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1.
黄土高原小流域土地利用优化调控 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
At present, land use optimization at small watershed scale is the key measure to control soil erosion, restore the eco-environment
and improve the farmers’ living standard on the Loess Plateau, China. Based on the land use survey maps of 1966, 1988, 1997,
2003 and the digital topographic map of 1984 in Yangou watershed, and assisted by spatial techniques of GIS, the basic characteristics
and driving forces of land use change in Yangou watershed are analyzed. According to the summarization of land-use optimization
characteristics since 1997, and with the help of continuous monitoring data for years and farmer investigation data, this
paper appraises eco-environmental benefits, economic benefits and sustainability of Yangou watershed. We have used sediment
reduction benefits, coverage ratio of permanent vegetation, per capita food production and per capita income of farmers as
indices. The results show that Yangou watershed project has successfully controlled the soil and water loss and the farmers’
living standard has been improved markedly by reasonable adjustment to land use structure. The benefit of sediment reduction
is higher than 80% and the coverage ratio of permanent vegetation reaches 61.03%. In 2006, the per capita income increased
by 1493 yuan compared with the year 1998. The successful measures and experiences of Yangou watershed are worth promoting
on the Loess Plateau. 相似文献
2.
Effective agricultural practices can enable and sustain rural livelihoods, particularly in rapidly developing and transforming areas such as the Chinese Loess Plateau. Drawing from the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA), a conceptual framework for agricultural practices and sustainable rural livelihoods for the Yangou watershed within the Chinese Loess Plateau is presented and discussed. It is found that agricultural practices that include building terraces, returning sloped farmlands to forestland and grassland, and expanding orchards all have had positive and significant impacts on farmers' livelihood assets, strategies, outcomes, and vulnerabilities. From 1997 to 2006, 48.4 ha (95%) sloped farmland in the Yangou watershed was converted to new land management, and the percentages of income from fruit sale and sale of labor to total income dramatically increased by 59% and 14%, respectively. The watershed community also experienced 159% raise in per capita net income from 1997 to 2003, while the watershed itself experienced a 99% decrease in sediment yield from 1998 to 2007. These positive and significant impacts of new agricultural practices on the sustainable rural livelihoods of the Yangou watershed are evident in the community's reduced dependence upon grain and subsidies income, the diversified strategies for livelihood, and the improved environmental indices. The successful implementation of new agricultural land management practices and policies in the Yangou watershed strongly suggest that similar transformations can be achieved in similar regions throughout China's vast rural areas of the Loess Plateau. 相似文献
3.
黄土丘陵区燕沟流域土地利用变化与优化调控 总被引：47，自引：2，他引：47
采用GIS空间分析技术，分析和概括了1966－2000年期间燕沟流域土地利用变化时空过程及其基本特征：解析了土地利用变化的主要成因；总结了1997年以来土地利用结构优化调控的主要特点；评价了土地利用结构优化调控后的生态环境效益、经济效益及其可持续发展性。籍此希望揭示出黄土丘陵区土地利用变化与优化调控所具有的一些共性特点和规律。 相似文献
4.
Developing an effective approach to rapidly assess the effects of restoration projects on soil erosion intensity and their extensive spatial and temporal dynamics is important for regional ecosystem management and the development of soil conservation strategies in the future. This study applied a model that was developed at the pixel scale using water soil erosion indicators (land use, vegetation coverage and slope) to assess the soil erosion intensity in the Loess Plateau, China. Landsat TM/ETM+ images in 2000, 2005 and 2010 were used to produce land use maps based on the object-oriented classification method. The MODIS product MOD13Q1 was adopted to derive the vegetation coverage maps. The slope gradient maps were calculated based on data from the digital elevation model. The area of water soil-eroded land was classified into six grades by integrating slope gradients, land use and vegetation coverage. Results show that the Grain-To-Green Project in the Loess Plateau worked based on the land use changes from 2000 to 2010 and enhanced vegetation restoration and ecological conservation. These projects effectively prevented soil erosion. During this period, lands with moderate, severe, more severe and extremely severe soil erosion intensities significantly decreased and changed into less severe levels, respectively. Lands with slight and light soil erosion intensities increased. However, the total soil-eroded area in the Loess Plateau was reduced. The contributions of the seven provinces to the total soil-eroded area in the Loess Plateau and the composition of the soil erosion intensity level in each province are different. Lands with severe, more severe and extremely severe soil erosion intensities are mainly distributed in Qinghai, Ningxia, Gansu and Inner Mongolia. These areas, although relatively small, must be prioritised and preferentially treated. 相似文献
5.
