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1.
Urban Community Garden Agrodiversity and Cultural Identity in Philadelphia,Pennsylvania, U.S. 
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下载免费PDF全文 Hamil Pearsall Sheila Gachuz Marcel Rodriguez Sosa Birgit Schmook Hans van der Wal Maria Amalia Gracia 《Geographical review》2017,107(3):476-495
Considerable research has examined the social, cultural, economic, and community benefits of urban gardening. Few studies, however, have empirically assessed factors that influence urban community garden agrodiversity or its relationship to these dimensions of gardening. We conducted an interdisciplinary study of agrodiversity and cultural identity, based certain markers of identity, including how people see themselves with respect to race, ethnicity, or place of origin, in community gardens in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. We conducted fifty‐six semistructured interviews with gardeners with different cultural identities in eight community gardens on their motivations for urban community gardening during 2014. We conducted plant inventories of the corresponding garden plots and found 104 cultivated edible and ornamental species and 28 varieties representing 34 families. We find that although gardens with culturally diverse gardeners did not have higher species richness, the cultural identity of the gardeners influenced species selection and reason for gardening. Further, the structure, design and species composition of garden plots reflected the identities of garden members. These finding have implications for the recent institutionalization of urban agriculture into city land policies in Philadelphia and other cities in North America. 相似文献
2.
Susan Buckingham 《Area》2005,37(2):171-179
The British allotment is in the process of transformation. From a traditional provision made to male active and retired workers, it is becoming, by degrees, embourgeoised and more socially diverse, with many more women entering allotment gardening. At the same time, growing community gardening activity is giving women in low income families the opportunity to provide fresh, and culturally relevant, food for their families. This paper explores the meaning of this gradual gender transformation of urban food-growing spaces with regard to its social, aesthetic and environmental impact and looks at the implications of this both on and off the plot. 相似文献
3.
北京城市蔓延的测度与分析 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
Concerning about the rapid urban growth in recent China, this study takes Beijing as a case and puts forward that urban sprawl can be measured from spatial configuration, urban growth efficiency and external impacts, and then develops a geo-spatial indices system for measuring sprawl, a total of 13 indicators. In order to calculate these indices, different sources data are selected, including land use maps, former land use planning, land price and floor-area-ratio samples, digitized map of the highways and city centers, population and GDP statistical data, etc. Various GIS spatial analysis methods are used to spatialize these indices into 100m×100m cells. Besides, an integrated urban sprawl index is calculated by weight sum of these 13 indices. The application result indicates that geo-spatial indices system can capture most of the typical features and interior differentia of urban sprawl. Construction land in Beijing has kept fast growing with large amount, low efficiency and disordered spatial configuration, indicating a typical sprawling tendency. The following specific sprawl features are identified by each indicator: (1) typical spatial configuration of sprawling: obvious fragmentation and irregularity of landscape due to unsuccessful enforcement of land use planning, unadvisable pattern of typical discontinuous development, strip development and leapfrog development; (2) low efficiency of sprawl: low development density, low population density and economic output in newly developed area; and (3) negative impacts on agriculture, environment and city life. According to the integrated sprawl index, the sprawling amount in the northern part is larger than that in the southern, but the sprawling extent is in converse case; most sprawling area include the marginal area of the near suburbs and the area between highways, etc. Four sprawling patterns are identified: randomly expansion at urban fringe, strip development along or between highways, scattered development of industrial land, leapfrog development of urban residence and industrial area. 相似文献
4.
Our research seeks to understand how the contemporary community garden movement in the United States differs from its predecessors and whether its new foundation increases the political and financial sustainability of today's gardens. To this end, this article reviews historical and contemporary literature, and surveys participants in three distinctive community gardens, to answer several related research questions. First, what is the current state of the US community garden movement, and how have its historical roots shaped its response to current policy concerns? Second, which populations comprise today's community gardeners, and what motivates them to participate? After considering the findings from our three study gardens, and from a review of secondary and “gray” literature, we conclude by positing that a greater diversity of gardeners and gardening motivations, accompanied by changing leading views on urban land uses, will lead to such urban gardens remaining a more lasting feature of city neighborhood landscapes. 相似文献
5.
