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1.
祁连山青海云杉林截留对降水的分配效应 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
为了评估青海云杉林的水源涵养服务功能,选择祁连山西水林区排露沟流域青海云杉林,定位监测了在2006年中共83次降水事件的截留分配效应,观测期降水总量为394.2 mm,林冠截留、茎流和穿透水量分别是139.1、1.96和253.1 mm,林冠截留率、茎流率、穿透率分别为35.28%、0.50%和64.22%,当林外降水量>0.8 mm时才观测到林内穿透雨,而大于13.60 mm时,才观测到树干茎流。林冠对降水的截留分配与降水量、降水形态以及林分特征密切相关。冠层截留量、茎流量和穿透量与降水量均呈正相关,冠层截留率与降水量呈负相关,而茎流率和穿透率呈正相关;林冠对降雪的截留强于降雨,而降雨的穿透量强于降雪,同一降水事件下树干茎流量随着胸径的增大而增加。青海云杉林冠的几何形态结构(枝叶的分布与排列)不利于形成树干茎流。 相似文献
2.
森林植被的降雨再分配过程是影响区域水资源利用效率以及生态系统生产力的重要因素。于2018年5-8月观测27 a生樟子松人工林降雨再分配特征,探究降雨再分配的比例变化对林地水分平衡的影响机制,分析、量化林内穿透雨、林冠截留、树干径流、枯落物层入渗部分产生的阈值。结果表明:樟子松林内穿透雨量占同期降雨量的86.45%,穿透雨量随着降雨量的增加呈线性增加趋势,降雨量>0.63 mm时产生穿透雨;林冠截留量和树干径流量分别占降雨量的10.44%和2.54%,树干径流量与降雨量之间呈正线性关系,降雨量>1.19 mm时,产生树干径流;枯落物层截留量占降雨量的12.37%,枯落物层截留量随着降雨量的增加而增加;枯落物在0~24 h内平均吸水速率为1.83 mm·h-1,其最大持水量为3.23 mm,并且枯落物层截留量占其最大持水量的42.37%。从林冠到枯落物各层截留总量为25.35%,其中有74.65%的雨水最后从枯落物层入渗进入地表,用于补充土壤水分、下渗或补充地下水。半干旱沙地樟子松林可以有效地发挥截留降雨、贮存雨水的功能,继而改善沙地土壤含水量和地下水的有效补给量,提高森林生态系统生产力。 相似文献
3.
《干旱区地理》2016,(4)
鲜黄小檗是我国祁连山区长期适应高寒气候条件而发展起来的主要的亚高山灌丛类型之一,通过野外观测,对祁连山西水林区鲜黄小檗灌丛在39次降雨事件中冠下穿透雨的分区性、径向分布特征及影响因素进行了分析,结果表明:鲜黄小檗灌丛单株的平均穿透雨率为40.44%;冠层中心区和辐散区的穿透雨量与次降雨量之间均为线性关系,当降雨量小于0.7 mm时,冠层中心区没有穿透雨产生;冠层辐散区穿透雨率随降雨量的增大出现先增大后趋于稳定的幂函数关系,受冠层结构影响,冠层辐散区穿透雨具有明显的空间异质性,沿径向由距灌丛基部10 cm处的16.19%单调递增至90 cm处的69.92%,30~70 cm为主要递增区,穿透雨率径向空间变异系数随降雨量的增大而降低;此外,鲜黄小檗灌丛的穿透雨率随物候期发生变化,叶量稳定期比展叶期的穿透雨率低11.82%。研究结果可为祁连山鲜黄小檗灌丛生态水文功能的定量评价和基于生态过程的灌丛水文模型的参数化提供数据支撑。 相似文献
4.
荒漠灌丛树干茎流及其入渗、再分配特征 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6
运用铝箔收集法测定了荒漠灌木柠条（Caragana korshinskii Kom.）树干茎流;利用时域反射仪连续测量土壤剖面水分含量,分析树干茎流影响下柠条根际区水分入渗与再分配过程。结果表明,柠条灌丛产生树干茎流需要2.2 mm的前期降雨量,树干茎流占降雨量的7.9%,平均汇流率是89.8。土壤表层含水率对降雨过程响应明显; 当降雨量达到6 mm时,树干茎流有利于增加根际区土壤水分增量,补充深层土壤水分,对荒漠植被在干旱条件下存活起着重要作用。 相似文献
5.
