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1.
老挝VIIRS活跃火的主要自然地理要素特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用美国国家航空航天局火灾信息资源管理系统（FIRMS）VIIRS V1活跃火、先进星载热发射和反射辐射仪全球数字高程模型（ASTER GDEM）、MODIS NDVI/LSWI与土地覆被数据产品（FROM-GLC）,基于GIS定量分析老挝2012—2017年从分省到国家不同空间尺度活跃火频次的动态变化,并重点分析2015厄尔尼诺年活跃火频次及其与海拔、坡度、植被-水分（NDVI *、LSWI）指数、土地覆被等主要自然地理要素的相关特征。结果表明：① 老挝活跃火频次呈先增后减的趋势,峰值在2015厄尔尼诺年,主要集中在上、中寮,其中琅勃拉邦、沙耶武里与沙湾拿吉三省居前三位,而万象市、塞公和赛宋本则居后三位。② 老挝2012—2017年活跃火发生频次与地形因素（海拔、坡度）的关系基本相同,活跃火集中在海拔1000 m以下、坡度小于30°的低山-丘陵区。其中,上寮活跃火集中分布在500~1000 m、10~30°的斜陡坡山地,中、下寮集中在500 m以下、2~20°的缓斜坡丘陵。③ 活跃火高度集中在旱季,以3月、4月最多,并集中分布在NDVI为0.4~0.8和LSWI为0.2~0.6的中高覆盖度植被区。④ 老挝活跃火主要发生在森林这一土地覆被类型中,且以上寮最为集中,而中寮多以农田、草地和灌丛活跃火为主。综上,基于自然地理要素的活跃火特征分析可以有效识别其发生类型,即老挝活跃火主要由刀耕火种农业所引起。 相似文献
2.
自然和人为因素引发的植被火是全球生态系统的重要干扰因子,而基于卫星获取的活跃火（active fires）是探究人-火关系与活跃火发生机理、扩展机制的基础。相对于陆域活跃火,海上活跃火发生的时空动态及其强度、类型等研究较为薄弱。基于VIIRS活跃火和海洋地形等数据,通过分析中国东南海域活跃火发生的时间规律、强度特征、地形属性和距海岸线距离等特性,初步确定了海上活跃火类型界定体系。结果表明：① 本区相同位置活跃火发生具有时序性。2015年前后两年内相同位置活跃火逐渐减少,且低纬地区更突出;而2015年前后三年内低纬地区活跃火发生强度稳定、高纬地区逐渐减少。② 中国东南海域活跃火呈现明显的空间集-疏特征,即沿岸海域“条带状”聚集区、以曾母暗沙为中心的“团状”聚集区、南海诸岛周围的分散区。③ 2012—2013年、2015年、2020年活跃火总强度与其月均强度变化一致,即其发生强度增强归因于活跃火的面状、分散发生;2014年、2016—2019年活跃火总强度与月均强度峰值不同步,即其强度增强归因于活跃火的点状、集中发生。④ 基于时空、强度和集聚特征,结合人类活动频繁区布局,将发生时间有规律（重复）、发生空间有特征（海域深度500 m以内、距海岸线距离200~1000 m且具集聚特征（Moran's指数为0.52,P<0.00001））、强度较高的海上活跃火定义为海上人为火。 相似文献
3.
MODIS C6、VIIRS V1和VIIRS J1是NASA火灾信息资源管理系统（FIRMS）2020年首次同步发布的三套全球活跃火遥感产品。鉴于卫星过赤道时间、空间分辨率、火情监测算法有别,分析MODIS和VIIRS不同活跃火产品监测结果一致性和差异性,对明确不同火产品的适用性至关重要。利用中南半岛同年活跃火矢量产品,通过GIS渔网（1 km）定量分析不同时间尺度（全年、旱/雨季和昼/夜）活跃火发生的频次与强度特征,横向对比了三套活跃火产品的一致性与差异。结果表明：① 中南半岛三套产品逐月发生频次一致性最高,逐日次之,逐时最低。全年“有火区”格网占比37.23%,其中VIIRS相应比重三倍于MODIS,且J1略高于V1。三套产品两两比较时,VIIRS V1/VIIRS J1组合总体一致性最高,VIIRS J1/MODIS C6组合一致性最低。② 三套产品旱季“有火区”占比、活跃火发生频次与强度均显著高于雨季,且VIIRS V1与J1活跃火发生强度空间分布一致性更高。旱季V1活跃火累积发生频次最高、发生强度更强;雨季J1相应频次最高,发生强度较强。③ 三套产品白天“有火区”占比、活跃火累积发生频次均高于夜间,发生强度空间分布一致性亦高于夜间,其中VIIRS V1与J1夜间一致性最高。且昼/夜V1活跃火累积发生频次和“有火区”占比均最高,但J1发生强度最强。④ VIIRS V1与J1监测精度更高,空间覆盖范围更广,且VIIRS V1更适用于旱季、白天和夜间活跃火相关研究,而VIIRS J1对雨季活跃火的探测水平更高,但MODIS C6的优势在于历史数据丰富。 相似文献
4.
