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1.
正岩石地貌是由特定地貌形体与特定岩性相结合而构成的地貌类型。我国岩石地貌类型众多,从岩浆岩形成的花岗岩地貌、玄武岩地貌到沉积岩形成的石灰岩地貌、砂岩地貌、页岩地貌等;从变质岩体形成的诸如泰山变质杂岩地貌,再到第四纪黄土堆积形成的黄土地貌等,在我国均有典型发育,特别是由沉积岩体形成的造型地貌已成为目前学术界研究的热点[1]。我国幅员辽阔,地质发育历史悠久,在长期的构造运动和造岩作用下,岩性区域差异明显;多期造山活动的叠加,特别是喜马拉雅差异性升降运动的影响,不仅 相似文献
2.
新疆地貌区划的一个新方案 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
在分析总结和借鉴继承前人地貌区划工作的基础上,开展新疆地貌区划研究.首先认为地貌区划既是对地貌划分的结果,也是地貌划分的方法与过程,同时还是认识地貌特征和发现地貌规律的一种科学方法.第二,确定新疆地貌区划的主要原则为区域性原则和等级系统原则,选择自下而上的类型合并与自上而下的区域分割相结合,协调使用的区划方法.第三,在区划原则和区划方法的指导下,对新疆地貌类型分布规律进行定性与定量研究,提出基于遥感和GIS技术的新疆地貌区划新方案,将新疆分为6个地貌区、23个地貌亚区和195个地貌小区.结果表明,该地貌区划方案能够体现出新疆各地貌类型及其分布格局,并具有区划等级的系统性,地貌分区的完整性,以及区划界线的准确性等特点. 相似文献
3.
山东临朐、昌乐地区晚第三纪火山地貌 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
山东临朐、昌乐地区是渤海盆地南缘,郯庐断裂带中段西侧晚第三纪火山地貌集中分布的地区之一。本文对区内火山地貌类型和地貌发育过程作了重点探讨。 相似文献
4.
山东临朐、昌乐地区晚第三纪火山地貌 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
山东临朐、昌乐地区是渤海盆地南缘,郯庐断裂带中段西侧晚第三纪火山地貌集中分布的地区之一。本文对区内火山地貌类型和地貌发育过程作了重点探讨。 相似文献
5.
利用2003年小江流域的TM影像，结合实地调查，再根据流域地质分布和地貌发育情况，将流域地貌类型划分为岩溶地貌和非岩溶地貌两个一级类型景观，在此基础上，根据地貌发育程度结合高程情况，将岩溶区又划分为6个岩溶景观，非岩溶地貌分为两个二级类型景观。应用景观生态学原理，并通过Fragstats 3．3软件在流域尺度上计算了一些相关指标。结果表明：岩溶区的景观生态特征总体上体现了其生态环境的特殊性和脆弱性，地表水资源溃乏，土层薄、土壤资源零星分布且易流失，造成未利用地面积大，石漠化现象严重，土地利用程度低的特点。非岩溶区景观生态由于耕地和林地占绝对优势，石漠化面积少，香农多样性指数和均匀度低，景观的异质性较低，结构较为简单。 相似文献
6.
阿尔泰山构造地貌与砂金 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
阿尔泰山构造地貌的基本特征不仅决定了砂金成因类型,也控制着砂金的沉积分布规律,在阿尔泰山不同走向的断裂交汇处往往形成断陷盆地、断陷谷地等负地形、或构成断块山结并发育有放射状水系,它们是对砂金富集成矿极为有利的地貌场所. 相似文献
7.
通过野外实地考察地质结构、地貌发育及室内实验的方法,对滇中轿子山地区地貌结构和发育特征进行了分析,对轿子山及其外围山地的喀斯特地貌、古冰川遗迹及冻土地貌进行了研究.结果表明:轿子山地区主要构造形迹为褶皱与断裂,轿子山地区整体地势中部高,向东西两侧呈阶梯状下降,河谷切割较深,相对高差大,区内构造地貌发育,地貌大格局受构造控制明显,构造地貌、玄武岩台地、灾害地貌、第四纪冰川遗迹残广布,古冰川遗迹冻土地貌较为发育. 相似文献
8.
9.
