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1.
模拟增温对生态系统碳循环影响研究进展 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
气候变暖影响着生态系统碳循环,碳循环的变化反馈于气候变化。这两者的相互作用影响着未来气候变化的方向和强度。野外增温试验有助于了解生态系统碳循环对气候变化的响应及其机制,因此成为近年来的研究热点。生态系统所处的地理位置及相应的气候背景影响着碳循环对增温的响应。增温后不同生态系统的碳释放和碳固定均可表现为增加、减小或者无显著变化,因而生态系统净碳收支对气候变化响应多样。增温后土壤氮矿化速率、物候、生态系统物种组成和结构的变化间接影响着生态系统净碳收支。多年冻土区储存了大量的土壤有机碳,冻土融化后冻土有机碳分解将释放大量的CO2到大气中,正反馈于气候变暖,因而是目前野外增温试验对碳循环影响研究的焦点。 相似文献
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在联合国下属的政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）的4次评估报告影响下,全球变暖达到前所未有家喻户晓的程度．各国人民似乎对“气候变暖”有谈虎色变的感觉．只要是灾难,不论水灾还是旱灾,不管是降温的雪灾还是高温的热浪,各国媒体均将这些灾害与“气候变暖”紧密联系起来,IPCC第四次报告也是如此．气候真的变暖了吗？真的那么严重变暖了吗？气候变暖真的给人类带来的只是可怕灾难而没有益处吗？水灾与旱灾是一对矛盾的2个方面,如何都能够由“全球变暖”一个因素所导致？地质记录表明,气候冷暖波动是地球气候变化一般形式,过去在人类能够影响大气二氧化碳含量以前,地球气候就是一直在不断地冷暖变化着的．驱动地球冷暖变化的主要因素是地球接收太阳辐射量的变化．不变的气候是短期的,是暂时的,而变化的气候却是长期和永恒的．持续了约550年变冷小冰期于1850年结束,随后进入暖期则是正常的自然过程．人类活动最大可能只是叠加了变暖的影响．本研究综合对比分析全球变暖和全球变冷2种气候变化所产生的一系列后果,认为全球变暖给人类带来结果是利大于弊． 相似文献
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气候是影响植被类型和分布的关键因素,植被类型和分布格局也能反映气候的地域差异。随着气候变暖,全球气温和降水格局都将发生变化,植被类型和分布格局也将随之改变。而植物对气候变化的响应存在一定的滞后性,因此仅用气候指标研究亚热带北界及其移动具有一定的局限性。以青冈（Cyclobalanopsis glauca (Thunberg) Oersted）为研究对象,应用最大熵模型（Maxent）,研究了其对气候变化的响应并探讨了气候变化情景下青冈分布格局变化对中国亚热带北界移动的指示意义。结果表明：影响青冈分布的主导环境因子为年降水量、最冷季降水量、气温年变化范围和最冷月最低气温;随着气候变暖,青冈分布北界将向北移动,其分布质心亦向西北移动,预示着在气候变暖的背景下,到21世纪中叶中国亚热带北界将向北移动约1个纬度。 相似文献
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近20年气候变暖对黑龙江省水稻增产的贡献 总被引：35，自引：1，他引：34
研究过去的气候变暖对作物产量的影响是认识变暖对农业影响的有效途径,但如何定量区分出气候变化和技术发展对粮食作物的影响程度是目前研究的难点。本文提出的算法在一定程度上可以克服传统算法缺陷,用此方法估算过去20年气候变暖对黑龙江省水稻单产增加的贡献率,结果表明：20世纪80年代相对于70年代水稻单产增加了30.6%,其中由气候变暖带来的增产量占实际增产量的12.8%~16.1%,相当于使70年代的单产增加3.9%~4.9%。20世纪90年代水稻单产较80年代增产42.7%,其中,气候变暖对单产增加的贡献率约为23.2%~28.8%,相当于在20世纪80年代的单产水平上增产9.9%~12.3%。 相似文献
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气候变化对中国内陆湿地空间分布和主要生态功能的影响研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《湿地科学》2016,(5)
近百年来全球气候呈现以变暖、降水格局改变和极端天气、气候事件频繁发生为主要特征的显著变化。中国气候变化具有区域差异性,对湿地生态系统带来不同影响。气候变化通过影响湿地的水温、土温和水文节律,影响着湿地生态系统的格局和过程,甚至会影响湿地生态系统的演替。归纳、总结了气候变化对中国内陆湿地空间分布和主要生态功能的影响研究结果;通过分析湿地分布及面积、湿地水文过程、湿地生物多样性和湿地生态系统碳循环的影响发现,气候变化通过水源补给方式和水文过程影响湿地的分布和生态功能;随着气候变暖,以冰雪融水为主要补给源的湿地的面积逐年增加;随着气候变化,湿润区的湿地面积发生明显波动,气温升高导致半湿润区的湿地面积减少,但是却在一定程度上减缓了干旱区湿地面积的萎缩;同时,气候变化通过对大气降水和蒸散等环节的影响,间接地影响湿地水位和水文周期;气候变暖严重威胁了湿地系统内的生物多样性,导致湿地生境质量下降和湿生生物种群数量减少,也改变了湿地生态系统碳循环,加速了CO2和CH4等温室气体的排放。 相似文献
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对过去2 000a气候变化的研究是解决20世纪气候变暖归因问题的关键途径之一,近年来取得了重要进展。从北半球和中国区域温度变化重建、外部强迫变化及其对温度影响等方面回顾了过去2 000a气候变化的研究历程,论述了代表性的研究成果并总结了新的科学认识。主要认识有:(1)在十年至百年尺度上,过去千年北半球中高纬地区的夏半年温度变化基本同步;(2)在百年尺度上,太阳活动在北半球温度变化中可能扮演了重要角色,而在年际到十年尺度上火山活动是北半球温度变化的主要驱动因子,但频繁的大型火山喷发事件也会造成百年尺度上气候冷暖平均态的转变;(3)温室气体是工业革命以来气候变暖的主导因素之一,但其中的年代际波动受到气候系统内部变率的影响。今后,将模拟与重建结果结合起来量化各驱动因子对气候变化的影响,进而揭示气候变化的机制是过去2 000a气候变化研究的热点。 相似文献
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植物物候对气候变化的响应非常敏感,是指示全球变化对生态系统影响的重要证据。其中植物花期变化影响植物繁殖与进化,具有重要意义。大量研究表明,随着全球气候变暖,北半球植物始花期普遍提前。而关于气候变暖对植物始花期影响的内在机理并没有明确解释。植物激素是植物体内对植物开花等生理活动有显著调控作用的有机物,可对环境刺激作出响应并直接参与调控植物始花期,导致始花期的提前或延后。对植物激素在植物中表达与变化的精确测定有助于了解植物始花期对气候变化响应的内在机理。论文综述了植物激素对植物开花时间的调控作用以及目前植物激素最先进的检测方法,探讨了植物激素及相关代谢产物在植物体内的含量变化对植物始花期的影响;提出通过植物激素研究植物始花期对气候变化响应的激素调控机理,为探索植物物候对气候变化响应提供新的研究思路与手段。 相似文献
