共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
降雨量地面观测数据空间探索与插值方法探讨 总被引：14，自引：2，他引：12
空间插值方法广泛应用于气象数据产品的制作,其精度与气象要素的空间变异特征、气象观测站分布和插值方法选择有关。选择美国得州599个地面观测站30年平均降雨量记录,设计了27个观测站样本方案,选择全年、1月和8月数据,利用空间统计、空间自相关、半变异函数等方法探索降雨量的空间变异特征,并采用5种常规方法进行空间插值,比较和解释插值结果,在此基础上讨论基于知识的气象要素空间插值方法。案例研究发现:①降雨量地面观测数据通常具有明显的空间趋势、较强的空间自相关特征和较稳定的空间变异规律,但针对不同时段或采样方案,其空间自相关强度和半变异函数模型会有一定的差异。②增加气象观测站数,空间插值误差有减小的趋势;但观测站数目达到一定数值后,增加观测站数,插值精度提高并不明显。③在观测站较少时,不同插值方法间的精度差异较大,而在观测站充足的情况下,其差异有减小的趋势。④探讨气象要素与地理环境要素之间的关系,获得定量化的先验知识,开发基于知识的空间插值模型,是高精度气象要素插值的关键;线性加权回归和地理加权回归方法的初步试验验证了这一思路的有效性。 相似文献
2.
Retail and wholesale enterprise among ethnic groups in core and peripheral urban centers: the late-nineteenth-century United States 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Robert L. Boyd 《Urban geography》2013,34(3):454-470
Ethnic entrepreneurs often benefit from reciprocal relationships, such as buyer–supplier linkages, among co-ethnic businesses. The present study extends this insight, analyzing census data on the relationship between ethnic enterprise in the retail trade and co-ethnic enterprise in the wholesale trade in urban centers of core and peripheral regions of the late-nineteenth-century United States. As expected, this relationship varied markedly by ethnicity and region. For some groups (e.g., Russians), co-ethnic retail and wholesale enterprises were positively related on the periphery but not in the core; conversely, for other groups (e.g., Irish), co-ethnic retail and wholesale enterprises were positively related in the core but not on the periphery. The results imply that reciprocal relationships among co-ethnic businesses are significantly affected by variation in the characteristics of local opportunity structures across urban-regional locations. 相似文献
3.
信息化时代下,网络信息的强势介入为旅游人地关系赋予了新的内涵、特征和形式。基于此,提出旅游地理学视域下的三元空间概念。该三元空间由人、地、信息组合而成,各子空间相互关联、相互作用、动态响应,由此形成一个庞大的动态复合系统。在对三元空间概念框架、交互作用及协同响应模式系统阐释的基础上,旅游地三元空间交互理论模型建构而成。由此,二维视角下的旅游人地关系被延展到了立体的三元空间,一种信息要素介入下的新型人地链接关系和交互形态得以有效揭示。三元空间交互理论的提出为探究信息时代下的旅游人地关系提供了一种新的、系统化的思维模式,研究结果可为协调旅游人地关系,实现旅游人地融合、共生、可持续发展提供可行途径。 相似文献
5.
Donna J. Peuquet Anthony C. Robinson Samuel Stehle Franklin A. Hardisty Wei Luo 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(9):1588-1611
Pattern analysis techniques currently common within geography tend to focus either on characterizing patterns of spatial and/or temporal recurrence of a single event type (e.g., incidence of flu cases) or on comparing sequences of a limited number of event types where relationships between events are already represented in the data (e.g., movement patterns). The availability of large amounts of multivariate spatiotemporal data, however, requires new methods for pattern analysis. Here, we present a technique for finding associations among many different event types where the associations among these varying event types are not explicitly represented in the data or known in advance. This pattern discovery method, known as T-pattern analysis, was first developed within the field of psychology for the purpose of finding patterns in personal interactions. We have adapted and extended the T-pattern method to take the unique characteristics of geographic data into account and implemented it within a geovisualization toolkit for an integrated computational-geovisual environment we call STempo. To demonstrate how T-pattern analysis can be employed in geographic research for discovering patterns in complex spatiotemporal data, we describe a case study featuring events from news reports about Yemen during the Arab Spring of 2011–2012. Using supplementary data from the Global Database of Events, Language, and Tone, we briefly summarize and reference a separate validation study, then evaluate the scalability of the T-pattern approach. We conclude with ideas for further extensions of the T-pattern technique to increase its utility for spatiotemporal analysis. 相似文献
6.
