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1.
塔克拉玛干沙漠塔中地区春夏季风蚀起沙研究   总被引:6,自引:5,他引:1  
利用塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中地区的观测资料,对塔中地区春夏季地表土壤风蚀起沙的临界摩擦速度及其变化特征和起沙风速进行了分析研究,并计算了2008年4月19日和7月19日两次沙尘暴天气过程沙漠地表的风蚀起沙量。结果表明:塔中地区春夏季地表起沙的临界摩擦速度为0.26 m·s-1;2 m高度的临界起沙风速约为4.1 m·s-1;两次沙尘暴过程的顺风向沙粒通量和垂直尘粒通量的平均值分别为17.44×10-4 kg·m-1·s-1 、13.8×10-8 kg·m-2·s-1、164.69×10-4 kg·m-1·s-1和799.77×10-8 kg·m-2·s-1;沙尘通量的变化与风速及摩擦速度的变化具有一致性。  相似文献   

2.
内蒙古拐子湖地区风沙运动若干参数计算   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
 利用内蒙古拐子湖地区风沙观测场2011年3~5月的沙尘暴强化观测资料,分析计算了巴丹吉林沙漠北缘平坦沙地的地表粗糙度、临界摩擦速度、临界起沙风速等风沙运动关键参数。初步结论如下:观测期间地表粗糙度的变化范围为1.0×10-7~ 9.0×10-1cm,平均粗糙度为0.942 cm;临界摩擦速度约为0.34 m/s;2 m高度的起沙风速约为4.6 m/s。  相似文献   

3.
陈亿  尚可政  王式功  李艳  熊光洁 《中国沙漠》2013,33(4):1131-1137
利用2002-2010年朱日和气象站观测资料,结合同期归一化植被指数(NDVI),叶面积指数(LAI),植被净初级生产力(NPP)资料,分析了内蒙古半干旱区朱日和地区2002-2010年的沙尘天气特征。结果表明:朱日和地区临界起沙风速为9.4 m·s-1,2002-2010年沙尘天气频率和大于临界起沙风速频率呈波动变化,沙尘天气频率和大于临界起沙风速频率有很好相关性,超过18 m·s-1的强风极易导致沙尘天气的发生;定义标准化的沙尘天气频率(NfDO)为沙尘天气频率与大于临界起沙风速频率之比,当夏季降水量大于100 mm,夏季最大NDVI、最大LAI和最大NPP分别大于0.24、0.3 g·m-2·d-1和0.6 g·m-2·d-1(以碳计算)时,次年春季NfDO较低,沙尘天气不易发生;反之沙尘天气较易发生。对沙尘天气发生机制的分析发现,夏季有效的降水促进了植物生长,夏季降水量、最大NDVI、最大LAI和最大NPP增大,来年春天土壤不容易侵蚀,沙尘天气不易发生。  相似文献   

4.
利用2009年7月4日~29日塔中野外试验观测数据,基于MARTICORENA和SHAO提出的2种起沙模式参数化方案,初步探讨塔中地区不同沙尘天气临界起沙风速,所得结论如下:(1)非沙尘天气,沙尘撞击颗粒数≤ 10 000;扬沙天气,10 001 ≤沙尘撞击颗粒数≤ 20 000;沙尘暴天气,沙尘撞击颗粒数≥ 20 001。(2)基于MARTICORENA起沙参数化方案,临界起沙风速的平均值为4.88 m·s-1,基于SHAO起沙参数化方案,临界起沙风速的平均值为6.24 m·s-1,临界起沙风速在非沙尘天气最大,在沙尘暴天气最小。(3)在观测期间沙尘水平通量为732.9 kg·m-1,其中非沙尘天气125.2 kg·m-1,扬沙天气80.9 kg·m-1,沙尘暴天气526.8 kg·m-1,SHAO起沙参数化方案适合估算总沙尘水平通量以及非沙尘和扬沙天气的沙尘水平通量,MARTICORENA起沙参数化方案适合估算沙尘暴天气沙尘水平通量。  相似文献   