对腾格里沙漠东南缘沙坡头地区1989年建植人工植被区优势固沙灌木柠条（Caragana korshinskii）和半灌木油蒿（Artemisia ordosica）树干茎流及穿透雨的pH值,以及灌丛基部、灌丛下和灌丛外裸地0～10 cm和10～20 cm剖面深度土壤pH值分别进行测定,并与大气降雨pH值进行比较,以探讨荒漠灌丛降雨再分配对土壤pH值空间变异的影响。结果表明:大气降雨pH值最高,穿透雨pH值次之,树干茎流pH值最低,三者之间具有显著差异（p<0.05）。灌丛外裸地土壤pH值最高,灌丛下次之,树干基部最低。总体而言,0～10 cm剖面深度土壤pH值小于其下方10～20 cm剖面深度土壤pH值。柠条灌丛产生的树干茎流对土壤的酸化作用强于油蒿灌丛。树干茎流和穿透雨的酸化作用是导致土壤pH值从灌丛间裸地到灌丛基部方向上降低的一个重要原因。 相似文献
6.
干旱荒漠区绿洲边缘典型固沙灌木的降水截留特征 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
在民勤绿洲边缘,降水对维持固沙灌木持续稳定发挥固沙功能具有重要作用。本文选择民勤绿洲边缘3种主要固沙灌木为研究对象,观测了降雨条件下降水穿透量和冠层截留量,分析了降水穿透量和冠层截留量与降雨量之间的关系以及截留率与降水强度之间的关系,比较了不同灌木群落的降水截留特征。结果表明,不同灌木的降水截留存在明显差异,梭梭、柽柳、生长良好白刺、衰退白刺冠层最大截留量和截留容量分别为0.6 mm、0.6 mm、0.4 mm、0.3 mm和0.8 mm、0.8 mm、0.5 mm、0.2 mm;在两年总降水量255.3 mm条件下,梭梭、柽柳和生长良好白刺3种灌木群落冠层截留损失分别为44 mm、88 mm和32 mm,占降水总量的16.6%、33.1%和12.0%;当降雨强度<0.8 mm·h-1,梭梭和柽柳降水截留率随降水强度增加均呈递减趋势;当降水强度>0.8 mm·h-1时,梭梭冠层截留量与降水量的比率基本稳定在0.2～0.3之间,柽柳在0.3～0.4之间;当降水强度<0.5 mm·h-1,生长良好白刺灌丛的降水截留率随降水强度增加呈下降趋势;当降雨强度>0.5 mm·h-1,生长良好白刺灌丛截留率基本维持在0.1～0.2之间;降雨强度>0.4 mm·h-1时,衰退白刺截留率稳定在0.05～0.1之间。 相似文献
7.
荒漠灌木树干茎流及其生态水文效应研究进展 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
树干茎流作为林冠层降雨截留再分配过程中的重要组成部分,影响着土壤-植物-大气连续体（SPAC）中不同尺度和圈层间的水分和养分循环的速度与方向,对荒漠地区灌木的生存和生长具有深远影响,对于土壤养分的溶解、利用,土壤水、地下水的循环与补给,土壤侵蚀过程等方面都有重要意义。本文系统总结了近年来荒漠地区灌木树干茎流研究的主要手段与方法,对影响树干茎流形成的主要因素、形成过程、变化趋势进行了具体论述,对主要的荒漠灌木树种树干茎流经验模型进行了归纳,并具体分析了树干茎流在生态水文学方面研究意义及主要进展。针对荒漠树干茎流尚有以下方面的问题需要进一步深入研究:(1）不同灌木树干茎流的形成过程、主要影响因素及其相互作用机制;(2）树干茎流集水系统的空间结构配置特征和降雨径流作用机制;(3)树干茎流补给在荒漠地区群落格局形成以及演替中的作用机理、荒漠植被特征与动态对截留、树干茎流、蒸散发以及入渗过程的反馈机制等。 相似文献
8.
岷江上游典型油松人工幼林的生态环境效应 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
油松林是岷江上游和大渡河上游地区河谷与中山段灌丛地上恢复重建的代表性人工林类型之一,还缺乏深入研究。选择岷江上游典型的油松幼林,通过2a的定位监测,研究了油松林恢复重建的生态环境效应。1)与重建前的灌丛比较,油松幼林林下土壤物理性质(容重、土壤孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、土壤重力水库容、土壤水向下渗透性速度、土壤通气度)得到明显改善,土壤持水能力提高了16%;2)油松幼林林冠对降雨的拦截和再分配作用明显。雨量等级低,拦截作用越大,尤其是当降雨量小,历时较长时,截留率越高,对降水的涵养比率越高。油松幼林生态系统能全部就地涵养全年降雨频率60%～70%的<10mm等级的雨量而不致产生明显的地表径流;对于占全年降雨频率35%～30%的10～50mm等级的降雨量,有至少30%～50%能被油松林生态系统就地涵养;3)重建的油松幼林林下土壤平均侵蚀模数36t·km-2·a-1,灌丛地表为713t·km-2·a-1,分别比裸地少99 55%和91 09%,而同期灌丛地表平均径流模数有38 90×104m3·km-2·a-1,油松幼林为7 23×104m3·km-2·a-1,分别比裸地减少79 47%和99 96%,油松林重建基本控制了土壤侵蚀和水土流失;4)油松林重建明显降低了不同深度的土壤温度。夏季降低的效果明显强于秋季。油松林内与林缘灌草丛5cm层土温较裸地分别平均 相似文献
9.