70年来中国风沙地貌学的发展 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
风是除流水之外塑造地球景观的第二大流体,以其为外营力形成的风沙地貌在全球干旱区广泛分布,超过40%的全球陆地面积受风沙地貌过程的影响,与人类生存环境存在着密切的关系,19世纪末以来受到国际学术界的持续关注。中国干旱半干旱地区广泛发育风沙地貌,但风沙地貌研究比国际研究晚半个多世纪,始于20世纪50年代后期。本文总结了新中国成立70年来中国风沙地貌学发展的3个阶段：初创阶段（1949—1977年）、充实发展阶段（1978—1999年）和国际化研究阶段（2000年至今）。现在中国风沙地貌研究的水平整体与国际并行,部分领先。中国具有重要国际影响力的风沙地貌研究工作包括沙丘移动规律、风沙地貌区域综合研究、中国独特风沙地貌发育演变过程、戈壁地貌学研究、沙丘二次流以及地外星球的探索研究。中国风沙地貌学研究有在未来领跑国际研究的潜势,但风沙地貌学家必需有4个方面的战略思考,即综合集成、地球系统科学引领、全球视野和深空时代的发展。 相似文献
10.
基于遥感的中国北方风沙地貌类型分析 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
风沙地貌在我国有广泛的分布,特别在北方,对区域生态安全、社会经济发展有重大影响。为了了解我国风沙地貌最新状况,通过解译2000~2002年的Landsat7 ETM影像,建立了我国风沙地貌类型数据库。对北方风沙地貌的分析表明:1.我国北方风沙地貌主要分布在新疆、内蒙古、青海、宁夏、甘肃、陕西、吉林、黑龙江8省区,其中以新疆、内蒙古的面积最广、地貌类型最丰富;2.类型多样性上,干旱区沙漠的地貌类型远比半干旱区的沙地丰富,其中有些类型分布普遍,还有些类型仅仅局限于特定区域,是在特定的风力、风向、植被等作用下形成的;3.沙丘动态上,沙漠除古尔班通古特与乌兰布和沙漠以固定、半固定为主外其他都以流动为主,沙地沙丘则以固定、半固定状态占优势。本文从沙丘形态类型角度分析了我国风沙地貌的最新特征,具有定位、定量特点,所建数据库不仅能用于风沙地貌的定期遥感监测,还能对沙丘形态演化进行定位监测研究。 相似文献
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12.
火星风沙地貌研究进展 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
作为最活跃的地貌塑造外营力,风力作用在火星表面塑造了各种各样的地貌形态。对火星风沙活动及风沙地貌的认识是随着观测和探测技术的进步而逐渐明确的。火星沙丘在北极地区连绵成带状分布,在其他地区分布比较零散,且主要与撞击坑、河谷和山谷相伴分布。火星风沙地貌与地球上相应的地貌类型形态相似而规模更大,表明两个星球上塑造风沙地貌的动力系统具有一定的相似性。火星沙丘主要由玄武岩质（北极部分沙丘为石膏质）颗粒堆积而成,沉积物粒度比地球粗,主要是由中沙和粗纱组成。随着获取影像时空分辨率的提高和着陆器在火星近表面的观测,发现火星上部分区域的沙丘和沙波纹比较活跃。同地球一样,火星风沙地貌也可指示火星气候的变化。 相似文献
13.
风蚀是雅丹地貌发育的主要控制因素,但在特定环境中,其他环境因素也可能起重要作用。通过对楼兰地区雅丹地貌野外调查、测试及室内实验分析,探讨风化作用对雅丹发育的影响。结果发现：新疆罗布泊地区广泛发育雅丹地貌,其中楼兰地区雅丹相对较为矮小,主要发育于全新世沉积岩上,地表没有植被或松散沉积物等覆盖,地层裸露。楼兰雅丹体为黏土质粉砂岩,干燥条件下较为坚硬（硬度>20 kg·cm-2）,抗风蚀能力较强,但是雅丹体表层岩性发生明显软化（硬度<10 kg·cm-2）。这主要是由于罗布泊地区少量且集中的降水、显著的昼夜温差以及强烈太阳辐射等相互作用造成的。从这些广泛存在的松软层表明,雅丹体表层风化作用速度快于风蚀作用,而表层首先进行的风化作用,对雅丹风蚀作用起很大的促进作用,明显加速了楼兰地区雅丹地貌的发育。因此,受少量降水、昼夜温差和强烈的太阳辐射等影响的风化作用对楼兰地区雅丹地貌发育具有重要的影响。 相似文献
14.
