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1.
An attempt is made to find the answer to the question as to why the measures of the environmental institutions of Russia are ineffective for the avoidance and prevention of the degradation of aquatic ecosystems in placer gold mining. It is established that the size of payments to be made by companies engaged in placer gold mining are such that they almost cannot stimulate any nature conservation initiatives. Moreover, they even cannot be the argument for observance of environmental legislation. It is shown that the high transaction costs borne by the State, with minor expenditures of nature resource users connected with the protection of environmental natural systems fail to achieve the objectives imposed upon the supervising institutions. It is established that local authorities are directly interested in increasing placer gold mining as well as in gaining the loyalty of artels implying registration of the enterprise in this region, because these tax proceeds are exceptionally important for municipal formations facing a chronic financial deficit, a budgetary uncertainty and a dependence on regional and federal subsidies and transfers. Finance flows were calculated and analyzed to show that a very important problem for Russia’s eastern regions that involves reconciling the economic and ecological interests in placer gold mining is not resolved through “cosmetic changes” in organs of state supervision. It is concluded that there is a need for new institutional solutions in order to create and increase incentives for users of mineral resources and local authorities for observance of environmental regulations, the preservation and restoration of disturbed ecosystems, and for the ecologization of production processes. 相似文献
2.
This paper examines the debate surrounding a recent decision made by the Ghanaian government to permit gold exploration – and potentially, mining – in 'protected' forest reserves. In 2001, four mining companies were awarded mineral exploration concessions in forested regions of the country, and have since put forward applications to mine for gold. Notwithstanding the sharp divide in opinion on the issue, the continued uncertainty surrounding the implications of the proposed activities makes further research on the ground imperative in the short term. Work aiming to elicit indigenous perspectives on the projects, as well as research that facilitates dialogue between and/or among stakeholder parties, should be prioritized. 相似文献
3.
Gazhit Ts. TSYBEKMITOVA 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2015,6(2):119-122
Cyclic climatic changes, as well as the press of anthropogenic impact, affect ecosystems of the river Argun basin. Specialization of basin management is industrial and agricultural. The main impact is connected with the development of mining companies (including the mining of ore and placer gold), energy facilities, and the formation of reservoirs in the basin of rivers: the Argun — the Hailar. As a result of natural and anthropogenic pressure, the limiting factor for ecosystem exploitation in this basin is water resources (water deficiency and its quality). 相似文献
4.
大兴安岭北部冰缘地貌及其形成环境初探 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
大兴安岭北部是我国最著名的砂金产区,砂金矿的形成与该区第四纪以来独特的冰缘地貌过程有密切的关系。在系统分析大兴安岭北部各类冰缘地貌景观基础上,根据大林河下游冰缘现象及其孢粉分析数据对其形成的古气候环境作了进一步的探讨。 相似文献
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6.
Matthew Himley 《Geographical review》2014,104(2):174-191
This paper examines how the past is constructed and mobilized within contemporary Peruvian mining politics. Beginning with an exploration of tensions existing within the mining industry's relationship to its history, I analyze how mining proponents have sought to both naturalize today's mining expansion by locating it within a national history of extraction, while also working to break free from certain negative aspects of the industry's past. The paper then examines how the past is remembered and invoked within the context of on‐the‐ground struggles at a large‐scale gold mine in the region of Ancash. I address the contradictory ways in which local history is constructed in these struggles and document how memories of past experiences with mining inform how area residents understand and critique the “new” mining economy. This paper underscores the need to understand the complicated, selective, and often‐contradictory ways in which the past is made present in extractive industry conflicts. 相似文献
7.