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甘肃天水近30a气候变化对桃产量形成的影响分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《干旱区地理》2016,(4)
采用统计学方法,利用甘肃天水1981-2011年桃单产量和相关气象资料统计分析了气候变化对桃产量形成影响,为果树生产和管理部门有效应对气候变化提供决策依据。研究表明:20世纪90年代以来天水桃树栽培区气温升高,降水减少,暖干气候特征明显,极端最高气温的显著升高是气候变暖的主要表现。气候变暖导致桃树发育进程明显加快,初春气温、仲春最高气温的快速升高和降水量的明显减少,造成桃树花芽发育-盛花期高温干旱对花蕾发育、开花坐果的危害及盛夏7月降水量的增加和7月下旬至8月上旬气温日较差的减小,对果实干物质累积、着色成熟的影响均呈明显加重趋势,7月相对较多的降水还可造成果树大量落果而减产,但仲秋10月降水量的增加不仅有利果树正常越冬,还可缓解来年春季暖干气候对果树产量形成的不利影响。 相似文献
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对过去2 000a气候变化的研究是解决20世纪气候变暖归因问题的关键途径之一,近年来取得了重要进展。从北半球和中国区域温度变化重建、外部强迫变化及其对温度影响等方面回顾了过去2 000a气候变化的研究历程,论述了代表性的研究成果并总结了新的科学认识。主要认识有:(1)在十年至百年尺度上,过去千年北半球中高纬地区的夏半年温度变化基本同步;(2)在百年尺度上,太阳活动在北半球温度变化中可能扮演了重要角色,而在年际到十年尺度上火山活动是北半球温度变化的主要驱动因子,但频繁的大型火山喷发事件也会造成百年尺度上气候冷暖平均态的转变;(3)温室气体是工业革命以来气候变暖的主导因素之一,但其中的年代际波动受到气候系统内部变率的影响。今后,将模拟与重建结果结合起来量化各驱动因子对气候变化的影响,进而揭示气候变化的机制是过去2 000a气候变化研究的热点。 相似文献
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Progress in China’s climate change study in the 20th century 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
IPCC (2001) pointed out that the earth's climate was undergoing a remarkable change with characteristics of global warming over the past 100 years. The latest research showed that the global mean surface temperature has increased by about 0.6 oC since 1861. It is very likely that the last 20 years in the 20th century was the warmest decades. The Northern Hemisphere temperatures in the 20th century appeared to have been unprecedented during the past millennium. The research also indicates th… 相似文献
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Diatom preservation in the recent sediment record of Spanish saline lakes: implications for palaeoclimate study 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
J. M. Reed 《Journal of Paleolimnology》1998,19(2):129-137
In palaeoclimate research, fossil diatoms from saline lakes can be excellent indicators of past salinity, a proxy for climate change, although they are sometimes poorly preserved in sediment cores. Spain has numerous salt lakes but the potential of diatoms for studies of climate change has never been investigated. A comprehensive survey of diatom preservation is described based on modern and fossil diatoms from short cores (<50 cm depth) in a representative data-set of 59 sites, and the main factors affecting preservation are investigated using principal components analysis (PCA). Most lakes do not preserve a diatom record; four sites in southern Spain are identified which both contain diatoms and have suitable limnological characteristics for a climate study. Many lakes are ephemeral and the physical effects of desiccation, coupled with other factors such as turbidity and high salinity, are the main factors enhancing diatom dissolution or their failure to be incorporated into the sediment record. 相似文献