从本土到全球网络化的人地关系思维范式转型 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
早期地理学关于人地关系的研究多基于本土思维,秉持“一方水土养育一方人”的理念。在严重依赖自然资源的传统农业社会,这一理念及其指导下的区域地理研究和区域管理实践,对于促进人与自然的协调发展起到积极作用。随着系统开放程度的增加,规模不等、层级不同的地域系统形成了一个相互依赖、相互耦合的地理网络。每个地域都是这个网络上的节点,地域问题的产生与解决与网络上其他节点有密切关联、与地域系统内外因素紧密相关,地域外因素有时甚至起主导作用。虚拟水、生态足迹、贸易隐含碳排放、资源纽带关系及人地关系远程耦合等概念和方法的提出,标志着人地关系研究范式从本土思维向全球网络化思维转型。依照新的理念和研究范式,传统的本土思维范式及建立在此范式上的相关研究主题（如区域承载力）应该受到重新审视。 相似文献
7.
Analyzing the distribution of human activity space from mobile phone usage: an individual and urban-oriented study 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Yihong Yuan Martin Raubal 《International journal of geographical information science》2016,30(8):1594-1621
Travel activities are embodied as people’s needs to be physically present at certain locations. The development of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs, such as mobile phones) has introduced new data sources for modeling human activities. Based on the scattered spatiotemporal points provided in mobile phone datasets, it is feasible to study the patterns (e.g., the scale, shape, and regularity) of human activities. In this paper, we propose methods for analyzing the distribution of human activity space from both individual and urban perspectives based on mobile phone data. The Weibull distribution is utilized to model three predefined measurements of activity space (radius, shape index, and entropy). The correlation between demographic factors (age and gender) and the usage of urban space is also tested to reveal underlying patterns. The results of this research will enhance the understanding of human activities in different urban systems and demographic groups, as well as providing novel methods to expand the important and widely applicable area of geographic knowledge discovery in the age of instant access. 相似文献
8.
This paper explores variant space-time models for log-transformed West Nile virus (WNv) mosquito data, which explicitly account for both local environmental conditions and complex dependent structures. Four space-time models take various forms to accommodate correlated structure in space and time, nested data, and nonstationarity. The average WNv mosquito abundance is captured by a global trend across all four models, but different model assumptions are imposed on the stochastic component of the proposed models: a simple multivariate linear regression model with independent and identical errors, a site-specific linear mixed model with temporally correlated errors, a week-specific linear mixed model with spatially correlated errors, and a local space-time kriging model. In a case study, the predictive performance of the four models was assessed using data collected in 2007 and 2008 for the Greater Toronto Area by the mosquito surveillance program of Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-term Care: the local space-time kriging model outperforms others, but closely followed by a site-specific linear mixed model with temporal correlation. Our findings suggest that the predictive accuracy of space-time WNv mosquito abundance models can be enhanced by explicitly taking into account spatiotemporal correlation, nonstationarity, and the data collection procedure, such as surveillance design, based on sound understanding of mosquito behavior and population dynamics. 相似文献
9.
中国建设用地规模变化及其影响因素 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
建设用地是经济社会活动的重要基础, 建设用地规模变化与经济社会发展有着密切的关系, 深入分析中国建设用地规模及其变化的影响因素, 对于正确认识中国土地利用中存在的问题及其未来改革创新方向具有深远意义。基于1996 年和2007 年的中国土地利用变更调查数据及经济社会统计数据, 采用逐步回归分析方法, 分别对1996 年和2007 年中国建设用地规模及其变化同经济社会因素的相关关系进行了定量研究。结果发现, 1996 年和2007 年中国建设用地规模同经济社会因素的相关关系有所不同。1996 年中国建设用地规模与非农产业产值、总人口正相关, 与城镇居民人均收入负相关;2007 年建设用地规模仅与总人口呈正相关关系。1996-2007 年间中国建设用地规模变化仅与财政收入变化、城镇人口变化呈正相关, 与非农业产值变化没有显著的相关关系。这一结果表明, 1996 年中国建设用地规模与经济社会发展状况相对比较协调, 2007 年则变得不够协调, 1996-2007 年间建设用地规模增加的主要动力源于地方政府对土地财政的严重依赖性和中国的快速城镇化, 与产业发展和经济增长的协同性较弱。建设用地规模增加与经济社会发展的失调不利于中国社会经济的可持续发展, 从长远来看, 需要改革不合理的财政体制和土地征用制度。 相似文献
10.
