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1.
Greaves Creek has cut a hanging valley through the entire Triassic sandstone sequence near Blackheath in the western Blue Mountains, New South Wales. Downstream of Beauchamp Falls, it cuts into Permian strata in the Grose Gorge. The hanging valley has a valley-in-valley structure. The narrow inner valley is bounded by high cliffs and its floor is cut by a deep narrow slot canyon where stream incision has occurred without valley widening. The course of the creek is related to joint directions. Intense jointing, minor faulting and sapping influence the stability of cliffs but up to 30m of incision has occurred without valley widening in the slot canyon. Topographic asymmetry expressed as unequal slopes of the valley sides is related to differential insolation, erosion, vegetation cover, bioturbation and fire intensity. In the western Blue Mountains and elsewhere in the Sydney Basin asymmetric slopes occur in many other valley-ridge systems, particularly those whose long axes are oriented between about east-west and north-east-south-west. Vegetation structure and floristics within Greaves Creek valley are related to physiography of the valley and to aspect through their effects on fire, moisture availability, light availability, soil depth and temperature. 相似文献
2.
青藏高原东南缘干热河谷中广泛发育黄土或黄土状土,是解读中国西南季风、干热河谷环境演变与高原隆升关系的良好载体,但目前尚无关于其成因、形成时代和古气候意义的系统研究。通过对金沙江干热河谷华弹段中黄土状土的空间分布、粒度特征、化学风化指数以及沉积速率的分析,发现该区黄土状土拔河越高,粒径越小,沉积速率越低;结合前人物源示踪研究成果,证实黄土状土来源于金沙江谷底的河漫滩沉积和古堰塞湖沉积,局地山谷风环流为其提供搬运动力。磁性地层学分析显示黄土状土地层全为正极性,剖面中未出现B/M界线,结合光释光测年结果,确定金沙江干热河谷华弹段中的黄土状土形成于中更新世中期以来。通过与同河段的古堰塞湖沉积形成时代进行对比,发现黄土状土的形成时代稍晚于同河段古堰塞湖相沉积大量堆积的时代。金沙江河谷中黄土状土与古堰塞湖相沉积在时空上的紧密关联性表明,滑坡堰塞事件控制着金沙江干热河谷中黄土状土物源的丰富程度,是影响金沙江深切河谷中黄土状土形成与沉积过程的主要因素。黄土状土的粒度与化学风化指数结果表明358 ka BP以来,该段河谷中古环境气候发生过明显冷干-暖湿波动,并在冰期-间冰期尺度上响应全球气候变化。 相似文献
3.
This study examines environmental change in the upper montane zone of the Australian Eastern Highlands during the late Holocene, by analysing vegetation, fire and erosion records contained within a small fen located in a frost hollow. Differences in environmental parameters across the prehistoric—historic boundary were particularly investigated in an attempt to characterise better the changes associated with the imposition of European land‐use practices. Decreases in arboreal pollen and an increased charcoal concentration near the base of the analysed sequence, interpreted to be about 1600 y BP until about 1300 y BP, are suggestive of reduced moisture availability. After this, a period of relative stability continued to the close of the prehistoric period. The arrival of Europeans in the region triggered changes in the sediment record, including an increase in the accumulation of sediment by an order of magnitude, and changes in the surrounding vegetation. Saturated isothermal remnant magnetism (SIRM) was found to be significantly higher in the historic period compared to the analysed prehistoric period, suggesting an alteration in the erosional processes within the catchment. The concentration of charcoal was comparable between the prehistoric and historic periods; however, the increased sedimentation rate of the historic period infers an increased accumulation of charcoal. Fire did not appear to be related to the vegetation changes evident in the historic period, perhaps due to the use of cool fires by the pastoralists. 相似文献
4.