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20世纪中国气候变化研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Studies on the 20th century climate change in China have revealed that under the background of global warming over the past century,climate in China has also experienced significant change with mean annual temperature increased by about 0.5 °C.More reliable results for the latter part of the 20th century indicate that the largest warming occurred in Northwest China,North China and Northeast China,and the warming in winter is most significant.Although no obvious increase or decrease trends were detected for mean precipitation over China in the past half century,regional differences are very distinct.In the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River,precipitation increased,while that in the Yellow River Basin markedly decreased.Studies suggest that climate change in China seems to be related not only with the internal factors such as ENSO,PDO,and the others,but also with the anthropogenic effects such as greenhouse gas emissions,and land use.The future climate change studies in China seem to be important in narrowing understanding the nature of China's climate change and its main causes,since it is significant for projection and for impact assessment of climate change in the future. 相似文献
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Land cover change affects surface radiation budget and energy balance by changing surface albedo and further impacts the regional and global climate. In this article, high spatial and temporal resolution satellite products were used to analyze the driving mechanism for surface albedo change caused by land cover change during 1990-2010. In addition, the annual-scale radiative forcing caused by surface albedo changes in China's 50 ecological regions were calculated to reveal the biophysical mechanisms of land cover change affecting climate change at regional scale. Our results showed that the national land cover changes were mainly caused by land reclamation, grassland desertification and urbanization in past 20 years, which were almost induced by anthropogenic activities. Grassland and forest area decreased by 0.60% and 0.11%, respectively. The area of urban and farmland increased by 0.60% and 0.19%, respectively. The mean radiative forcing caused by land cover changes during 1990-2010 was 0.062 W/m2 in China, indicating a warming climate effect. However, spatial heterogeneity of radiative forcing was huge among different ecological regions. Farmland conversing to urban construction land, the main type of land cover change for the urban and suburban agricultural ecological region in Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan region, caused an albedo reduction by 0.00456 and a maximum positive radiative forcing of 0.863 W/m2, which was presented as warming climate effects. Grassland and forest conversing to farmland, the main type of land cover change for the temperate humid agricultural and wetland ecological region in Sanjiang Plain, caused an albedo increase by 0.00152 and a maximum negative radiative forcing of 0.184 W/m2, implying cooling climate effects. 相似文献
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基于统计模型识别气候变化对农业产量贡献的研究进展 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4
从统计模型与作物机理模型的区别与联系出发, 介绍了识别气候变化对农业产量贡献的3 种主要统计模型, 即时间序列模型、截面模型和面板模型;综述了前人在站点和区域(全球、国家、省级、地区、县级) 尺度对这一问题的研究进展;总结了应用统计模型识别农业产量对气候变化响应敏感性的4 个主要问题, 包括时空尺度问题、产量的非气候趋势去除问题、气候要素间的自相关问题和忽略适应措施的问题;最后针对以上主要问题, 提出了改进建议及今后研究的发展趋势。 相似文献
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Progress in China’s climate change study in the 20th century 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Studies on the 20th century climate change in China have revealed that under the background of global warming over the past