黄河中游的侵蚀环境与植被恢复前景 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
黄土高原的土壤侵蚀和生态环境问题世界瞩目。在保证蓄水拦沙效益基础上,提高林、草保存率,使植被恢复得到最佳的生态效益,是黄土高原环境整治中亟待解决的关键问题。本文根据黄土高原不同空间地理位置的流域、重点县水文监测资料,研究了气候、地表覆被、土地利用方式的变化对流域侵蚀产沙的影响以及流域产沙与地理环境要素间的耦合关系,定量分析了黄土高原,特别是多沙粗沙区自然与人文要素对流域侵蚀产沙的综合影响和因子的权重分析,并利用天然降雨植被生态需水适宜性系数和林、草恢复度的概念,重点探讨了黄河中游主要产沙区、尤其是多沙粗沙区退耕还林等土地利用方式宏观格局变化与植被恢复前景。研究表明,在植被生长主要依赖天然降雨的黄土高原,生物措施(植被类型)要与自然带相适应,应根据植被恢复度和植被生态需水适应性系数来进行宏观植被的恢复与实施。这是目前在不断增长的人口压力下,进行水土保持,解决好经济发展与环境保护、减少垦殖率与保证老百姓的基本农田、造林种草与植被类型的自然适应性、以及控制泥沙作用中生物措施与工程措施合理布局等诸多矛盾的关键所在。 相似文献
6.
黄河中游多沙粗沙区流域坡面水保措施变化特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
选用Landsat TM、环境星CCD、SPOT4 和资源三号卫星影像等多源地学数据,通过人机交互式解译和修订土地利用与梯田数据,提出用相邻图幅递进回归分析法消除NDVI时相差异后反演植被盖度,构建起退耕还林还草面积比例、植被盖度均值变化量和有效梯田累计保存面积比例3 个坡面特征变化指示参数后,运用综合聚类分析和多要素贡献率模型研究黄河中游多沙粗沙区的流域坡面水保措施变化特征。结果表明：（1） 1998-2010 年间研究区内流域坡面水保措施变化显著,平均退耕还林还草面积比例为5.55%,平均林草植被盖度均值增加20.63%,平均有效梯田累计保存面积比例达6.25%;（2） 多要素水保措施变化共同作用下的流域坡面变化特征主要有7 种类型,即植被盖度变化主导型、植被—土地变化主导型、土地—植被变化主导型、植被—梯田变化主导型、梯田—植被变化主导型、梯田面积变化主导型和多要素变化共同主导型;（3） 不同类型的空间分布存在一定的地貌背景差异,后续研究应结合流域坡面变化特征及其地貌格局来优化配置水保措施,并合理估计水沙模型模拟的敏感性参数。 相似文献
7.
Conversion of cropland to forestry and grassland is an important method to reduce soil erosion and improve the biophysical environment in the Loess Plateau. The feasibility, methods, and environmental effects of cropland conversion were studied based on 11 typical watersheds of national experimental bases instead of different geographic areas of the Loess Plateau. Between 1986 and 2000, cropland, sloping cropland and non-agricultural land decreased by 8%, 92.5% and 8% respectively, while forestry increased by 15.7%. The land use change not only decreased annual soil erosion by 74%, but also increased vegetation coverage by 100% and improved the soil condition and biodiversity. This can be achieved by building basic farmland, increasing capital and scientific input, and planting trees and grasses according to the natural biophysical restrictions. 相似文献
8.