Concerning about the rapid urban growth in recent China, this study takes Beijing as a case and puts forward that urban sprawl can be measured from spatial configuration, urban growth efficiency and external impacts, and then develops a geo-spatial indices system for measuring sprawl, a total of 13 indicators. In order to calculate these indices, different sources data are selected, including land use maps, former land use planning, land price and floor-area-ratio samples, digitized map of the highways and city centers, population and GDP statistical data, etc. Various GIS spatial analysis methods are used to spatialize these indices into 100m×100m cells. Besides, an integrated urban sprawl index is calculated by weight sum of these 13 indices. The application result indicates that geo-spatial indices system can capture most of the typical features and interior differentia of urban sprawl. Construction land in Beijing has kept fast growing with large amount, low efficiency and disordered spatial con-figuration, indicating a typical sprawling tendency. The following specific sprawl features are identified by each indicator: (1) typical spatial configuration of sprawling: obvious fragmenta-tion and irregularity of landscape due to unsuccessful enforcement of land use planning, unadvisable pattern of typical discontinuous development, strip development and leapfrog development; (2) low efficiency of sprawl: low development density, low population density and economic output in newly developed area; and (3) negative impacts on agriculture, en-vironment and city life. According to the integrated sprawl index, the sprawling amount in the northern part is larger than that in the southern, but the sprawling extent is in converse case; most sprawling area include the marginal area of the near suburbs and the area between highways, etc. Four sprawling patterns are identified: randomly expansion at urban fringe, strip development along or between highways, scattered development of industrial land, leapfrog development of urban residence and industrial area. 相似文献
6.
中国城市群城市用地扩张时空动态特征 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
认识城市群城市用地扩张特征、扩张质量及景观生态效应等综合信息将有助于城市群空间高质量发展规划与决策。选取10个不同发育等级的城市群作为研究对象,综合运用城市用地扩张强度指数、城市用地扩张强度差异指数、景观扩张指数、景观格局指数,分析1990—2015年期间城市群城市用地扩张时空特征及景观生态效应,并构建人口、经济与城市用地协同发展指数,据此分析城市用地扩张中“人—地”关系协同程度。结果表明：① 1990—2015年,各个城市群城市用地面积持续增加,建成区的范围不断扩大,扩张强度呈现“上升—下降”的趋势;在2010年之前成熟型城市群的扩张强度最高,2010年之后培育型城市群成为扩张强度最高的类型。② 城市群城市用地扩张总体上呈现不均衡布局的趋势,高速扩张区域主要分布在沿海地区。从全国视角来看,东部高于中、西、东北部,整体城市群快速扩张的中心由东向西移动。③ 城市群城市用地空间扩张模式表现出边缘式和飞地式两种空间扩张模式并存,不同发育等级之间具有明显差异性,成熟型城市群的空间结构较为稳定,其他两种类型的城市群空间结构初具雏形或尚未形成。④ 城市群城市用地扩张“吞没”了郊区和农村地区,破碎化程度、形状的复杂程度较高,景观格局表现出不稳定。⑤ 城市群“人口—土地”协同程度逐步增强,“经济—土地”协同程度整体较高,整体上表现出城市用地扩张质量有所提升。新时期城市群城市用地应严格控制扩张规模,加快中小城市的发展,促进城市群城市用地扩张均衡发展,为城市群国土空间高质量发展提供重要参考。 相似文献
7.
国际都市农业发展的经验及其借鉴 总被引：14，自引：1，他引：13
都市农业是跳出农业、农村框架,从城乡统筹发展观看农业的新型理念。本文对美国、欧洲、日本、韩国和新加坡,以及拉美和非洲一些国家都市农业发展的历程和经验进行了总结;对其不同的发展特征、组织形式、生产特点、营销与物流、功能作用和扶植政策进行了梳理。从城市进程和社会发展角度,认为都市农业是我国当前和未来社会主义新农村建设的重要内容和实施方式。结合我国发展现状,都市农业的着力点在大城市地区和粮食主产区要有所不同;功能体现城市近、中、远郊区的需要;建设中需要鼓励发展都市农业企业和农业协会;加深产业现代化和专业化;疏通物流渠道;在城市规划、土地制度、产权制度、经营形式和科技推广等政策上需要给予支持和规范。 相似文献
8.