5.
羽翼袋沙障是按照底袋固定流沙和袋上的羽翼片在风中波动削弱风速而设计出来的组合沙障,已获得专利授权。本试验针对羽翼袋沙障,在4种风速条件下,模拟了风速流场和阻沙固沙效果。结果表明:(1)与袋状沙障(对照)相比,羽翼袋沙障防风效果平均增加了48%,且风速越大降低风速效果越明显,说明羽翼片的波动能够显著消弱风速。(2)与对照相比,羽翼袋沙障的输沙量分别降低81.44%(翼高10 cm)、88.92%(翼高20 cm)。(3)同样是直径10 cm的袋,翼高20 cm的羽翼袋沙障风蚀量比翼高10 cm的降低风速13.6%,减少风蚀量19%。羽翼袋沙障具备固沙与削弱风速的作用,显著提高沙障的防风固沙效果,为防沙治沙开拓了新途径。  相似文献   

6.
临界侵蚀风速与植被盖度之间的关系   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
慕青松  陈晓辉 《中国沙漠》2007,27(4):534-538
应用粗糙边界层中阻力分解规律的研究成果,建立了描写临界侵蚀风速与植被盖度之间关系的数学模型。该模型给出:地表土壤的临界侵蚀风速与植被盖度之间呈指数依赖关系,即随着植被盖度的增大,临界侵蚀风速呈指数增加。这一理论结果与实验数据符合良好。在此基础上,定义了理想盖度和警戒线盖度两个概念,并给出了它们在评价环境良好程度和环境破坏程度方面的指示意义。  相似文献   

7.
毛乌素沙地植被覆盖率与风蚀输沙率定量关系   总被引:54,自引:2,他引:54  
基于毛乌素沙地不同植被覆盖条件下的风蚀输沙率实地观测数据,借鉴国外最新的建模思想,采用Matlab5.3软件对数据进行非线性回归,建立毛乌素沙地植被覆盖率与风蚀输沙率之间的定量关系模型,比较系统地考察了植被覆盖对沙粒起动风速和风蚀输沙率的影响,确定了不同风速下的有效植被覆盖率。结果表明,在毛乌素沙地要有效减少和防治风蚀,植被覆盖率必须达到40-50%的水平,而要保证在最高风速下风蚀输沙得到有效控制,植被覆盖率必须达到60-70%的水平。  相似文献   

8.
不均匀沙起动理论及戈壁风蚀层形成动力学   总被引:8,自引:2,他引:6  
定义了不均匀沙有别于均匀沙的起动概念, 得出了不均匀沙中各粒径沙具有不同的流体起动风速, 且不等于对应粒径均匀沙流体起动风速的结论, 具体表现为: 不均匀沙中小粒径沙的流体起动风速大于相同粒径均匀沙的流体起动风速, 而其中大粒径沙的流体起动风速又小于相同粒径均匀沙的流体起动风速。然后应用不均匀沙起动风速理论, 讨论了戈壁风蚀层与环境风力之间动态平衡的建立过程。  相似文献   

9.
风蚀是一种重要的地貌过程和地质灾害,它影响海岸沙丘的增长,加速土地沙漠化并危害沿岸建筑。沙面湿度强烈影响沙粒的临界起动风速和沙面稳定性,因此,也是影响风蚀过程的一个重要因子。本项风洞实验使用华南热带湿润海岸的海滩沙,研究了表面湿度(1 mm 深)对海滩沙风蚀起动的影响,建立了一个新的预测热带湿润海滩湿沙起动摩阻风速的模型,该模型指明给定粒径下,湿沙的起动摩阻风速随ln100 M(M,重量湿度)线性增加。初步评价了7个预测湿沙起动摩阻风速的模型。实验结果表明,各模型的预测结果间存在着很大差异。在0.0124(M1.5)的湿度下,不同模型预测的湿沙起动摩阻风速比观测的干沙起动摩阻风速大了34%~195%。在湿度小于0.0062(0.5 M1.5)时,Chepil 和Saleh的理论模型和实验数据很吻合;在湿度大于0.0062(0.5 M1.5)时,Belly的实验模型和实验数据更趋一致。  相似文献   