Conversion of cropland to forestry and grassland is an important method to reduce soil erosion and improve the biophysical environment in the Loess Plateau. The feasibility, methods, and environmental effects of cropland conversion were studied based on 11 typical watersheds of national experimental bases instead of different geographic areas of the Loess Plateau. Between 1986 and 2000,cropland, sloping cropland and non-agricultural land decreased by 8%, 92.5% and 8% respectively,while forestry increased by 15.7%. The land use change not only decreased annual soil erosion by 74%, but also increased vegetation coverage by 100% and improved the soil condition and biodiversity. This can be achieved by building basic farmland, increasing capital and scientific input,and planting trees and grasses according to the natural biophysical restrictions. 相似文献
9.
基于2001-2018年的MODIS-NDVI和MODIS-LST以及土地利用、交通、人口等多种人文社会数据,通过温度植被干旱指数反映黄土高原土壤水分状况,利用残差法剔除土壤水分得到植被覆盖变化的人为影响,辅以趋势分析、Hurst指数、地理探测器等方法探讨了黄土高原植被覆盖的人为影响变化特征、未来变化趋势以及人为影响的归因。结果表明:(1)黄土高原2001-2018年植被覆盖人为影响变化趋势为0.36×10-2 a-1,人为对植被覆盖的影响向正作用方向发展。(2)黄土高原植被覆盖人为影响的未来变化趋势由正作用转为向负作用方向发展,值得注意的是退耕还林重点实施区植被覆盖的人为正作用未来变化呈减弱趋势。(3)综合相关分析与地理探测器结果,确定影响植被覆盖变化的人为主导因子主要包括高级别旅游景点、城市分布、交通和土地利用。(4)未来退耕还林工程的实施以及生态建设工程的维持,应在注重城市经济发展的同时重视生态建设,减缓交通业对生态环境所带来的危害,加强绿色旅游业发展以及减缓土地变化等人为活动的影响。 相似文献
10.
甘肃黄土高原区生态建设与可持续农业发展对策 总被引：11，自引：6，他引：11
通过对甘肃黄土高原区的生态环境现状和成因的分析，指出是人类的掠夺性行为加速了本区脆弱生态环境的恶变，并提出了甘肃黄土高原区生态环境建设与可持续农业发展的对策。 相似文献
11.
多流域降雨和土地利用格局对土壤侵蚀影响的比较分析——以陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区为例 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
土壤侵蚀是制约黄土高原可持续发展的瓶颈因素,为分析不同面积流域降雨和土地利用格局对土壤侵蚀影响的变化趋势,本文基于土壤侵蚀评价指数,发展了降雨和土地利用格局对土壤侵蚀影响的表征方法,探讨了多流域降雨和土地利用格局对土壤侵蚀的影响。结果表明：① 2006-2012年,研究区降雨侵蚀力因子R总体上呈现上升的趋势,植被覆盖与管理因子C呈现下降趋势;② 随流域面积的增加,研究区内降雨格局对土壤侵蚀的影响逐渐降低,而土地利用格局对土壤侵蚀的影响变大;③ 在流域面积较小时,降雨格局对土壤侵蚀的影响要大于土地利用格局对土壤侵蚀的影响,而在流域面积较大时,土地利用格局对土壤侵蚀的影响大于降雨格局对土壤侵蚀的影响;④ 随着流域面积的增加,研究区的林地比例有所下降,陡坡植被覆盖类型趋于单一,这是在流域面积增大时土地利用格局对土壤侵蚀影响增加的主要原因。同时,流域面积较小时,降雨对土壤侵蚀的影响较大,但随着流域面积的增加,松软的土壤性质和沟壑纵横的地形增大了发生重力侵蚀的可能性,土壤和地形对土壤侵蚀的影响增大。 相似文献
12.