不同郁闭度天山云杉林林冠截留量及穿透雨量特征研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
天山云杉(Picea schrenkiana var.tianschanica(Rupr.)Chen et Fu)是构成天山山地森林生态系统的主体。选取天山森林生态系统定位研究站不同郁闭度天山云杉林作为研究对象,研究了不同郁闭度条件下天山云杉林冠截留量及穿透雨量的月变化特征、林冠截留量及穿透雨量与总降雨量间的数量关系,通过研究得出结论:林冠截留率与郁闭度表现出显著正相关关系,而穿透雨比率与郁闭度表现出显著负相关关系;穿透雨量、穿透雨比率及林冠截留量的月变化与总降雨量基本一致,林冠截留率则相反;郁闭度为0.8和0.6、0.4和0.2之间的穿透雨量无显著性差异,0.8和0.6与0.4和0.2之间差异明显,林冠截留量相邻郁闭度间均无显著性差异,而不相邻郁闭度之间均差异显著;建立了穿透雨量及林冠截留量与总降雨量间的数学关系,用以定量评价该地区天山云杉林水文生态效益。 相似文献
10.
亚热带马尾松人工林的降雨截留作用 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
本文通过分别实测降雨过程中林外降雨、林内降雨及树干截流的变化,分析了不同降雨量、降雨持续时间、前期降雨等因素的影响,讨论了马尾松人工林地内雨量分布的变化特点,并提出了计算模式。统计分析结果表明,林内雨和树干流只有当降雨分别到达1.6mm和4.32mm的情况下才出现,其总量分别占林外降雨的75％和4.3％,并以面源和点源的形式输入流域。此外,还阐述了降雨过程中林地内营养元素的输入及循环过程的特点。 相似文献
11.
Rainfall partitioning by desert shrubs in arid regions 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
We measured the rainfall partitioning among throughfall, stemflow, and interception by desert shrubs in an arid region of China, and analyzed the influence of rainfall and canopy characteristics on this partitioning and its ecohydrological effects. The percent-ages of total rainfall accounted for by throughfall, stemflow, and interception ranged from 78.85±2.78 percent to 86.29±5.07 per-cent, from 5.50±3.73 percent to 8.47±4.19 percent, and from 7.54±2.36 percent to 15.95±4.70 percent, respectively, for the four shrubs in our study (Haloxylon ammodendron, Elaeagnus angustifolia, Tamarix ramosissima, and Nitraria sphaerocarpa). Rain-fall was significantly linearly correlated with throughfall, stemflow, and interception (P < 0.0001). The throughfall, stemflow, and interception percentages were logarithmically related to total rainfall (P < 0.01), but were quadratically related to the maximum 1-hour rainfall intensity (P < 0.01). The throughfall and stemflow percentages increased significantly with increasing values of the rainfall characteristics, whereas the interception percentage generally decreased (except for average wind speed, air temperature, and canopy evaporation). Regression analysis suggested that the stemflow percentage increased significantly with increasing crown length, number of branches, and branch angle (R2 = 0.92, P < 0.001). The interception percentage increased significantly with increasing LAI (leaf area index) and crown length, but decreased with increasing branch angle (R2 = 0.96, P < 0.001). The mean funnelling percentages for the four shrubs ranged from 30.27±4.86 percent to 164.37±6.41 percent of the bulk precipitation. Much of the precipitation was funnelled toward the basal area of the stem, confirming that shrub stemflow conserved in deep soil layers may be an available moisture source to support plant survival and growth under arid conditions. 相似文献
12.