Quantification of spatial gradation of slope positions 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Cheng-Zhi Qin A-Xing Zhu Xun Shi Bao-Lin Li Tao Pei Cheng-Hu Zhou 《Geomorphology》2009,110(3-4):152-161
Transition between slope positions (e.g., ridge, shoulder slope, back slope, foot slope, and valley) is often gradual. Quantification of spatial transitions or spatial gradations between slope positions can increase the accuracy of terrain parameterization for geographical or ecological modeling, especially for digital soil mapping at a fine scale. Current models for characterizing the spatial gradation of slope positions based on a gridded DEM either focus solely on the parameter space or depend on too many rules defined by topographic attributes, which makes such approaches impractical. The typical locations of a slope position contain the characteristics of the slope position in both parameter space and spatial context. Thus, the spatial gradation of slope positions can be quantified by comparing terrain characteristics (spatial and parametrical) of given locations to those at typical locations. Based on this idea, this paper proposes an approach to quantifying the spatial gradation of slope positions by using typical locations as prototypes. This approach includes two parts: the first is to extract the typical locations of each slope position and treat them as the prototypes of this position; and the second is to compute the similarity between a given location and the prototypes based on both local topographic attributes and spatial context. The new approach characterizes slope position gradation in both the attribute domain (i.e., parameter space) and the spatial domain (i.e., geographic space) in an easy and practicable way. Applications show that the new approach can quantitatively describe spatial gradations among a set of slope positions. Comparison of spatial gradation of A-horizon sand percentages with the quantified spatial gradation of slope positions indicates that the latter reflects slope processes, confirming the effectiveness of the approach. The comparison of a soil subgroup map of the study area with the maximum similarity map derived from the approach also suggests that the quantified spatial gradation of slope position can be used to aid geographical modeling such as digital soil mapping. 相似文献
11.
京津冀城市用地形态的双分形特征及其演化 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
区域城乡一体化的标志之一是城镇体系结构的一体化,这个过程可以从标度的角度进行描述和评价。分形是标度分析的重要方法,地理空间无尺度分布特征的典型参数是分维。论文以京津冀城镇体系为例,利用遥感图像的解译数据和人口普查数据开展分形分析、位序-规模分布分析和异速标度分析,用以解释1995—2013年间京津冀城镇体系演化的过程。结果表明,京津冀城镇体系及其演化的特征有：①京津冀空间结构和位序-规模分布都表现为自仿射双分形结构;②京津冀区域的城市人口-城区面积异速标度退化为假线性关系;③随着城镇体系的演化,自仿射的双分形结构逐步向自相似分形结构演化。由此得出结论：其一,京津冀城镇体系存在结构性的不协调因素。其空间结构和等级结构具有二元化特征,但演化方向却呈现内在结构一体化的显著趋势。其二,大城市用地不够集约。城市边缘区的无序扩张导致土地利用铺张浪费。地方政府和规划专家可以有意识地利用城镇体系演化的这种特征和趋势制定管理措施和优化规划方案。 相似文献
12.
Economic subsidies continue to be in focus as potentially important drivers of agricultural change. Their exact functioning as drivers in very complex systems are not all that well analysed or documented however, and their effect e.g. in terms of environmental output are currently being questioned. In the work reported here, we focus on how the regionality of the farming system may influence the potential effect of agricultural subsidies, also in terms of farmland abandonment. We do this through using multiple linear regressions (MLR) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) on the Norwegian database on agricultural production data, combined with farm location data. Our findings demonstrate how the outcome of certain support systems may differ between regions, and how a region may dominate national statistic. We conclude that as subsidies continue to be a key tool in achieving agricultural policy aims, we need a better understanding of how the subsidy systems work. To understand the impact of a change in subsidy it is necessary to consider the local context in which it operates, e.g. demographics, bio-physical resources and feasibility of land rental. Spatial data and techniques such as spatial MLR and GWR are increasingly accessible to policy makers and should be used to provide insight into the local impacts of current policy. However this understanding must also emphasize farmer motivation and decision making and these investigations must be regionally based. 相似文献
13.