V.F. Rodriguez-Galiano M. Chica-Olmo M. Chica-Rivas 《International journal of geographical information science》2014,28(7):1336-1354
Mineral exploration activities require robust predictive models that result in accurate mapping of the probability that mineral deposits can be found at a certain location. Random forest (RF) is a powerful machine data-driven predictive method that is unknown in mineral potential mapping. In this paper, performance of RF regression for the likelihood of gold deposits in the Rodalquilar mining district is explored. The RF model was developed using a comprehensive exploration GIS database composed of: gravimetric and magnetic survey, a lithogeochemical survey of 59 elements, lithology and fracture maps, a Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper image and gold occurrence locations. The results of this study indicate that the use of RF for the integration of large multisource data sets used in mineral exploration and for prediction of mineral deposit occurrences offers several advantages over existing methods. Key advantages of RF include: (1) the simplicity of parameter setting; (2) an internal unbiased estimate of the prediction error; (3) the ability to handle complex data of different statistical distributions, responding to nonlinear relationships between variables; (4) the capability to use categorical predictors; and (5) the capability to determine variable importance. Additionally, variables that RF identified as most important coincide with well-known geologic expectations. To validate and assess the effectiveness of the RF method, gold prospectivity maps are also prepared using the logistic regression (LR) method. Statistical measures of map quality indicate that the RF method performs better than LR, with mean square errors equal to 0.12 and 0.19, respectively. The efficiency of RF is also better, achieving an optimum success rate when half of the area predicted by LR is considered. 相似文献
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9.
新疆东昆仑东部砂金分布及成因探讨 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
通过对新疆东昆仑东部地区砂金资源的野外实地调查,研究了区内砂金的分布类型,总结分析了砂金分布特征及规律。在成矿地质背景分析基础上,结合本地地理环境特点,气候特点,提出该区砂金的分布及形成与区内特定的高寒环境相关,并对原生金的寻找远景进行了初步评价。 相似文献
10.
社会经济统计数据空间化研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
社会经济统计数据通常是以各级行政区为单位的汇总数据,它虽然能反映统计单元之间的差异但却不能反映统计单元内部的异质性,在实际应用中,无法满足统计任意区域内的社会经济数据的需求,而社会经济统计数据空间化则是有效解决该问题的一条重要途径。本文对现有社会经济统计数据的空间化方法、社会经济统计数据空间化过程所依赖的辅助数据、现有主要的社会经济空间化数据产品进行了归纳总结,并从空间化方法的制约因素和改进方向、新型辅助数据的探索和多源辅助数据的综合利用、高时空分辨率和高精度数据产品研发3个方面展望了社会经济统计数据空间化的未来发展趋势。研究结果可为社会经济统计数据空间化方法的选择与改进、辅助数据的选择与综合利用、社会经济空间化数据产品的选择与改进提供参考。 相似文献
11.
Conventional evaluation of quantitative mineral potential has focused on target selection at small scales. Mapping at small scales usually results in large-area targets, which may be suitable for grass-roots exploration or regional evaluation of potential. Unfortunately, the estimates in small-scale exploration are commonly associated with large uncertainties. Large-scale estimation is used for optimal in-fill drilling design and step-out drilling target selection. In-fill drilling helps to confirm ore-grade continuities and translate a portion of geological resources into minable reserves, whereas step-out target estimation is useful for finding new orebodies in the vicinity of known ore deposits. Both of these processes are necessary for mine development and production planning. A comprehensive methodology is proposed here, particularly for large-scale mineral exploration. The central information synthesizer is canonical or indicator favorability analysis. A case study is presented to demonstrate the methodology for large-scale target selection. The study involves a gold-mining district where step-out drilling targets are being sought to expand the resource base. Several drilling targets were delineated in the study region. Two of them were tested through surface sampling with positive results. 相似文献
12.