丝绸之路中国段佛教石窟差异性 及其与丹霞地貌的关系 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
作为佛教东传的主线,沿丝绸之路中国段留存了大量的佛教石窟,其分布与该区域丹霞地貌的分布大致重叠。由于各地区地质地貌条件以及岩性的差异,石窟在分布、形制以及艺术表现手法上也存在差异。本文以沿丝绸之路主线佛教东传的路线为基础,分别阐述丝绸之路天山北线、河西走廊、陇东、河湟谷地以及陕西彬县丹霞地貌区的佛教石窟以及敦煌石窟的特点,分析各地石窟形成自身特点的自然原因。文章分析了丝绸之路沿线石窟分布、形制以及艺术特色与丹霞地貌的内在联系,认为除宗教政治因素外,丹霞地貌是丝绸之路石窟分布的决定因素之一,也是石窟形制和艺术表现手法的重要影响因素。文章比较了其他类型地貌与丹霞地貌在开凿石窟方面的优劣,认为丹霞地貌拥有最适合开凿石窟的地貌形态与岩性。综上,文章认为丹霞地貌的存在是丝绸之路沿线出现大量佛教石窟的最重要的自然条件。 相似文献
15.
大鹏半岛位于广东省深圳市东部,海岸地貌类型多样,可分为基岩海岸、堆积海岸和生物海岸3大类型。文章根据野外调查和室内实验分析的结果论述了大鹏半岛海岸地貌类型、分布和成因,并在前人的研究基础上讨论了大鹏半岛海岸地貌演化过程：由于大鹏半岛处在构造隆升区,海岸类型以基岩海岸为主。多处基岩海岸保留了完好的海蚀崖、海蚀平台、海蚀槽穴、海蚀柱等各类典型的海蚀地貌。该半岛的堆积海岸主要发育于岩石岬角间的海湾内,在有河流流入的海湾处形成岬湾沙坝―澙湖海岸,在无河流的海岸处则形成湾顶海滩。半岛中段狭窄的呈哑铃状腰部的东岸,因深入内凹、波浪减弱,有淤泥质海岸发育;红树林发育于淤泥质海岸以及各澙湖内,而半岛周边浅海区有珊瑚群落生长。大鹏半岛以及邻近地区海岸地貌特征和海岸沉积物年代数据显示：1）地质构造与海平面升降是塑造该半岛海岸地貌的主要因素;2）该半岛的海岸地貌是在中全新世早期以后才开始发育的;3）该半岛全新世以来不存在强烈的地壳抬升;4）该半岛海岸中全新世出现过高于现代海平面的高海面。 相似文献
16.
Landform classification is commonly done using topographic altitude only.However,practice indicates that locations at a same altitude may have distinctly different landforms,depending on characteristics of soils underneath those locations.The objectives of this study were to:1) develop a landform classification approach that is based on both altitude and soil characteristic;and 2) use this approach to determine landforms within a watershed located in northern Ordos Plateau of China.Using data collected at 134 out of 200 sampling sites,this study determined that D10(the diameter of soil particles 10% finer by weight) and long-term average soil moisture acquired in 2010,which can be estimated at reasonable accuracy from remote sensing imagery,can be used to represent soil characteristics of the study watershed.Also,the sampling data revealed that this watershed consists of nine classes of landforms,namely mobile dune(MD),mobile semi-mobile dune(SMD),rolling fixed semi-fixed dune(RFD),flat sandy land(FD),grassy sandy land(GS),bedrock(BR),flat sandy bedrock(FSB),valley agricultural land(VA),and swamp and salt lake(SW).A set of logistic regression equations were derived using data collected at the 134 sampling sites and verified using data at the remaining 66 sites.The verification indicated that these equations have moderate classification accuracy(Kappa coefficients > 43%).The results revealed that the dominant classes in the study watershed are FD(36.3%),BR(27.0%),and MD(23.5%),while the other six types of landforms(i.e.,SMD,RFD,GS,FSB,VA,and SW) in combination account for 13.2%.Further,the landforms determined in this study were compared with the classes pre-sented by a geologically-based classification map.The comparison indicated that the geo-logically-based classification could not identify multiple landforms within a class that are de-pendent upon soil characteristics. 相似文献
17.
Present granite landform characteristics and distribution are the integrated result of climate, tectonics and lithology. Various
types of granite landforms in China signify climate zonality and differential vertical movement of earth surface, while published
research results on Chinese granite landforms are very rare, especially in international journals. Based on the process analysis
of chemical weathering and physical disintegration, four granite landform regions in China are classified according to the
present climate regime. On the Tibetan Plateau, the cold and freezing climate induced periglacial landscapes; the northeast
region is characterized by physical disintegration and low round mounds are widespread; in the northwest region controlled
by arid climate, wind-carved minor landscapes are extremely prominent. The most spectacular granite landscapes in China are
presented in southeast as a result of longtime chemical weathering under humid and warm conditions, as well as the differential
uplift after Neogene. Correlating the weathering crust in southern China, Tibetan Plateau and India, a possible unified planation
surface in Neogene is proposed. With corestones as indicators of original weathering front, the differential uplift extent
of dissected planation surfaces can be estimated. At least three landforms implying uplift can be identified in southeastern
China, with elevations of 300–400 m, 2000 m and 3600 m above the sea level respectively. 相似文献
18.