川渝地区气温随地形、经度和纬度的变化(英文) 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
Using the daily temperature data of 95 meteorological stations from Si-chuan-Chongqing Region and its surrounding areas, this paper adopted these methods (e.g., linear regression, trend coefficient, geographical statistics, gray relational analysis and spatial analysis functions of GIS) to analyze the relations of temperature variability with topography, latitude and longitude. Moreover, the rank of gray correlation between temperature variability and elevation, longitude, latitude, topographic position and surface roughness also was measured. These results indicated: (1) The elevation affected temperature variability most obviously, followed by latitude, and longitude. The slope of the linear regression between temperature change rate and elevation, latitude and longitude was 0.4142, 0.0293 and -0.3270, respectively. (2) The rank of gray correlation between temperature change rate and geographic factors was elevation > latitude > surface roughness > topographic position > longitude. The gray correla-tion degree between temperature change rate and elevation was 0.865, followed by latitude with 0.796, and longitude with 0.671. (3) The rate of temperature change enhanced with the increase of elevation. Especially, the warming trend was significant in the plateau and mountain areas of western Sichuan, and mountain and valley areas of southwestern Sichuan (with the warming rate of 0.74℃/10a during the 1990s). However, there was a weak warming trend in Sichuan Basin and its surrounding low mountain and hilly areas. (4) The effects of latitude on temperature change rate presented the specific regulation, which the warming rate of low-latitude areas was more significant than that of high-latitude areas. However, they were consistent with the regulation that the increasing of low temperature controlled most of the warming trend, due to the effects of terrain and elevation on annual mean temperature. (5) Ba-sically, temperature variability along longitude direction resulted from the regular change of elevation along longitude. It was suggested that, in Sichuan-Chongqing Region, special features of temperature variability largely depended on the terrain complexity (e.g., undulations, mutations and roughness). The elevation level controlled only high or low annual mean temperature and the range of temperature change rate in the macro sense. 相似文献
14.
中国省域犯罪率影响因素的空间非平稳性分析 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
收入差距和流动人口是影响犯罪率的两个重要因素, 以往研究基于OLS模型, 在假设地域空间为均质的前提下分析其对犯罪率的影响, 但现实世界的空间单元往往难以满足“均质”的假设, 多数表现为“空间异质”。以OLS计量空间异质会造成计量结果出现偏差, 同时无法了解不同空间单元的不同影响。而地理加权回归模型通过将空间结构嵌入线性回归模型中, 很好的解决了空间异质的计量问题。利用地理加权回归模型研究2008 年中国大陆省域单元犯罪率的影响因素, 结果表明:① 犯罪率的影响因素表现出空间非平稳性, 流动人口与犯罪率显著相关, 但各个省份相关程度并不相同, 影响关系随空间位置变化而变化;② 地理加权回归模型的计量精度和拟合度比OLS模型有大幅提高 相似文献
15.
Measures of geographic food access overlook an important source of statistical biases, termed the edge effect. The edge effect refers to the fallacy that events contributing to the spatial pattern of an analysis unit may be outside of that unit; thus merely summarizing events within the unit may lead to distortion of the estimation. Food procurement activities can happen beyond existing administrative boundaries. Delineating food access using unit-based metrics may misrepresent the true space within which food stores are accessible. To overcome this problem, this paper proposes a gravity-based accessibility measure to improve unit-based statistical approaches in food access research. In addition, this method accounts for the spatial interaction between food supply (e.g., food items in stock) and demand (e.g., population) as well as how this interaction is mediated by the spatiotemporal separation (e.g., travel time, modality). The method is applied to the case of Franklin County, OH and has revealed the food access inequity for African Americans by modes of transport, including walking, biking, and driving. The analysis of the correlation between mode-specific food access and socioeconomic status (SES) variables reveals that using a single modality in food access research may not fully capture the travel behavior and its relationship with local food environments. With modifications, the proposed method can help evaluate food access for a target population group, such as Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) users or selected ethnic minorities who may face acute difficulties in procuring economically affordable and culturally appropriate foods. 相似文献
16.