黄土高原农户可持续生计评估及未来生计策略——基于陕西延安市和宁夏固原市1076 户农户调查 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
农户可持续生计问题是黄土高原自实施生态退耕政策以来备受关注的关键科学问题之一。通过构建可持续生计效益评价模型, 对农户可持续生计效益进行了分级评价, 并分析了不同类型农户的可持续生计效益差异。结果表明:① 具有较高可持续生计效益指数的农户生计收入构成趋向于多元化, 不同生计策略收入所占比重也趋向平均化, 而生计效益指数较低的农户主要依赖于外出打工、卖粮菜等个别生计策略;② 各类型农户的人均生计效益指数和人均年收入排序呈现出:发展果园型>做小生意型>外出打工型>大棚种植型>舍饲养殖型。基于可持续生计效益评价并结合主体功能区战略, 提出4 种黄土高原未来生计策略:① 推进人口城镇化, 有序引导生态脆弱地区人口外迁;② 促进农地流转, 扩大农业生产规模;③ 拓展生计策略, 增强收入来源多样性;④ 加强技术培训, 提高农户非农生计可持续性。 相似文献
13.
黄土高原植被恢复潜力研究 总被引：23，自引：1，他引：22
黄土高原从1999年开始大规模退耕还林（草）,植被覆盖发生了较大变化,对黄土高原植被恢复现状和恢复潜力进行评估具有重要意义。本文使用1999-2013年SPOT VEG NDVI数据,采用线性回归、Hurst指数分析法、统计学方法以及地理空间分析技术,对黄土高原植被恢复状况和潜力进行了探讨。结论主要为：① 1999年退耕还林（草）以来,黄土高原植被覆盖度呈显著上升趋势,黄土高原三分之二地区的植被将会持续改善;② 植被响应曲线分析表明,黄土区植被覆盖度和干旱指数呈显著的指数关系,且缓坡相关性大于陡坡。土石山区植被响应函数为线性函数,相关系数下降;③ 整个黄土高原地区平均植被恢复潜力为69.75%。植被恢复潜力值东南高而西北低,黄土高原东南地区植被恢复状况较好,其植被恢复潜力指数较小,而植被恢复潜力指数较高的地区主要为北方风沙区及西部丘陵沟壑区;④ 不同降水量条件下,植被恢复速度差别显著,其中降水量在375~575 mm之间的地区,植被恢复最快。植被恢复措施应该“因水制宜”,避免因造林带来的土壤干化加剧。研究结果以期为黄土高原生态文明建设提供科学支撑。 相似文献
14.
陆面过程在气候变化中具有重要作用,其中土壤水文过程是陆面过程的重要内容,然而目前陆面模式中土壤水力学参数仅依赖于土壤质地,并未考虑植被类型对其影响,这与自然过程不符,从而导致对大规模植被恢复的水文、气候效应认识不充分。为揭示植被恢复对土壤物理参数的影响,改进陆面模式中土壤参数的精度,论文以黄土高原为研究对象,收集整理了已发表的植被恢复下土壤物理参数的测试分析数据,从中提取了采样点经纬度、土壤质地、植被类型、恢复年限、坡度、孔隙度等信息,进行了荟萃分析。结果显示,植被恢复可促进土壤有机质的积累,明显改善土壤结构、增加土壤肥力,从而提高土壤黏粒含量,降低砂粒含量,显著提高土壤孔隙度、饱和导水率和持水能力。随着植被覆盖度的增加,这种作用也增强,恢复至林地阶段达到最高,并且阔叶林的作用要强于针叶林。随林龄增长,土壤孔隙结构和入渗性能都明显改善,土壤的持水性得到增强。研究明确了黄土高原地区植被恢复对土壤参数的影响,为更好地研究大规模植被恢复对地表水分通量的影响及其气候效应奠定了基础。 相似文献
15.