10.
半干旱区沙尘天气近地层湍流通量及起沙研究   总被引:4,自引:3,他引:1  
周悦  牛生杰  邱玉珺 《中国沙漠》2010,30(5):1194-1199
利用2005年春季朱日和气象站20 m气象塔的观测资料,结合同期的PM10质量浓度资料,分析了半干旱地区不同沙尘天气下近地层湍流通量的变化特征以及PM10质量浓度与起沙之间的关系。结果表明,动量通量在15:00左右达到极大值;感热通量在白天为正值,中午12:00左右达到峰值,而晚上变为负值,并在凌晨达到谷值;由于3月份下垫面湿度大,导致潜热通量经常全天为正值,并在16:00左右达到峰值;PM10质量浓度与摩擦速度的二次方呈正比,临界起沙风速和临界摩擦速度分别为7 m·s-1和0.7 m·s-1。  相似文献   

11.
Loessial sandy loam soils are the major soil categories in the northern Loess Plateau, China. Owing to a dry, windy climate and sparse surface cover, wind erosion is a serious problem and dust (sand) storms occur frequently. Soil moisture is one of the most important factors influencing resistance to wind erosion. The influence of moisture content on the erodibility of sandy loam soils was investigated through wind tunnel simulations. Results showed that the threshold velocity for soil particle movement by wind increases with increasing soil moisture by a power function. The intrinsic factor in the increase in soil resistance due to moisture content is the cohesive force of soil water. Cohesive forces of the film and capillary water are different; the influence of soil moisture on threshold velocity was shown to follow a step-like pattern. The wind erosion modulus of sandy loam was directly proportional to the cube of the wind velocity or the square of the effective wind velocity (V−Vt). There existed a negative exponential relationship between the wind erosion rate and soil moisture content. Initially, as soil moisture increased the decrease in the wind erosion rate was rather rapid. When the moisture content reached more than 4%, the rate of decrease in erosion slowed and became almost constant with successive increments of moisture. This suggests that different soil moisture contents can prevent wind erosion at different levels. Four percent soil moisture could only reduce the erodibility of the sandy loam soil by a small degree.  相似文献   

12.
沙粒起动风速的影响因素研究   总被引:4,自引:3,他引:1  
通过对风场中沙床表面沙粒的受力分析,建立了坡面沙粒起动风速的理论公式,并将计算结果与已有实验研究结果进行了比较,结果表明,给出的理论计算公式是正确的。在此基础上,详细讨论了坡角、风向角、荷质比、电场力以及空气上升力对坡面沙粒起动风速的影响。其结果是:坡角一定时,沙粒的起动风速随风向角的增大而增大;风向一定时,背风坡沙粒的起动风速随坡角的增大而变小;弱电场中电场力对沙粒起动风速几乎没有影响,强电场中随着沙粒荷质比的增大,起动风速明显减小;空气上升力明显使沙粒起动风速减小。  相似文献   

13.
Wind erosion has major impacts on dune growth, desertification, and architecture on sea coasts. The deflation threshold shear velocity is a crucial parameter in predicting erosion, and surface moisture greatly affects this threshold and thus sand stability. Wind tunnel studies have shown that reduced moisture contents decrease entrainment thresholds and increase wind erosion, but field and wind tunnel test data is lacking for tropical humid coastal areas. In this study, we investigated the influence of surface moisture contents (at 1 mm depth) on sand entrainment and erosion using tropical humid coastal sands from southern China. Shear velocities were deduced from velocity profiles above the sand. The threshold shear velocity increased linearly with increasing ln100M (M, gravimetric moisture content). The increase was steepest below a moisture content of 0.0124 (i.e., at M1.5, the moisture content in the sand at a matric potential of − 1.5 MPa). We compared several popular models that predict threshold shear velocity of moisture sediment, and found substantial differences between their predicted results. At a surface moisture content of 0.0124, the predicted increase in the wet threshold shear velocity compared with the dry threshold shear velocity ranged from 34% to 195%. The empirical model of Chepil and Selah simulated the data well for M < 0.0062 (i.e., 0.5M1.5), whereas Belly's empirical model simulated the data best for > 0.0062. Wind erosion modulus increased with increasing effective wind velocity following a power function with a positive exponent at all moisture contents, but decreased with increasing surface moisture content following a power function with a negative exponent. When wind speed and moisture content varied simultaneously, wind erosion modulus was proportional to the 0.73 power of effective wind velocity, but inversely proportional to the 1.48 power of M. The increase in resistance to erosion at low moisture contents probably results from cohesive forces in the water films surrounding the sand particles. At a moisture content near M1.5, wind erosion ceases nearly for all wind velocities that we tested.  相似文献   