Li Nan Cao Rui Ye HuiShou Li Qiang Wang Yitian Lv Xiping Guo Na Su Yuanxiang Hao Jianrui Yin Shitao Chu Wenkai 《Natural Resources Research》2022,31(4):2129-2161
The mineral system modeling approach for prospectivity mapping is an efficient and economic method to assess undiscovered mineral potential quantitatively. It is a procedure of modeling, acquiring, and coupling the proxies of footprints of mineral systems at multiple scales (e.g., regional, district, and deposit scales). In this approach, the critical issue from multiple scales is that the data collected are asymmetrical from the superficial to the deep or from mine to its brown fields, so that it is hard to employ and integrate them. To complete this study, firstly, multi-tactic 3D geological modeling methods, including the explicit, the implicit, and inversion, were used to build geological models in the condition of asymmetrical datasets at the deposit and district scales. Secondly, indicators acquired in drill-intensive fields among multisource datasets composed of geology, geochemistry, geophysics and alteration data were transferred to studies in deep and brown fields. Finally, deep (~?1,100 m) and circumjacent potentials of mine were targeted in the Haoyaoerhudong gold deposit situated in the Urad Middle Banner area, Inner Mongolia, which is one of the largest black-rock-series-type gold mines in China. This proposed procedure is more visual, clear, intuitive, and transferable to drive mineral system approach to exploration discovery than previous GIS-based studies.
相似文献13.
Vein-hosted gold deposits are characterized by mineralization, which is spatially restricted to narrow vein structures. Drillholes intersecting a mineralized vein can lead to unreliable and biased assay values compared to selective mining unit scale block grades. In this work, a discrete fracture network is simulated and adapted to model gold mineralization within the veins. Veins are assumed planar and the required inputs are distributions of vein orientation, vein length, and vein intensity (i.e., density). These inputs are collected from drillhole data, geological mapping, and expert knowledge of the deposit. A spatial point process is then applied to model gold grade as discrete events or “nuggets,” which are spatially restricted to the simulated quartz veins for the case of incomplete mineralization of the veins; when the vein is completely mineralized, a vein thickness distribution is required. The methodology is applied to an epithermal gold deposit in northwestern British Columbia, Canada and shows improvement in restricting the influence of the high-grade gold samples without resorting to ad-hoc manipulation of input assays through capping or cutting. The final output of this methodology is a block model of gold grade, which better honors the spatial structure of the veins in the deposit and is suitable for use in mine planning or resource estimation. 相似文献
14.
以像西某铝土矿矿集区为试验区,以SPOT-5、资源二号卫星、QuickBird影像为数据源,提出矿山开采动态遥感监测的技术流程,并对试验区铝土矿开采状况进行动态遥感监测.根据基准年及现状年的监测结果,在基准年至现状年的3年间,试验区铝土矿开采量急剧增加,存在越界和界外开采现象,开采秩序一度比较混乱;现状年与基准年相比,越界和界外已停采面积均大幅增加,开采秩序好转;至现状年大多数铝土矿采场未进行复垦和环境治理.研究结果表:研究中采用的集3S技术于一体的矿业开发与矿山地质环境遥感监测技术方法是有效可行的,对其他矿山开采的动态遥感监测具有一定的借鉴意义;监测结果可为矿山的合理开发及可持续发展提供决策依据. 相似文献
15.
Mineral potential within the Greater Nahanni Ecosystem (GNE) was modelled in a Geographic Information System (GIS) for four
different deposit types: (1) SEDEX (stratiform shale-hosted sedimentary exhalative Zn–Pb–Ag), (2) ‘Carbonate-Fault’ (carbonate-hosted
zinc–lead–silver associated with major faults), (3) ‘Intrusion-Related’ (includes skarn, rare metals and gemstones) and (4)
Carlin-Type gold as lode and/or derived placer deposits. This mineral potential modelling study integrates data collected
during the Nahanni Mineral and Energy Resource Assessment (MERA) undertaken from 2003 to 2007. The results have contributed
to the process of determining the geographic boundaries of the proposed expansion of the Nahanni National Park Reserve. Four
mineral potential maps were produced (one for each deposit type) using a knowledge-driven approach. A weighting scheme based
on integrated mineral deposit and regional geological knowledge was derived for the various evidence maps for each deposit
model using expert opinion. The four potential maps were then combined into a final potential map using a maximum operator.
Plots showing the efficiency of the models (mineral potential maps) for predicting the known occurrences of the four deposit
types show that partial data sets provide reasonable predictions of the remaining known mineral prospects, occurrences and
deposits. Hydrocarbon potential from Nahanni MERA 1 was added to the final potential map to ensure that both mineral and energy
potential data were incorporated into the park configuration modelling. 相似文献
16.