Ya Luo Shengtian Yang Changsen Zhao Xiaoyan Liu Changming Liu Linna Wu Haigen Zhao Yichi Zhang 《地理学报(英文版)》2014,24(5):802-814
In areas with topographic heterogeneity, land use change is spatially variable and influenced by climate, soil properties, and topography. To better understand this variability in the high-sediment region of the Loess Plateau in which soil loss is most severe and sediment diameter is larger than in other regions of the plateau, this study builds some indicators to identify the characteristics of land use change and then analyze the spatial variability as it is affected by climate, soil property, and topography. We build two indicators, a land use change intensity index and a vegetation change index, to characterize the intensity of land use change, and the degree of vegetation restoration, respectively. Based on a subsection mean method, the two indicators are then used to assess the spatial variability of land use change affected by climatic, edaphic, and topographic elements. The results indicate that： 1） Land use changed significantly in the period 1998-2010. The total area experiencing land use change was 42,302 km2, accounting for 22.57%of the study area. High-coverage grassland, other woodland, and forest increased significantly, while low-coverage grassland and farmland decreased in 2010 compared with 1998.2） Land use change occurred primarily west of the Yellow River, between 35 and 38 degrees north latitude. The four transformation types, including （a） low-coverage grassland to medium-coverage grassland, （b） medium-coverage grassland to high-coverage grassland, （c） farmland to other woodland, and （d） farmland to medium-coverage grassland, were the primary types of land use change, together constituting 60% of the area experiencing land use change. 3） The spatial variability of land use change was significantly affected by properties of dryness/wetness, soil conditions and slope gradient. In general, land use changed dramatically in semi-arid regions, remained relatively stable in arid regions, changed significantly in clay-rich soil, remained relatively stable in clay-poor soil, changed dramatically in steeper slopes, and remained relatively stable in tablelands and low-lying regions. The increase in vegetation coincided with increasing changes in land use for each physical element. These findings allow for an evaluation of the effect of the Grain to Green Program, and are applicable to the design of soil and water conservation projects on the Loess Plateau of China. 相似文献
16.
LUO Ya YANG Shengtian ZHAO Changsen LIU Xiaoyan LIU Changming WU Linna ZHAO Haigen ZHANG Yichi 《地理学报》2014,24(5):802-814
In areas with topographic heterogeneity, land use change is spatially variable and influenced by climate, soil properties, and topography. To better understand this variability in the high-sediment region of the Loess Plateau in which soil loss is most severe and sediment diameter is larger than in other regions of the plateau, this study builds some indicators to identify the characteristics of land use change and then analyze the spatial variability as it is affected by climate, soil property, and topography. We build two indicators, a land use change intensity index and a vegetation change index, to characterize the intensity of land use change, and the degree of vegetation restoration, respectively. Based on a subsection mean method, the two indicators are then used to assess the spatial variability of land use change affected by climatic, edaphic, and topographic elements. The results indicate that: 1) Land use changed significantly in the period 1998-2010. The total area experiencing land use change was 42,302 km2, accounting for 22.57% of the study area. High-coverage grassland, other woodland, and forest increased significantly, while low-coverage grassland and farmland decreased in 2010 compared with 1998. 2) Land use change occurred primarily west of the Yellow River, between 35 and 38 degrees north latitude. The four transformation types, including (a) low-coverage grassland to medium-coverage grassland, (b) medium-coverage grassland to high-coverage grassland, (c) farmland to other woodland, and (d) farmland to medium-coverage grassland, were the primary types of land use change, together constituting 60% of the area experiencing land use change. 3) The spatial variability of land use change was significantly affected by properties of dryness/wetness, soil conditions and slope gradient. In general, land use changed dramatically in semi-arid regions, remained relatively stable in arid regions, changed significantly in clay-rich soil, remained relatively stable in clay-poor soil, changed dramatically in steeper slopes, and remained relatively stable in tablelands and low-lying regions. The increase in vegetation coincided with increasing changes in land use for each physical element. These findings allow for an evaluation of the effect of the Grain to Green Program, and are applicable to the design of soil and water conservation projects on the Loess Plateau of China. 相似文献
17.
小流域综合管理信息系统集成研究 总被引：14，自引：2，他引：14
本文介绍的小流域管理与决策支持信息系统 ,是以小流域综合治理与科学决策为目标 ,以地块为基本操作单元的土壤侵蚀模型、生产潜力模型、成本效益模型与GIS的集成系统。该系统具有数据管理、查询、更新、处理、模型分析和输出等多种功能。分析模型与GIS集成的基本单元是地块 (landunit) ,在地块上实现模型参数的提取与传递、模型计算及显示与分析。在分析各种集成方式的基础上 ,选取了动态连接库及其扩展方式 ,实现了土壤侵蚀模型、生产潜力模型、成本效益模型、规划模块与GIS的紧密集成 ,以统一的图形用户界面 ,服务于水土保持的现代化管理和小流域综合治理 相似文献
18.