广州都市农业旅游深度开发探讨 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
广州都市农业旅游呈现发展速度快、起点高、规模大和效益好等特点,但也存在缺乏规划、项目趋同、文化内涵不深、科技含量不高、特色不显、品牌不强、发展无序等问题。今后应当依托地方农业旅游资源特色和各种优越的发展条件,重点发展设施农业旅游、园艺农业旅游、休闲度假农业旅游、农业博物馆旅游4种类型,按北部山区、中部城区农业区、城郊田园、南部滨海4大空间区域合理布局,并通过政府主导、科学规划、突出特色、品牌带动、挖掘文化内涵、突显农业科技、培养专业人才、提高管理水平等策略和措施,推进都市农业旅游和城市化健康持续发展。 相似文献
9.
Meiyan Zhao Hongyan Cai Zhi Qiao 《International journal of geographical information science》2016,30(12):2421-2441
The urban heat island (UHI) effect resulting from rapid urbanization is attracting increasing attention among the global scientific community. This research analyzed the relationship between urban expansion and the UHI effect utilizing an integrated approach, including urban land interpretation and retrieving land surface temperature based on remote sensing, and spatial overlay analysis for revealing the relationship for different time periods between 1984 and 2014 in Shanghai, China. The results show that (1) the spatiotemporal changes in UHI are consistent with the expansion of urban land, and rapid urban expansion leads to an expansion of the UHI, in particular along roadways. (2) The mode of urban expansion is an important factor influencing the UHI effect. Urban sprawl (urban expansion in the edge-expansion way) is a form of typical expansion that leads to the rapid increase in the UHI. When the urban compactness ratio is less than 0.15, a compact design can effectively control the expansion rate of the UHI and mitigate its range of influence and intensity. However, when the urban compactness ratio is greater than 0.15, the urban design has a marked influence on the UHI ratio index: a more compact form produces a stronger UHI effect. So, finding an equilibrium between urban compactness ratio and urban expansion rate is good for effective urban management and planning. 相似文献
10.
研究城市功能用地演替可以揭示出新时期中国城市功能空间演化的特征、趋势与形成机制，为城市管理提供理论依据。本文以张掖中心城区为研究范围，运用GIS工具及方法，定量分析了张掖市1981年以来居住用地、工业用地、公共服务用地三大功能用地的空间演变特征及其动因，进而绿洲城市空间的可持续发展提供指导。研究发现：张掖城市居住用地和公共服务用地呈逐步增加趋势，空间上呈“内聚→外散”的演变趋势,两者均由老城区向四周扩散，而工业用地先增加后减少，空间上呈“混杂→集中”的转变特征，整体上集中于东北部产业园区内。张掖城市功能用地演变是人口经济驱动、宏观政策调控、城市开发与生态环境博弈、交通线路牵引、城市规划引导等共同作用的结果。 相似文献
11.
Leandro Ismael de Azevedo LACERDA José Augusto Ribeiro da SILVEIRA Celso Augusto Guimar 《地理学报(英文版)》2021,31(10):1529-1552
Urban forests play an important role in the thermal comfort and overall life of local populations in large-and medium-sized cities.This study analyzes urban forest loss and maps land use and land cover (LULC) changes between 1991 and 2018 by evaluating the use of urban planning instruments for the mitigation of urban forest loss in Jo～o Pessoa,Brazil.For this purpose,satellite-derived LULC images from 1991,2006,2010 and 2018 and data on urban forest loss areas obtained using the Google Earth Engine were used.In addi-tion,this paper also discusses the instruments used for integrated urban planning,which are(a) the legal sector,responsibility and nature;(b) the urban expansion process;and (c) the elements of urban infrastructure.The results show a clear shift in land use in the study area.The major changes in LULC classes occurred in urban areas and herbaceous vegetation,while the greatest loss was in arboreal/shrub vegetation.Thus,an increase in the pressure to occupy zones intended for environmental preservation could be estimated.Our results showed similar accuracies with other studies and more spatial details.The characteristics of the patterns,traces,and hotspots of urban expansion and forest cover loss were explored.We highlighted the potential use of this proposed framework to be applied and validated in other parts of the world to help better understand and quantify various aspects of ur-ban-related problems such as urban forest loss mapping using instruments for integrated urban planning and low-cost approaches. 相似文献
12.