中国冻土研究近今进展 总被引：13，自引：4，他引：9
近年来,在南极和青藏高原发现了多种成因的厚层地下冰。冰土的水分迁移、冻胀、成冰机制、强度和蠕变等的研究进一步深化。冻土改造和利用兴起,在寒区砂金矿开采、热桩利用等方面有了良好的开端。 相似文献
17.
Mineral potential prediction is a process of establishing a statistical model that describes the relationship between evidence variables and mineral occurrences. In this study, evidence variables were constructed from geological, remote sensing, and geochemical data collected from the Lalingzaohuo district, Qinghai Province, China. Based on these evidence variables, a conjugate gradient logistic regression (CG-LR) model was established to predict exploration targets in the study area. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and prediction–area (P-A) curves were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the CG-LR model in mineral potential mapping. The difference between the vertical and horizontal coordinates of each point on the ROC curve was used to determine the optimal threshold for classifying the exploration targets. The optimal threshold corresponds to the point on the ROC curve where the difference between the vertical coordinate and the horizontal coordinate is the largest. In exploration target prediction in the study area, the CG algorithm was used to optimize iteratively the LR coefficients, and the prediction effectiveness was tested for different epochs. With increasing iterations, the prediction performance of the model becomes increasingly better. After 60 iterations, the LR model becomes stable and has the best performance in exploration target prediction. At this point, the exploration targets predicted by the CG-LR model occupy 14.39% of the study area and contain 93% of the known mineral deposits. The exploration targets predicted by the model are consistent with the metallogenic geological characteristics of the study area. Therefore, the CG-LR model can effectively integrate geological, remote sensing, and geochemical data for the study area to predict targets for mineral exploration.
相似文献18.
Geologically Constrained Fuzzy Mapping of Gold Mineralization Potential,Baguio District,Philippines 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
An application of the theory of fuzzy sets to the mapping of gold mineralization potential in the Baguio gold mining district of the Philippines is described. Proximity to geological features is translated into fuzzy membership functions based upon qualitative and quantitative knowledge of spatial associations between known gold occurrences and geological features in the area. Fuzzy sets of favorable distances to geological features and favorable lithologic formations are combined using fuzzy logic as the inference engine. The data capture, map operations, and spatial data analyses are carried out using a geographic information system. The fuzzy predictive maps delineate at least 68% of the known gold occurrences that are used to generate the model. The fuzzy predictive maps delineate at least 76% of the unknown gold occurrences that are not used to generate the model. The results are highly comparable with the results of previous stream-sediment geochemical survey in the area. The results demonstrate the usefulness of a geologically constrained fuzzy set approach to map mineral potential and to redirect surficial exploration work in the search for yet undiscovered gold mineralization in the mining district. The method described is applicable to other mining districts elsewhere. 相似文献
19.
中国矿山迹地的生态恢复（英文） 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
矿业开发活动产生了大量的废弃地,本文综述了我国露天煤矿排土场、采煤沉陷地和煤矸石山等矿山迹地生态恢复的理论与技术进展,并对今后研究的重点问题进行了展望。采矿迹地生态恢复涉及到很多学科,需要借鉴多学科的理论,同时介绍了采矿迹地生态恢复的实用技术和示范基地建设情况,未来应重点关注矿山迹地生态系统演替过程与机理、采矿废弃地复垦利用的结构优化和采矿迹地生态恢复新技术等问题。 相似文献
20.
钟震宇 《云南地理环境研究》2009,21(3):42-45
根据毕节地区自然条件和开采的施工工艺及施工组织条件,分析煤矿开采过程中的生态环境破坏情况,提出了植被恢复是生态重建的最重要途径之一;并根据生态学上的“适地适树”原则、“生物多样性”原则、“生态位”等原则,筛选出了目前在煤矿工业场地区、生活管理区、排矸场区等主要区域生长良好的具有功能性的乡土树种,指出了选择树种时需要注意的问题,力争为创建毕节地区生态煤矿探索一种模式并实现矿区生态环境的良性循环。 相似文献