In-stream wetlands and their significance for channel filling and the catchment sediment budget, Jugiong Creek, New South Wales 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Evidence is presented here of recent and extensive infilling of the incised channel network of the Jugiong Creek catchment, SE Australia. The present channel network resulted from widespread stream and gully incision in the period between 1880 and 1920. Our survey shows that gully floors have been colonised extensively by emergent macrophyte vegetation since before 1944, forming continuous, dense, in-stream wetlands, which now cover 25% of the channel network in the 2175 km2 catchment and have so far trapped almost 2,000,000 t of nutrient-enriched, fine sediments. This mass of sediments represents the equivalent of 4.7 years of annual sediment production across the catchment and in some tributaries, more than 20 years of annual yield is stored within in-stream wetlands.Previous work on the late Quaternary stratigraphy of the region has shown that there were repeated phases of channel incision in the past following which the channels quickly stabilised by natural means and then filled with fine-grained sediment to the point of channel extinction, creating unchannelled swampy valley floors. The current formation and spread of in-stream wetlands is interpreted to be the onset of the next infill phase but it is not known whether present conditions will allow complete channel filling and reformation of the pre-existing swampy valley floors. Nevertheless, further spread of in-stream wetlands is likely to increase the sediment trapping capacity and further reduce the discharge of sediments and nutrients into the Murrumbidgee River. The in-stream wetlands may provide a significant capacity to buffer erosion from gullied catchments of considerable size (up to 300 km2) as an adjunct to current riparian management options. They may also assist the recovery of sediment-impacted channels downstream. 相似文献
5.
Influence of rock strength on the valley morphometry of Big Creek, central Idaho, USA 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Zachery M. Lifton Glenn D. Thackray Robert Van Kirk Nancy F. Glenn 《Geomorphology》2009,111(3-4):173-181
Analysis of valley morphometry and bedrock strength along Big Creek, central Idaho, shows that valley floor width is strongly controlled by bedrock. We performed statistical analysis of Schmidt hammer rock strength as a function of lithology and aspect and of valley morphometry as a function of rock strength. Rock strength is significantly greater on the south side of the valley and in Eocene granodiorites. Rock strength is weakest in Eocene volcanic tuffs. Valley floor width depends negatively on weakest valley-side rock strength, and hillslope gradient on the north side of the valley depends positively on rock strength. Stream gradient does not depend on rock strength. Valley floor width appears to be controlled by bedrock strength on the weaker side of the valley, which was generally the north (south-facing) side. We speculate that a higher degree of weathering via freeze–thaw cycles contributes to lower strength on the north side. The positive dependence of hillslope gradient on rock strength on the north side provides evidence that differential weathering across lithologies determines the gradient that can be maintained as lateral migration of the stream erodes valley walls. These results suggest that in situ rock strength exerts strong influences on some measures of valley morphometry by modulating hillslope mass wasting processes and limiting lateral erosion. 相似文献
6.
7.
Manu P. Black 《The Australian geographer》2007,38(1):37-52
Pollen and macroscopic charcoal have been analysed from a sedimentary sequence representing approximately 6100 years from a site within Wollemi National Park. This is located to the north-west of Sydney and forms a part of the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area. The overall aim of the work was to examine the prehistoric interrelationships between vegetation, fire and human activity. There were relatively minor changes in the vegetation over the last ～6000 years, perhaps reflecting the climate- and fire-resilient nature of the sclerophyllous vegetation found on Hawkesbury Sandstone throughout the Sydney Basin. Casuarinaceae declined in the late Holocene, a trend that has been detected in numerous palaeoecological studies throughout south-eastern Australia. This decline was unrelated to fire, which has been a persistent feature at the site over the entire analysed sequence. The fire regime at the site changed from 5.7 ka, which is interpreted as reflecting the onset of increased climatic variability associated with El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. Another dramatic change in the fire regime occurred at 3 ka, which was coeval with archaeological changes in the region. It is possible that the change in fire activity from 3 ka represented an alteration to Aboriginal management strategies associated with an increasing population and/or the increased risk of conflagrations in an ENSO-dominated climate. 相似文献
8.
Gary Brierley 《The Australian geographer》1998,29(1):107-124
Extensive valley fills have formed at the base of the escarpment in granitic catchments along the south coast of NSW. On the 1865 portion plan, the valley fill surface in the upper part of Wolumla Creek, in the Bega River catchment, was intact, but within a few decades of European settlement of the area the valley fill had been incised. Today the incised channel is up to 10 m deep and 100 m wide. The catchment drains an area of just 18.2 km2. Based on detailed field mapping, with extensive drilling and angering, the volume of the intact valley fill in upper Wolumla Creek in 1865 was approximately 5000 × 103 m3. Between 1865 and the present day, approximately 3500 × 103 m3 of this material has been removed, leaving roughly 1500× 103 m3 of material stored on the valley margins. During an initial period of discontinuous gullying, approximately 230 × 103 m3 of sand accumulated as a floodout. Subsequently, the incised channel became continuous, cutting through the floodout; over 50 per cent of floodout deposits were removed. Flushing of the materials released from upland valley fills has been very efficient in the Wolumla Creek catchment, with a sediment delivery ratio of around 70 per cent. The efficient downstream transfer of deposits reflects bedrock confinement in downstream reaches. Extensive volumes of material have accumulated along the lower reaches of the catchment, exacerbating the transformation to the geomorphic character of the lower Bega River. 相似文献
9.