Zohreh Masoomi Mohammad Sadi Mesgari Majid Hamrah 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(3):542-566
Considering the ever-increasing urban population, it appears that land management is of major importance. Land uses must be properly arranged so that they do not interfere with one another and can meet each other's needs as much as possible; this goal is a challenge of urban land-use planning. The main objective of this research is to use Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm to find the optimum arrangement of urban land uses in parcel level, considering multiple objectives and constraints simultaneously. Geospatial Information System is used to prepare the data and to study different spatial scenarios when developing the model. To optimize the land-use arrangement, four objectives are defined: maximizing compatibility, maximizing dependency, maximizing suitability, and maximizing compactness of land uses. These objectives are characterized based on the requirements of planners. As a result of optimization, the user is provided with a set of optimum land-use arrangements, the Pareto-front solutions. The user can select the most appropriate solutions according to his/her priorities. The method was tested using the data of region 7, district 1 of Tehran. The results showed an acceptable level of repeatability and stability for the optimization algorithm. The model uses parcel instead of urban blocks, as the spatial unit. Moreover, it considers a variety of land uses and tries to optimize several objectives simultaneously. 相似文献
13.
在辨析城市空间破碎化概念基础上，以空间破碎化在城市方面研究为主题对1998—2016年间SCI和SSCI数据库中相关文章进行文献计量，对城市空间破碎化研究的内容、方法和进展开展评述。从研究主题看，相关研究多以土地利用、生物多样性保护、环境可持续发展为主题展开，遥感和GIS技术应用是主要的技术趋势。从测度方法看，以土地功能碎化与景观破碎化测度为主，采用景观格局分析的方法，涉及多种景观维度或指数的综合运用。从城市空间相关的研究来看，以现象描述为主，主要着眼于城市内部空间重组，探讨不同类型空间破碎化的表现、产生原因和应对思考。未来城市空间破碎化研究应综合多学科的视角和方法，从空间上一体化运行的相关实体要素出发研究城市空间破碎化内涵、测度方法，结合空间大数据挖掘应用的新技术新方法开展系统综合的研究。 相似文献
14.
The City as an "Agricultural Powerhouse"? Perspectives on Expanding Urban Agriculture from Detroit,Michigan 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
《Urban geography》2013,34(3):348-369
In recent years urban agriculture has received increasing support as a strategy for food security and urban sustainability. Scholars have explored motivations for and experiences of individual community gardens, but there is little understanding of how more extensive urban agriculture activities might be perceived among residents or might integrate with the cityscape. This research explores ways in which urban agriculture might be perceived in relation to the urban eco-system and sociopolitical context through semi-structured interviews and focus groups in Detroit, Michigan. Results reveal widespread support for expanding urban agriculture and highlight the lines along which such expansion may be contested, including the extent to which it should occur, the purpose it would serve, and the people it would involve. 相似文献
15.
Spatial patterns of urban land use growth in Beijing 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6
By using digitized land use maps of Beijing in 1982, 1992 and 1997 and employing GIS spatial analysis techniques, this paper
conducts an empirical study on the spatial differentiation and spatial patterns of urban land use growth in Beijing in the
period of 1982–1997. It is observed that urban land use growth in Beijing went beyond the control of urban planning, in terms
of the extraordinary high growth rate and undesired spatial pattern. The rate of urban expansion after 1982, which was predominated
by growth of industrial land, was extraordinary high compared to its historical period. While its growth centers have been
actively shifting toward the northern part, rather than toward the southern and eastern parts as designated by the latest
General Plan (1991–2010) of Beijing, its spatial pattern of urban land use growth in general was in distinct concentric sprawl,
which seriously violated the General Plan of Beijing. 相似文献
16.
By using digitized land use maps of Beijing in 1982, 1992 and 1997 and employing GIS spatial analysis techniques, this paper conducts an empirical study on the spatial differentiation and spatial patterns of urban land use growth in Beijing in the period of 1982-1997. It is observed that urban land use growth in Beijing went beyond the control of urban planning, in terms of the extraordinary high growth rate and undesired spatial pattern. The rate of urban expansion after 1982, which was predominated by growth of industrial land, was extraordinary high compared to its historical period. While its growth centers have been actively shifting toward the northern part, rather than toward the southern and eastern parts as designated by the latest General Plan (1991-2010) of Beijing, its spatial pattern of urban land use growth in general was in distinct concentric sprawl, which seriously violated the General Plan of Beijing. 相似文献
17.
