in good agreement with Europe and North America data. The data from the middle (250 to 200 ka BP) and upper (90 to 20 ka BP) fluvial sediments correspond to major glacial events, which re-activated the karst system. Two further events resulted in a lack of carbonated sedimentation, the first between 350 and 290 ka BP, the second between 175 and 130 ka BP. Comparing the data from other places, these two events can be related to glacial periods of minor importance in the study area, because of the lack of erosion and of detrital sediments. The oldest detrital sediments are covered by speleothems older than 350 ka BP and, partly, older than 720 ka BP (from paleomagnctic data to be confirmed); from sedimentary data, they may not be related to a glacial event. They are perhaps contemporary with the area's initial cave formation. 相似文献
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The origin of the sediments located in the Naracoorte Caves (South Australia) was investigated via the analysis of strontium isotope ratios (87Sr/86Sr), elemental geochemistry, and mineralogy. Sedimentary deposits located in Robertson, Wet, Blanche and several other chambers in Victoria Cave are all variable mixes of fine sand and coarse silts, which display similar and consistent strontium isotope ratios (0.717–0.725). This suggests that over the 400 ka time frame that these deposits span there has been minimal variation in the source of the clastic sediments. Increased strontium concentrations for these cave sediments correspond with increasing silt content, yet there is no correlation between 87Sr/86Sr ratios and silt content. This implies that the silt-sized component of the sediments is the main contributor of strontium to the cave sediments. Comparisons of 87Sr/86Sr with regional surficial deposits show a significant correlation between the cave sediments (avg: 0.7228; n = 27), the fine silt lunettes of the Bool Lagoon area (avg: 0.7224; n = 4), the sandy A horizons of the Coonawarra Red Brown Earths (RBEs; avg: 0.726; n = 5), and Holocene age podsolic sand deposits (0.723). These data suggest that there has been substantial flux from this group of deposits to the caves, as would be expected considering prevailing winds. This relationship is further supported by a strong correlation between many trace elements, including Ti, Zr, Ce, and Y; however, variations in clay mineralogy suggest that the fine silt-dominated lunettes and Padthaway RBEs were not significant contributors to the cave deposits. Hence, the detritus entering the caves was more than likely from areas proximal to the cave entrance and was dominated by medium grain-sized materials. Major regional deposits, including the coarser-grained, calcite-rich Bridgewater Formation sands, basalts from the lower SE, Padthaway Horst granites, Gambier limestone, and metamorphics from the Adelaide geosyncline show minimal correlation in 87Sr/86Sr ratios, elemental geochemistry, and mineralogy with the cave sediments, and are discounted as significant sources. In comparison, 87Sr/86Sr ratios for the Coorong silty sands (0.717–0.724), Lower Murray sands (0.727–0.730), and the medium size silt component of the Murray–Darling River system (0.71–0.72), compare favourably with the cave sediments. This relationship is further supported by similarities in elemental chemistry and mineralogy. Thus, much of the strontium-rich silt that is now located in the Naracoorte Cave sediments likely originated from the Murray–Darling basin. Over time, this material has been transported to the SE of South Australia, where it mixed with the medium sand component of the regressive dune ridge sequence, locally derived organic matter, limestone fragments, and fossil material to produce the unique deposits that we see evident in many of the chambers of the Naracoorte Cave system today. 相似文献
9.
《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2012,66(3-4):207-208
The gneisses and schist bedrock in Bjugn, Åfjord and Ål counties of Norway are remarkably rich in caves and shelters. The caves are mainly developed along tectonic structures, primarily prominent fissure zones and nappes. Five modes of origin seem reasonable: 1. Tectonic movements and gravity sliding, producing displacement of hillsides. 2. Frost shattering. 3. Wave abrasion during stages of high sea-levels. 4. Preferential weathering in brecciated zones. 5. ‘Karstic’ dissolution of small, isolated marble lenses within the gneisses. In many cases, two or more of the processes appear to have worked together. Abundant speleothem growth suggests that calcareous zones exist in the rocks. The caves reach a horizontal extent of up to 200 m and vertical depths of 55 m. These much neglected cave types arc valuable shelters and habitats for animals, as well as paleontologically important pit-fall traps. Some of the caves and shelters are also potential archeological localities. 相似文献
10.
福建龙岩龙石空洞发育双酸模式 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
发育在早二叠世栖霞组大理岩化夹硅质层和含硅质结核的石灰岩中的龙石空洞,是华东地区重要的风景旅游洞穴。是一个干洞与地下河相结合的洞穴系统。由于栖霞组石灰岩与上覆的童子岩夹煤层砂页岩、文笔山砂页岩及下伏的泥盆纪石英砂砾岩呈断层接触,断层接触带形成了地表沟谷。燕山晚期花岗岩侵入时导致栖霞灰岩变质。在地形上,夹煤层砂页岩不仅覆盖在栖霞灰岩上,而且出露部位比灰岩体高。出自煤系地层的水会顺坡或垂直流入灰岩体。出自煤系砂页岩的地下水pH值为3.78～4.73,SO4-2达到240mg/l。源自泥岩夹薄层砂岩和花岗岩地区的地表水,具有pH值6.85～7.25及低Ca2+、HCO3-值水也会流入灰岩体。直接出露灰岩体,雨水入渗土壤,溶解土壤CO2后再进入石灰岩。因此,龙石空洞系统是外源水与内源水共同作用的结果,是由碳酸水和硫酸水联合作用的新型洞穴双成因发育模式的一例。 相似文献
11.