利用 2000—2015 年的 EOS／MODIS 数据，采用趋势分析、Hurst 指数、变异系数法对伊犁河 谷植被时空变化及未来趋势进行分析，结果显示：空间分布上，伊犁河谷植被覆盖度呈北部、南部、 东部偏高，西部、中部偏低的分布特征；时间变化上，2000—2015 年，伊犁河谷植被覆盖度波动减 小，减速为 6.25%·(10 a)-1；区域分布上，伊犁河谷植被表现为低波动变化，波动程度中等以及下占 73.16%，波动程度高的区域占 26.84%。未来预测表明，伊犁河谷植被覆盖呈退化趋势，其中，持续 退化的面积占 57.55%，持续改善的面积占 13.51%。 相似文献
10.
宛川河为黄河的一级支流,位于青藏高原东北部的兰州盆地东部.该区域历史时期曾发生多次6级以上地震.以DEM数据为基础,通过河流水系分析和地貌形态指数的计算,讨论了区域新构造活动特征.山前曲折度指数(SMF)在宛川河北为1.03~1.18,在兴隆山北前缘为1.83~2.88;河谷宽高比指数(VF)在宛川河北部为0.36~2.34,在南部的兴隆山为0.55~13.SMF与VF值的大小和分布特征表明研究区新构造活动活跃,且宛川河以北(前人推测有断层存在)新构造活动的活跃程度更高.流域盆地非对称性指数(AF)在宛川河北部东南端的异常揭示存在掀斜断块和褶皱运动;结合裂点分布和沟谷错断等地貌特征,发现宛川河北正断裂的东南端也存在西北--东南向走滑活动. 相似文献
11.
中全新世黄河流域耕地格局重建及对原生植被的影响(英文) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Yangshao culture is the most important mid-Holocene Neolithic culture in the Yellow River catchment,and thus,a study on the impact of human activities on the environment is important.In the current study,the distribution pattern of the cultivated land in late Yangshao culture is reconstructed using GIS tool and site domain analysis(SDA).The results show that the cultivated land during 5.5-5.0 ka BP was mainly distributed in the Weihe River valley,Luohe River valley,northwestern Henan Plain,Fenhe River valley and eastern Gansu region,especially concentrated in the Xi’an-Baoji line of the Weihe River valley.At that time,at least 37,000 km 2 of lands were reclaimed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River,and 132,000 km 2 of lands were affected by agricultural activities.Human activities had become the driving force of land use/land coverage.Charcoal records indicate that the ancestors of Yangshao culture burnt forests for reclamation,leading to the decrease of arbor pollen at 5 ka BP in core areas of the Yangshao culture.The areas that were significantly affected by human activities accounted for 3.2% of the Yangshao culture influenced area,while the moderately affected areas accounted for 20.1% of Yangshao culture influenced area.Meanwhile,92% of the land areas on the edge and outside of the Yangshao culture influenced area were not affected by human activities.The arbor pollen in these areas did not decrease until 4.0 ka BP. 相似文献
12.
利用2000-2010年16 d合成的MODIS/[NDVI]数据,结合植被异常指数、趋势线分析和Hurst指数等分析方法,对新疆伊犁河谷植被覆盖的时空变化特征进行了分析。结果表明：（1） 伊犁河谷内植被覆盖随海拔增高而先增加后减小,最高植被覆盖区位于2 000～2 500 m的高程带;2000-2010年伊犁河谷各高程带内植被覆盖整体下降趋势明显,但海拔低于1 000 m的高程带除外。（2）受干湿环境影响,伊犁河谷全区平均被植异常指数最高值出现在降水最多的2002年,最低值出现在降水最少的2008年,但不同区域植被异常指数的变化存在较大差异。（3）伊犁河谷内植被覆盖增加和减小的区域分别占总面积的4.09%和19.34%,增加区域主要位于伊犁河两岸的平原区,减小区域主要位于乌孙山两端以及伊犁河谷周围海拔2 000 m左右的低山区域;变标度极差分析结果表明,伊犁河谷内植被覆盖年际变化呈现很强的持续性,未来一定时间内将保持现有变化趋势不变。 相似文献
13.