Godfrey D. Mudimu 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》1997,17(2):179-194
The growing of crops on open and undeveloped spaces within urban zones in eastern and southern African cities has become an important source of food security. Urban populations have expanded without a corresponding increase in economic opportunities for employment. Economic reforms have led to the removal of subsidies on food commodities and retrenchments in the formal employment sectors. It is reported that a result of this is that vulnerable households have resorted to urban agriculture to sustain their livelihoods. Though a widespread practice, urban agriculture is not planned for or supported by urban planners and managers as a legitimate form of urban land use in Harare, Zimbabwe. As women are the main participants in urban agriculture, their activities come into direct conflict with planning provisions for urban space. This study examines the role of women in urban agriculture and views and perceptions of the use of urban space for agricultural activities in Harare. It shows that urban agriculture is useful in meeting household food needs by those who undertake it. The study offers empirical insight on the perceptions of the use of space in an urban tropical environment for agriculture, where conflicts can arise as a result of different perceptions and alternative uses. 相似文献
18.
This article integrates community gardens and farmers' markets into a spatial analysis of food deserts in the City of Edmonton, Canada. Our results show that community gardens and farmers' markets can improve fresh food accessibility and help relieve food desert problems to some extent, especially for mature, inner-suburban neighborhoods. However, based on the minimum road network distance and high need indicators, four neighborhoods throughout the city can still be considered as food deserts even after farmers' markets and community gardens are taken into consideration. Regression results reveal that community gardens tend to cluster with supermarkets, so that neighborhoods that have poor access to supermarkets also tend to have limited access to community gardens. 相似文献
19.
大都市郊区是快速城镇化进程中空间演变最为频繁、人地矛盾最为突出的区域,尤其在中国加快推进“就地就近”城镇化战略的背景下,把握大都市郊区小城镇土地利用时空变化过程及其演变机制,对制定科学合理的管控政策和优化都市空间结构具有重要的现实意义。约束性元胞自动机(constrained Cellular Automata, constrained CA)能够通过简单的规则模拟复杂的城市动态演化过程。本文将土地利用总体规划指标、城镇空间发展战略布局、土地利用开发适宜性等,嵌入约束性CA的转换规则中,采用Logistic逐步回归法分析土地利用空间影响因素,对严格约束下的武汉市江夏区2020年土地利用进行情景模拟分析,并提出城市增长管控手段。结果表明：①研究时段内,江夏区城镇用地呈低效外延式扩张,土地利用集约节约程度较低,其人口规模并未有较大增长,对主城区人口的分散作用尚未真正形成;②约束性CA在模拟大都市郊区演化方面具有较高的可靠性,能够真实反映近郊小城镇的未来空间布局与结构,模拟结果与土地利用规划和城市规划较为契合;③将规划目标导向与现实发展趋势下的模拟结果进行叠加分析,可确定城镇增长需求与规划指标调控间冲突的空间分布,从而划定土地督察的重点监测区域,为加强大都市近郊区的违法用地监查和土地利用管控提供先验的预警知识。 相似文献
20.
MARIA ELISA CHRISTIE 《Geographical review》2004,94(3):368-390
ABSTRACT. The house‐lot garden in central Mexico is gendered space where changing cultural identities are negotiated, re‐created, and celebrated as “tradition” is continually redefined. No clear boundary separates the kitchen from the house‐lot garden or the private space of the household from the semipublic space of the community. During collective food preparation for religious fiestas, gendered reciprocity networks strengthen community relations and foster alliances between traditional neighborhoods and between communities in the region. At the intersection of everyday life and fiestas, food‐preparation spaces, or kitchenspaces, in the house‐lot garden are fertile areas in which to explore the cultural reproduction of nature‐society relations. They are vital to understanding gender, place, and culture in this region and represent people's symbolic connection with the land in increasingly urban contexts. This article analyzes the sense of place that Mexican women derive from their house‐lot gardens. 相似文献