century, climate in China has also experienced significant change with mean annual temperature increased by about 0.5 °C.
More reliable results for the latter part of the 20th century indicate that the largest warming occurred in Northwest China,
North China and Northeast China, and the warming in winter is most significant. Although no obvious increase or decrease trends
were detected for mean precipitation over China in the past half century, regional differences are very distinct. In the middle
and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, precipitation increased, while that in the Yellow River Basin markedly decreased.
Studies suggest that climate change in China seems to be related not only with the internal factors such as ENSO, PDO, and
the others, but also with the anthropogenic effects such as greenhouse gas emissions, and land use. The future climate change
studies in China seem to be important in narrowing understanding the nature of China’s climate change and its main causes,
since it is significant for projection and for impact assessment of climate change in the future. 相似文献
18.
自然植被对气候变化响应的研究:综述 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
植被-气候关系的研究已经超越了植被地理学、植被生态学的研究范围，而成为全球变化研究的核心内容之一，从而受到地理学家、生态学家等的广泛关注，并开展了大量的研究。本文概述了过去、现在和未来自然植被对气候变化响应研究的主要进展，阐述了自然植被响应气候变化，特别是未来全球气候变化的基本的可能结果。 相似文献
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Land cover change affects surface radiation budget and energy balance by chang- ing surface albedo and further impacts the regional and global climate. In this article, high spatial and temporal resolution satellite products were used to analyze the driving mechanism for surface albedo change caused by land cover change during 1990-2010. In addition, the annual-scale radiative forcing caused by surface albedo changes in China＇s 50 ecological regions were calculated to reveal the biophysical mechanisms of land cover change affecting climate change at regional scale. Our results showed that the national land cover changes were mainly caused by land reclamation, grassland desertification and urbanization in past 20 years, which were almost induced by anthropogenic activities. Grassland and forest area decreased by 0.60% and 0.11%, respectively. The area of urban and farmland increased by 0.60% and 0.19%, respectively. The mean radiative forcing caused by land cover changes during 1990-2010 was 0.062 W/m2 in China, indicating a warming climate effect. However, spatial heterogeneity of radiative forcing was huge among different ecological regions. Farmland conversing to urban construction land, the main type of land cover change for the urban and suburban agricultural ecological region in Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan region, caused an albedo reduction by 0.00456 and a maximum positive radiative forcing of 0.863 WIm2, which was presented as warming climate effects. Grassland and forest conversing to farmland, the main type of land cover change for the temperate humid agricultural and wetland ecological region in Sanjiang Plain, caused an albedo increase by 0.00152 and a maximum negative radiative forcing of 0.184 W/m2, implying cooling climate effects. 相似文献