14.
Interest in the Holocene development of small to medium-sized river catchments in Western and Central Europe in relation to changes in land use and climate has increased over the past years. In this study we reconstruct the Holocene landscape development and fluvial dynamics of the Geul River (The Netherlands) and the main forcing mechanisms of environmental change. Field studies were carried out and we used OSL and 14C dating methods to reconstruct the Holocene valley development. Our study shows that 2 periods of deforestation (during the Roman Period and the High Middle Ages) led to severe soil erosion and increased floodplain sedimentation in the catchment of the Geul River, possibly combined with periods of increased wetness during the High Middle Ages. Alluvial fans have been active since the Roman deforestation phase. Our results show that the Geul catchment is highly sensitive to changes in land use. 相似文献
15.
云南楚雄龙川江流域上游的水库建设和河道渠化等工程改变了河谷盆地、缓坡、农耕地、河道、间歇性河流湿地和季节性溪流的地形和水文条件,曾经支持健康河流生态系统的间歇性湿地大面积退化,导致河流自净能力下降、植被退化以及生物多样性降低。通过调查和评估龙川江湿地,分析间歇性河流湿地生态修复的轨迹,确定修复目标、参考模型和技术路线,并制定湿地管理计划,旨在恢复健康的河流湿地环境。在湿地修复措施方面,挖掘和重新连接关键生态属性的湿地斑块,通过间歇性湿地保留雨水和流域的径流水量,实施综合种植计划,在河岸两侧恢复具有重要生态意义的季节性湿地综合体等。 相似文献
16.
GEOFFREY L. BUCKLEY 《Geographical review》1998,88(2):175-198
ABSTRACT. The physical environment of the George's Creek Valley in western Maryland was altered dramatically during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, as coal mining and associated activities expanded and intensified. Although mineral extraction was the chief agent of change, forest and water resources were also affected by other industrial and commercial activities, as well as by the region's growing population. Examining the environmental alteration that took place in the valley, this work also considers attitudes and motivations that contributed to the transformation. 相似文献
17.
Corroded Pollen and Spores as Indicators of Changing Lake Sediment Sources and Catchment Disturbance
Pollen and spores with resistant exines are preferentially preserved in soils, and during periods of soil erosion they can become incorporated into lake sediments. As a result, the contemporary vegetation may be poorly represented by the palynomorphs in the lake sediments because of the reworked component of inwashed pollen and spores. We record the proportion of palynomorphs with corroded exines in sediment cores from four lakes in the eastern North Island of New Zealand to document changing sources of palynomorphs over the last 2000 years. During this period, the catchments experienced major vegetation disturbances, both natural (from volcanism and fire) and anthropogenic including deforestation ca. 600 years ago, and the European conversion of fern-scrubland to pasture in the 19th century. Corroded palynomorphs are more abundant in inwashed sediments than authigenic sediments. Catchment soil disturbance was minor during the forested period, and characterised by small, inwashed, sediment pulses after storms, and a relatively low percentage of corroded palynomorphs. Although initial Maori forest clearance by fire led to a temporary increase in erosion in one lake catchment, rapid replacement of forest by a dense bracken fern cover helped to minimise soil erosion and reworking of palynomorphs in this period. European pastoralists replaced the bracken fern with shallow-rooted pasture grasses about 150 years ago. In erosion prone lake catchments, this led to a rapid increase of inwashed eroded soils and littoral sediments, and their component of resistant palynomorphs, reaching the lake sediments. As a result, the palynological records from these catchments during the European period are distorted by reworking. By contrast, over the same period, the palynological record from a lake with no inflowing streams and stable catchment soils more faithfully represented the contemporary vegetation cover. Exine corrosion has been used to help identify periods of reworking in the lake sediments and to allow for a correction of distortion caused by reworking. 相似文献
18.