退耕还林（草）政策的实施有效改善了陇中黄土丘陵区小流域生态环境、抑制了严重的水土流失，然而，对该区退耕还林（草）政策的实施和交通便利程度对小流域农户收入结构的耦合影响及互馈作用机制尚不清楚。本文选取定西市安定区巉口镇龙滩小流域为研究区，通过问卷调查获取3个区120个农户家庭土地利用情况、经营方式及收入数据，运用方差分析、回归分析和通径分析等方法定量分析交通便利程度和退耕还林比例对农户收入的影响与调控作用。结果表明：退耕还林比例影响了农田面积，进而影响了玉米和马铃薯的种植面积，由此增加了种植业收入，从而导致3个区低比例退耕还林农户收入均高于高比例退耕还林农户收入。同时退耕面积的增加也促使劳动力向非农产业的转移，而交通便利程度影响农户家庭打工人口比例，从而导致Ⅰ（交通便利）区农户的收入显著高于Ⅱ（交通欠发达）和Ⅲ（交通闭塞）区。交通便利程度和退耕还林比例通过农田面积、退耕还林地面积、玉米和马铃薯种植面积及打工人数等影响种植业、劳务输出和退耕还林政策性补助，进而影响流域内农户的收入水平。总之，退耕还林（草）政策的实施影响了陇中黄土丘陵区种植业和劳务输出产业的发展且存在区域差异，而对该区养殖业、林业及副业带动有限。因而，在新一轮退耕还林（草）政策实施之际，该区在加强交通等乡村基础条件建设的同时还需推动林下经济、特色养殖及副业发展，降低农户对种植业和退耕还林政策性补助的依赖，以此实现陇中黄土丘陵区生态和经济的可持续发展，提升农村绿色生产力。 相似文献
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黄河中游多沙粗沙区（渭河段）土地利用对植被盖度的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
针对黄河中游多沙粗沙区植被变化及其影响因素研究薄弱环节,利用MSS、TM和环境星CCD等多源遥感数据,运用相邻图幅递进回归分析消除时相差异后反演植被盖度,人机交互式解译土地利用,研究黄河中游多沙粗沙区（渭河段） 1978-2010 年间3 个时期土地利用对植被盖度的影响。结果表明：（1） 研究区内植被盖度已显著恢复,植被变化有较强的波动性和异质性;（2） 土地利用已发生明显变化,土地利用变化有较强的时空分异特征;（3） 土地利用转型和渐变均有利于促进植被盖度恢复,但土地利用转型对植被恢复的贡献更突出;（4） 土地利用对植被盖度的影响有一定的复杂性和差异性,区域植被持续恢复迫切需要有针对性的土地利用转型与生态系统优化策略。 相似文献
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多尺度土地利用与土壤侵蚀 总被引：20，自引：5，他引：15
土地利用能够通过改变一系列的自然现象和生态过程影响土壤侵蚀,尺度不同,土地利用与土壤侵蚀的作用机制也会发生变化。本文针对坡面尺度、小流域／流域尺度和区域尺度,综述了不同尺度上土地利用对土壤侵蚀的影响研究。其中,在坡面尺度上,土地利用与土壤侵蚀的研究主要包括土地利用方式和土地管理措施对土壤侵蚀的影响,相应尺度上的模型有USLE／RUSLE、WEPP等;在小流域／流域尺度上,土地利用与土壤侵蚀的研究主要涉及土地利用结构和土地利用格局对土壤侵蚀的影响,相关的模型有LISEM、AGNPS、EUROSEM和SEDEM等;在区域尺度上土壤侵蚀评价研究主要是通过尺度上推和宏观因子评价的方法进行。多尺度土地利用与土壤侵蚀研究作为自然地理学研究中的热点问题,在进一步的研究中需要关注多尺度综合与尺度转换、土地利用政策效应、土地利用格局与土壤流失过程等方面的研究内容。 相似文献