通过对广州夏茅村岩溶塌陷进行地质勘察,系统探讨了当地的地质环境条件、岩溶塌陷的灾害特征、岩溶发育条件和岩溶塌陷的形成原因。结果表明,区内第四系覆盖土层厚度大且分布不均,土洞大量发育,隐伏可溶岩的富水性好,溶洞发育;同时,覆盖层内的松散岩类孔隙水与下伏灰岩裂隙溶洞水之间的水力联系密切,含水砂层内地下水位的改变会直接引起下伏灰岩裂隙溶洞水的水位波动,构成岩溶塌陷的水动力因素;钻孔桩施工时钻孔揭穿覆盖层内土洞顶部的黏性土层盖板,造成盖板上部的细砂及淤泥流入土洞,是岩溶塌陷的直接触发因素。在此基础上,提出建立岩溶分布区的地下水动态长期监测网,对岩溶塌陷地段进行灌浆处理,是根治夏茅村岩溶塌陷的主要有效途径。 相似文献
12.
喀斯特地貌研究进展与趋势 总被引：30，自引：1，他引：29
我国喀斯特地貌研究在 2 0世纪后半叶取得了巨大进展 ,特别自 80年代 ,喀斯特与物理、化学、生物学、数学等学科相结合 ,借助于计算机和先进的测试技术 ,开辟了许多研究领域 ,加速了喀斯特地貌理论与应用的发展。本文着重评述了喀斯特地貌的演化 ,喀斯特溶蚀强度与速率 ,深部喀斯特发育机理 ,生物喀斯特和喀斯特与古环境等方面的新进展 ,展望了 2 1世纪初将在喀斯特生态系统、古环境与全球变化研究、风景旅游洞穴环境的改善与景观风化的防治、实验和量化喀斯特地貌的研究等方面将得到加强和取得丰硕成果。 相似文献
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则岔石林地质公园位于甘肃省碌曲县,该处地貌完整地保存了高寒喀斯特的特征,具有典型性与稀有性。为了揭示其自然科学价值,促进自然资源开发与景观保护,基于前人工作基础,通过野外地质调查,以碌曲县区域地学为背景,介绍了则岔石林地质公园的喀斯特地貌类型,即以高原石林为主,一线天为亮点,小型溶洞为辅。继而从地质构造、岩性、水文气候、生物因素四方面分析了园内喀斯特地貌的形成机制。对完善我国高海拔地区岩溶系列地质遗迹的科学研究具有一定意义。同时,高寒喀斯特的生态化对南方喀斯特沙漠化的治理具有良好的示范作用。 相似文献
14.
Morphometry and distribution of isolated caves as a guide for phreatic and confined paleohydrological conditions 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Isolated caves are a special cave type common in most karst terrains, formed by prolonged slow water flow where aggressivity is locally boosted. The morphometry and distribution of isolated caves are used here to reconstruct the paleohydrology of a karstic mountain range. Within a homogenous karstic rock sequence, two main types of isolated caves are distinguished, and each is associated with a special hydrogeologic setting: maze caves form by rising water in the confined zone of the aquifer, under the Mt. Scopus Group (Israel) confinement, while chamber caves are formed in phreatic conditions, apparently by lateral flow mixing with a vadose input from above. 相似文献
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Rapid urbanization around Palm Springs, California has encroached upon the sand habitats of the endangered Coachella Valley fringetoed lizard (Uma inornata). The Nature Conservancy and the Coachella Valley Preserve System are concerned about maintaining an adequate sediment supply to the dune environments that urban growth might interrupt. Determining the source of the existing aeolian sediments is a critical first step toward ensuring a perpetual sediment supply. Geochemical links between the aeolian sediment sources and the Coachella Valley Preserve dunes were discovered by mapping the aeolian sand distribution and analyzing trace elements using multivariate statistical techniques. 相似文献
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青藏高原东北部古喀斯特过程与环境 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
本文介绍了青藏高原东北部地区的古喀斯特现象，并对相关沉积进行了化学成、粘土矿物的Ｘ－射线衍射以及石英砂表面结构等气候代用指标的分析。分析结果一致，指示了温暖湿润的亚热带气候条件。重结晶方解石的裂变径迹测年结果表明，该地区古喀斯特发育于中中新世。 相似文献
20.
Zhongfa Zhou Shaoyun Zhang Kangning Xiong Bo Li Zhonghui Tian Quan Chen Lihui Yan Shizhen Xiao 《地理学报(英文版)》2017,27(8):1011-1024
This research examines the distribution features of 4960 caves across Guizhou Province, while probing the relationship between the caves’ spatial patterns and geographic elements. This study is based on hydrogeological and topographic maps of Guizhou. ArcGIS software was used to process the adjacent index, spatial analysis, and coupling analysis of the caves altitude and longitude, as well as the rock properties, lithology, drainage and tectonic division of almost 5000 caves. Based on a point pattern analysis of Guizhou caves, the adjacent index is 0.53, and the coefficient of variation verified by Tyson polygon reached 72.469%. This figure reflects the clustered distribution pattern of the caves. Across the entire province, caves are divided into four concentrated areas and one weakly affected area. The four concentrated areas are Zunyi-Tongren, Bijie, Qianxinan-Liupanshui, and Guiyang- Anshun-Qinan. The one weakly affected zone is Qiandongnan. The most concentrated among them is the Guiyang-Anshun-Qiannan area, which covers 24.67% of the total province area, and accounts for 36.63% of the total province’s caves. Cave distribution in Guizhou is characterized as dense in the western part and sparse in the eastern part. Under this study background, the natural elements of formation, including lithology, structure, climate, hydrology, and altitude, and their effects on the distribution, number, and spatial pattern of cave development is analyzed. 相似文献