Wayne D. Erskine 《The Australian geographer》1994,25(1):50-60
The valley‐fill sequence of Nowlands Creek, a 5.5 km2 basin in the Central Lowlands of the Hunter Valley, is characterised by three inset river terraces whose sediments contain either Aboriginal or European artefacts. The highest and oldest terrace is characterised by a well‐developed yellow duplex soil with Aboriginal artefacts in the A horizon. Deposition of the bulk of the terrace sediments occurred before 11 400 yrs BP when Nowlands Creek was a low‐sinuosity, high‐energy, gravel‐bed stream. Texture contrast of the terrace soil is due partly to the superpositioning of Holocene sandy colluvium over Pleistocene fluviatile clay. The middle terrace is characterised by a deep minimal prairie soil containing Aboriginal artefacts. Deposition of the middle‐terrace sediments occurred mainly after 11 400 yrs BP when Nowlands Creek was a small‐capacity, mud‐bed channel with chains of ponds and well‐vegetated banks. The lowest terrace occupies a discontinuous trench incised into the middle terrace and was abandoned by incision between 1902 and 1938 due to open‐cut coal mining. All Aboriginal artefacts found so far are confined to Holocene sediments. 相似文献
19.
Marith C. Reheis Janet L. Slate Constance K. Throckmorton John P. McGeehin rei M. Sarna-Wojcicki & Lori Dengler 《Basin Research》1996,8(3):279-299
Well-dated surface and subsurface deposits in semiarid Fish Lake Valley, Nevada and California, demonstrate that alluvial-fan deposition is strongly associated with the warm dry climate of the last two interglacial intervals, and that fans were stable and (or) incised during the last glaciation. Fan deposition was probably triggered by a change from relatively moist to arid conditions causing a decrease in vegetation cover and increases in flash floods and sediment yield. We think that this scenario applies to most of the other valleys in the southern Basin and Range. Radiocarbon, tephra, and a few thermoluminescence and cosmogenic ages from outcrops throughout Fish Lake Valley and from cores on the Leidy Creek fan yield ages of >100–50 ka and 11–0 ka for the last two periods of alluvial-fan deposition. Mapping, coring and shallow seismic profiling indicate that these periods were synchronous throughout the valley and on the proximal and distal parts of the fans. From 50 to 11 ka, fan deposition ceased, a soil formed on the older alluvium and the axial drainage became active as runoff and stream competence increased. Slow deposition due to sheet flow or aeolian processes locally continued during this interval, producing cumulic soil profiles. The soil was buried by debris-flow sediment beginning at about 11 ka, coincident with the onset of relatively dry and warm conditions in the region. However, ground-water discharge maintained a large freshwater marsh on the valley floor throughout the Holocene. Pulses of deposition during the Holocene are recorded in the marsh and fan deposits; some pulses coincided with periods of or transitions to warm, dry climate indicated by proxy climate records, whereas others may reflect local disturbances associated with volcanism and fires. Within the marsh deposits, much of the clastic material is probably desert loess. In addition, the deposition of coppice dunes within the fan deposits coincides with two dry periods during the late Holocene. 相似文献
20.
冲沟侵蚀是中国西部山区一个重要的环境问题。小流域研究表明，黄河和长江中的泥沙主要是冲沟侵蚀引起的。目前，长江上游80%的冲沟因被幼林草植被覆盖而处于非活跃期。到底这些冲沟系统是什么时候形成的？未来的暴雨和径流是否会激活这些冲沟系统？土地利用与景观结构对冲沟系统的发生、演变有何关系？基于这些问题，近几年来在中科院山地环境学“百人计划”和“国外引进杰出人才”项目及德国洪堡基金的资助下，中德科学工作者进行了合作研究。本文介绍了长江上游地区土地利用变化与冲沟发生、演变的部分研究成果。我们在西昌安宁河干暖河谷选择了两个冲沟系统一个位于西溪乡长山岭，一个位于大青梁子。为了定量评价土地利用对冲沟发育的影响，我们对研究小流域的航片、土壤剖面、泥沙堆积与土地利用历史等进行了详尽的综合对比分析。同时，对两个冲沟系统的大小和土壤流失的体积进行了详细的野外调查、测定和计算。据此，获得了研究流域的冲沟侵蚀速率。研究结果表明，长江上游数百年的持续景观演变，尤其是20世纪中期人为强烈的不合理农业垦殖和利用土地，造成了四川西南部大量冲沟系统的形成和发展，研究流域的冲沟侵蚀速率高达375t/hm2*a-1。采取成功的水土保持措施以控制冲沟侵蚀，对中国西南山地退化环境的生态修复具有重大实践意义。 相似文献