Drainage basin object-based method for regional-scale landform classification: a case study of loess area in China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Landform classification is one of the most important procedures in recognizing and dividing earth surface landforms. However, topographical homogeneity and differences in regional-scale landforms are often ignored by traditional pixel- and object-based landform classification methods based on digital elevation models (DEMs). In this work, a drainage basin object-based method for classifying regional-scale landforms is proposed. Drainage basins with least critical areas are first delineated from DEMs. Then, terrain derivatives of mean elevation, mean slope, drainage density, drainage depth, and terrain texture are employed to characterize the morphology of the drainage basins. Finally, a decision tree based on the topographical characteristics of the drainage basins is constructed and employed to determine the landform classification law. The experiment is validated in the landform classification of regional-scale loess areas in China. Results show that clear boundaries exist in different landforms at the regional scale. Landform type in a specific region shows significant topographical homogeneity under its specific regional geomorphological process. Classification accuracies are 87.3 and 86.3% for the field investigation and model validation, respectively. Spatial patterns of classified landforms and their proximity to sediment sources and other factors can be regarded as indicators of the evolutionary process of loess landform formation. 相似文献
19.
Present granite landform characteristics and distribution are the integrated result of climate, tectonics and lithology. Various types of granite landforms in China signify climate zonality and differential vertical movement of earth surface, while published research results on Chinese granite landforms are very rare, especially in international journals. Based on the process analysis of chemical weathering and physical disintegration, four granite landform regions in China are classified according to the present climate regime. On the Tibetan Plateau, the cold and freezing climate induced periglacial landscapes; the northeast region is characterized by physical disintegration and low round mounds are widespread; in the northwest region controlled by arid climate, wind-carved minor landscapes are extremely prominent. The most spectacular granite landscapes in China are presented in southeast as a result of longtime chemical weathering under humid and warm conditions, as well as the differential uplift after Neogene. Correlating the weathering crust in southern China, Tibetan Plateau and India, a possible unified planation surface in Neogene is proposed. With corestones as indicators of original weathering front, the differential uplift extent of dissected planation surfaces can be estimated. At least three landforms implying uplift can be identified in southeastern China, with elevations of 300–400 m, 2000 m and 3600 m above the sea level respectively. 相似文献
20.
Human activity has been recognized to be an important geomorphic agent, and the resulting changes to landforms and land cover are regarded as a global problem. Although there has been much research into the relationships between geomorphic processes and types of land use such as agriculture, mining, and urbanization, it is important to clarify spatiotemporal human impacts on topography on a regional scale when predicting future changes in land cover.This study examined changes in land use to clarify the distribution and impact of anthropogenic changes to landforms, as well as the influence of geology on the extent of these changes. In a case study from Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan, changes in land use over the last century were analyzed using a geographic information system (GIS). The study area, which covers approximately 4930 km2, has experienced urban development since 1950 and has a current population of over 5 million. Land use data were prepared using paper-based early editions of topographic maps. Subsequently, the distribution of anthropogenic landforms was evaluated by comparing landforms with regional geological data.GIS analysis using our prepared land use data, landform data, and regional geological data has clarified the following characteristics of the study area. (1) Land uses prior to 1950 were constrained by topographic relief. After 1950, land use was characterized by urban sprawl. Urban areas expanded and contained both higher elevations and steeper slopes at their margins. The relationships between land uses and landforms during this urbanization are unclear. (2) The area of urban land increased in the geological regions with Paleogene sedimentary rocks (PSD) and Mesozoic granitic rocks (GR) during the 20th century. The largest coal mining area in Japan was located in the PSD geological regions, and ancient iron working was common in the GR geological regions, particularly during the 7th century. This result indicates that the land use distribution, especially urban areas in sloping terrain, is related to the regional geology. (3) Deforestation related to land use resulted in steeper terrain in forest land in the PSD and GR geological regions. These changes to landforms in forest areas occurred as a result of rapid urban sprawl and have created many new boundaries between forest areas with steeper slopes and urban areas with gentler slopes. This phenomenon may have caused an increase in the frequency of sediment-related disasters.This case study indicates that predictions of anthropogenic changes to landform, which are important for the assessment of global climate change and natural hazards, must clarify the relationships between land uses, landforms, and regional geology. 相似文献