14.
陈方  贺辉扬 《中国沙漠》1997,17(4):355-361
在海岸带,沙粒粒径和水分含量是决定沙粒起动风速的最主要因素。闽江口南岸海滩沙的平均粒径为2.0Φ,水分含量多在0.3%~1.0%之间。运用Johnson的经验公式,可计算出海滩沙的起动风速为6~7m/s。这一结果与实际观测值十分吻合。由于海岸环境因素的影响,使得同等条件下海岸带沙粒的起动风速明显大于内陆沙漠沙,而风沙流的输沙率明显小于内陆沙漠沙。海岸带是风速剧变带,在引用陆地气象台站的风速记录分析海岸风况和研究风沙运动规律时,必须对风速进行订正。  相似文献   

15.
降水对起沙风速的影响   总被引:12,自引:2,他引:10  
作者采用较粗和较细的两种沙样, 在风洞中作了0.1、0.2, 0.3, 0.4、0.5、1.0和2.0毫米降水条件下起沙风速的实验。结果表明: 微量降水就能使起沙风速显著增加; 降水越多起沙风速越大; 2.0毫米的降水能短时间抗御12级大风。在两种沙样之中, 作者发现同样降水后较祖的沙有更强的抗风能力。文中还探讨了两种沙样破坏方式的不同, 以及其物理机制。  相似文献   

16.
In a blowing sand system,the wind provides the driving forces for the particle movement while the moving particles exert the opposite forces to the wind by extracting its momentum.The wind-sand interaction that can be characterized by shear stress and force exerted on the wind by moving particles results in the modification of wind profiles.Detailed wind pro-files re-adapted to blown sand movement are measured in a wind tunnel for different grain size populations and at differ-ent free-stream wind velocities.The shear stress with a blowing sand cloud and force exerted on the wind by moving par-ticles are calculated from the measured wind velocity profiles.The results suggest that the wind profiles with presence of blowing sand cloud assume convex-upward curves on the u(z)-ln(z) plot compared with the straight lines characterizing the velocity profiles of clean wind,and they can be better fitted by power function than log-linear function.The exponent of the power function ranging from 0.1 to 0.17 tends to increase with an increase in wind velocity but decrease with an increase in particle size.The force per unit volume exerted on the wind by blown sand drift that is calculated based on the empirical power functions for the wind velocity profiles is found to decrease with height.The particle-induced force makes the total shear stress with blowing sand cloud partitioned into air-borne stress that results from the wind velocity gradient and grain-borne stress that results from the upward or downward movement of particles.The air-borne stress in-creases with an increase in height,while the grain-borne stress decreases with an increase in height.The air-borne shear stress at the top of sand cloud layer increases with both wind velocity and grain size,implying that it increases with sand transport rate for a given grain size.The shear stress with a blowing sand cloud is also closely related to the sand transport rate.Both the total shear stress and grain-borne stress on the grain top is directly proportional to the squ  相似文献   

17.
本文建立了一个简单有效的稳态风沙流中沙粒体积浓度的数学模型,包括3个部分:稳态风沙流的风速廓线描述、跃移沙粒轨迹的计算、床面沙粒起跳速度分布的描述。利用已知实验的风速廓线作为气流速度场输入参数,跃移沙粒轨迹的计算主要考虑重力和拖曳力,基于体积观点的床面起跳沙粒的水平速度和垂直速度概率密度分布函数分别采用正态分布和指数分布函数来描述。根据稳态风沙流中运动沙粒的动态平衡特征可推导计算沙粒体积浓度。计算的沙粒体积浓度与风洞实验结果基本一致,说明本模型有较好的预测能力。  相似文献   

18.
塔里木沙漠公路沿线的起沙风与输沙强度   总被引:19,自引:12,他引:19  
王训明  陈广庭 《中国沙漠》1997,17(2):168-172
塔里木沙漠公路绝大部分路段穿越流沙地段,风沙活动十分强烈,因此,机械防沙带的设置显得十分关键。由于起沙风的统计分析和输沙强度的定量计算是防沙工程设计中的最主要依据之一。该文在大量统计起沙风和野外实地观测的基础上,进行输沙强度的数值计算及分析后指出:由沙漠边缘向内部深入,起沙风更加东偏,输沙强度更大和更为集中。  相似文献   

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