《地理学报(英文版)》2019,(9)
Rainfall interception is of great significance to the fully utilization of rainfall in water limited areas. Until now, studies on rainfall partitioning process of typical ecosystems in Heihe River Basin, one of the most important inland river basins in China, is still insufficient. In this study, six typical ecosystems were selected, namely alpine meadow, coniferous forest, mountain steppe, desert, cultivated crop, and riparian forest, in Heihe River Basin for investigation of the rainfall interception characteristics and their influencing factors, including rainfall amount, duration, and intensity, based on the gross rainfall and high temporal resolution soil moisture data obtained from 12 automatic observation sites. The results show that the average interception amount and average interception rate of the six ecosystems are significantly different: alpine meadow 6.2 mm and 45.9%, coniferous forest 7.4 mm and 69.1%, mountain steppe 3.5 mm and 37.3%, desert 3.5 mm and 57.2%, cultivated crop 4.5 mm and 69.1%, and riparian forest 2.6 mm and 66.7%, respectively. The rainfall amount, duration, and intensity all had impact on the process of rainfall interception. Among these three factors, the impact of rainfall amount was most significant. The responses of these ecosystems to the rainfall characteristics were also different. Analyzing rainfall interception with high temporal resolution soil moisture data is proved to be a feasible method and need further development in the future. 相似文献
13.
于3个假说和林冠上方2m处的气象变量，采用Penman-Monteith组合模型估算了一个生长季节内川西亚高山林区分别以云杉(SF)、冷杉(FF)和白桦(BF)为优势树种的3个林分的湿林冠蒸发速率(Er)。研究结果表明，SF、FF和BF的湿林冠蒸发量(E)分别为44．51mm、88．51mm和57．8mm，分别占总降雨量的9．2％、16．6％和10．2％。与SF和BF相比，FF具有最高的月平均Er和蒸发比例。SF、FF和BF的平均Er分别为0．097mm／h(变化范围：0．028-0．487mm／h)、0．242mm／h(变化范围：0．068～0．711mm／h)和0．149mm／h(0．060～0．576mm／h)。最高和最低的月平均Er分别在6月(SF、FF和BF分别为0．120mm／h、0．317mm／h和0．169mm／h)和10月(SF、FF和BF分别为0．083mm／h、0．187mm／h和0．101mm／h)。8：00至16：00期间的平均点Er显著高于0：00至8：00以及16：00至0：00期间的平均Er。Er显著的日变化和月变化主要归因于林冠上方的太阳辐射、空气温度和相对湿度的变化。 相似文献
14.
On the edge of the Tengger Desert in northern China,revegetation has changed the landscape from moving dunes to stabilized dunes covered by shrubs,which further modifies the pattern of rainfall redistribution.To study rainfall interception loss by shrubs and its relationship to rainfall properties and crown structure,throughfalls passing through crowns of Artemisia ordosica Krash.and Caragana korshinskii Kom.were measured using nine PVC cups under the canopy of each of the two shrubs during 73 rain events over a three-year period,with total rainfall of 260.9 mm.Interception losses of gross rainfall by A.ordosica and C.korshinskii account for 15% and 27% of the total on a crown area basis,and 6% and 11% on a ground area basis,respectively.Individual throughfall(T) and interception(I) were significantly related to rainfall amount(Pg),duration(D),and intensity(R).Ratios of throughfall to rainfall(T/Pg) and interception to rainfall(I/Pg) were not only significantly related to Pg,D,and R,but also to shrub species,and interactions of species with crown volume(CV) and leaf area index(LAI).Under most rain events,interceptions by C.korshinskii with greater CV and LAI were significantly higher than those by A.ordosica,and more rainfall interception occurred at locations closer to the stems of the two shrubs.For C.korshinskii,I/Pg had a significant positive linear relation with CV and LAI,while T/Pg had a significant negative linear relation with them.CV has a greater influence on T/Pg and I/Pg than does LAI.Using a regression method,canopy water storage capacities are estimated to be 0.52 and 0.68 mm,and free throughfall coefficient to be 0.62 and 0.47 for A.ordosica and C.korshinskii,respectively. 相似文献
15.
There are few throughfall data from southern hemisphere closed-forest, and none from Tasmanian callidendrous cool-temperate rainforest, which has a simpler structure than most primary rainforests. We determined throughfall, measured its local spatial variation, and tested its relationships with rainfall, rainfall intensity, wind speed, canopy dryness, canopy cover, and other structural variables in a cool-temperate callidendrous rainforest in Tasmania. Eighty-two percent of the precipitation was measured as throughfall, which occurred after 2.3 mm of rain fell on dry canopies. The cumulative rainfall in 25 randomly located funnel rain gauges on the forest floor varied from 160 to 567 mm. Canopy cover and other structural variables did not predict the spatial pattern of throughfall. While throughfall in rainfall events was related to rainfall amount and intensity, wind speed did not affect throughfall as a percentage of rainfall. Percentages of throughfall to rainfall over 100 for many low rainfall events may indicate a contribution of fog drip to precipitation on the forest floor. The high local spatial variability in throughfall indicates the mean moisture conditions on the forest floor may not be a good indicator of the potential for localised fire damage. 相似文献