行政区划调整的政区位势理论与模型构建——以重庆市为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
行政区划调整对区域发展的影响尚缺少系统的理论解释和方法测度。为了深入地探究行政区划设置和调整对区域经济发展的影响机理,本文提出并界定了政区位势理论,构建了政区位势的测度模型,并以重庆市为例进行了实证检验。研究认为：① 政区位势是由位能（行政区地域生产要素的配置能力）和势能（行政管理体制和行政级别的竞争力）构成的概念,行政区划调整可以改变一个地区的政区位势,从而改变其发展的动力和路径;② 由土地管辖权、人力资本水平、固定资产投资能力、财政分权度和行政分权度等变量构成的重庆市政区位势测度模型可以反映重庆市行政区划调整给其政区位势带来的变化;③ 实证检验得出政区位势提升对地方经济绩效提高有显著的正向影响;④ 科学合理地行政区划调整有助于该地区整合要素资源,优化行政管理幅度,提升其政区位势,进而拉动地方经济发展。政区位势理论和模型对于行政区划调整的区域效应具有较好的解释力,为各地区行政区划调整规划提供了新的分析视角,也可作为行政区划调整效应评估的实用方法。 相似文献
17.
基于遗传算法自动获取CA模型的参数 总被引：11，自引：1，他引：10
本文提出了基于遗传算法来寻找CA模型最佳参数的方法。CA被越来越多地应用于城市和土地利用等复杂系统的动态模拟。CA模型中变量的参数值对模拟结果有非常重要的影响。如何获取理想的参数值是模型的关键。传统的逻辑回归模型运算简单,常常用来获取模型的参数值,要求解释变量间线性无关,所以获取的城市CA模型参数具有一定的局限性。遗传算法在参数优化组合、快速搜索参数值方面有很大的优势。本文利用遗传算法来自动获取优化的CA模型参数值,并获得了纠正后的CA模型。将该模型应用于东莞1988~2004年的城市发展的模拟中,得到了较好的效果。研究结果表明,遗传算法可以有效地自动获取CA模型的参数,其模拟的结果要比传统的逻辑回归校正的CA模型模拟精度高。 相似文献
18.
青海湖环湖地区草地植被生物量遥感监测模型 总被引：57，自引：0，他引：57
利用青海湖环湖地区2000年陆地卫星TM遥感图像数据和同期野外实测的34处样方产草量数据,分析了遥感植被指数与草地植被生物量之间的相关关系,进而分别建立了遥感植被指数与草地植被生物量的一元线性回归模型和非线性回归模型。研究表明,遥感植被指数与草地生物量之间存在较好的相关性,但不同遥感植被指数与草地植被生物量相关性程度存在一定差别。此外,所建遥感植被指数与草地植被生物量的非线性回归模型在拟合精度上优于一元线性回归模型,且由三次方程得到的非线性回归模型最适用于监测青海湖环湖地区的草地植被生物量。 相似文献
19.
Jonathan D. Phillips 《The Professional geographer》2005,57(1):83-93
Spatial systems are typically characterized by multiple controlling factors and processes operating at different spatial and temporal scales (multiple scale causality [MSC]). An entropy decomposition‐based approach to MSC is presented here in two contexts. First, given maps or distributions of an observed phenomenon at two or more scales, the contribution at more local or global (relative to the primary scale of observation) controls to the observed entropy can be estimated. Second, a theoretical treatment of the entropy decomposition equations shows that as the range of scale is increased by broadening or narrowing resolutions or by incorporating more controls, the influence of larger or smaller‐scale influences not only changes, but may change qualitatively, e.g., in terms of having positive (entropy‐increasing) or negative (information‐increasing) effects. Such qualitative causal shifts have implications for efforts to use any single causal explanation across the molecular to planetary spatial and instantaneous to geological range of scales relevant to physical geography. The entropy decomposition method is illustrated with an application to soil landscapes in the Ouachita Mountains, Arkansas. 相似文献
20.
There is an increasing need for a quick, simple method to represent diurnal population change in metropolitan areas for effective emergency management and risk analysis. Many geographic studies rely on decennial U.S. Census data that assume that urban populations are static in space and time. This has obvious limitations in the context of dynamic geographic problems. The U.S. Department of Transportation publishes population data at the transportation analysis zone level in fifteen-minute increments. This level of spatial and temporal detail allows for improved dynamic population modeling. This article presents a methodology for visualizing and analyzing diurnal population change for metropolitan areas based on this readily available data. Areal interpolation within a geographic information system is used to create twenty-four (one per hour) population surfaces for the larger metropolitan area of Salt Lake County, Utah. The resulting surfaces represent diurnal population change for an average workday and are easily combined to produce an animation that illustrates population dynamics throughout the day. A case study of using the method to visualize population distributions in an emergency management context is provided using two scenarios: a chemical release and a dirty bomb in Salt Lake County. This methodology can be used to address a wide variety of problems in emergency management. 相似文献