基于中国绿洲喜温作物分布区67个地面气象站1960—2016年逐日平均气温数据,运用线性趋势法、反距离加权（IDW）、Morlet小波分析法、Mann-Kendall检验等方法,分析了中国绿洲喜温作物气候生长期生长初、终日及生长期的时空变化对全球变暖停滞（globe warming hiatus）的响应。结果表明：1998—2012年中国绿洲喜温作物气候生长期生长初、终日及生长期变化倾向率分别为：-2.15 d·（10 a）–1、2.76 d·（10 a）–1、4.91 d·（10 a）–1,与1960—2016年和1960—1998年相比呈现出初日提前、终日推迟、生长期延长的态势,没有出现对全球变暖停滞的响应;空间变化方面,仅有超过22%的站点有对全球变暖停滞的响应,整体响应不显著;但各绿洲对全球变暖停滞的响应却不尽相同,柴达木绿洲喜温作物气候生长期对全球变暖停滞的响应最为显著,其余绿洲则反之,也反映了青藏高原是气候变化的驱动器与放大镜。突变分析显示,研究区喜温作物生长初日、终日及生长期分别在2008年、2001年、2006年发生突变,突变年份多集中于变暖停滞期,之后的变化趋势显示对全球变暖停滞没有响应。Morlet小波分析表明其周期存在2.4~3.8 a的优势短周期,与2~4 a大气环流和厄尔尼诺事件2~7 a的周期相吻合,表明喜温作物气候生长期主要受大气环流与厄尔尼诺活动的影响。 相似文献
5.
火是生态系统中的重要因子,是反映古气候和环境变化的重要标志。因此,重建火活动历史可以帮助我们理解过去的气候变化和火活动的机制,但是目前在全球范围内十分缺少对中新世时期高分辨率的火活动记录的研究。炭屑已被证明是重建火活动历史的有效替代性指标,基于青藏高原东北缘武山盆地中中新世时期高分辨率的炭屑记录,重建了研究区天然火活动历史,结合现有资料,探讨了火-植被-气候之间的关系以及研究区火活动对全球变化的响应。结果表明：（1） 15.30~13.60 Ma时期,炭屑总浓度变化范围为59~4324粒·g-1,平均浓度为835粒·g-1。炭屑形状以次圆形为主,且几乎所有的炭屑粒径都小于50 μm,反映出研究区天然火活动是以乔木植物燃烧的森林火活动为主,主要是区域性火活动。根据炭屑总浓度的变化趋势,将研究区天然火活动历史分为2个主要阶段。阶段Ⅰ（15.30~14.00 Ma）：炭屑总浓度逐步增加,平均浓度为866粒·g-1。其中,阶段Ⅰ又可以细分为3个次要阶段,Ⅰa（15.30~14.38 Ma）：炭屑总浓度最低,平均浓度为693粒·g-1;Ⅰb（14.38~14.20 Ma）：炭屑总浓度快速减少,平均浓度为1140粒·g-1;Ⅰc（14.20~14.00 Ma）：炭屑总浓度急剧增加,平均浓度为988粒·g-1。阶段Ⅱ（14.00~13.60 Ma）：炭屑总浓度急剧减少,平均浓度为777粒·g-1。（2） 孢粉数据重建的研究区的植被和气候变化结果表明,15.30~14.38 Ma时期为开阔的森林植被,湿度较低;14.38~14.00 Ma时期乔木增加,湿度增加;14.00~13.60 Ma时期乔木属种显著减少,湿度降低。（3） 经过对比分析,炭屑总浓度变化趋势与乔木类花粉百分比趋势相近,次圆形炭屑浓度趋势与阔叶类植物花粉的百分比趋势显著正相关,认为武山盆地中中新世的天然火活动与森林植被的盖度（尤其是阔叶林的盖度）有较强联系,在气候温暖湿润的时期,炭屑浓度高。此外,通过对比炭屑总浓度趋势和深海底栖有孔虫氧同位素的变化,可以推测,全球温度变化可能通过影响研究区植被变化来对天然火活动产生重要影响。 相似文献
6.
近60年来厄尔尼诺事件对广东省旱灾的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
厄尔尼诺是影响全球的大尺度气候现象,对广东省的气候也有影响。在对厄尔尼诺事件进行系统分类研究的基础上,利用X2检验和条件概率检验的方法,对近60年来厄尔尼诺事件与广东省旱灾的关系进行研究,结果表明:广东省的旱灾和厄尔尼诺关系较为密切,23次旱灾,有17次和厄尔尼诺事件有关。研究还发现厄尔尼诺事件的强度、发生的季节以及持续的时间与广东省旱灾的发生有一定关系:中等及强厄尔尼诺事件往往会导致广东省旱灾的发生;春季和秋季发生的厄尔尼诺事件,广东省不易发生旱灾,而夏季发生的厄尔尼诺事件则广东省易发生旱灾; 发生连续性的厄尔尼诺事件时,广东省易发生旱灾。 相似文献
7.
风成黄土对东亚冬夏季风优势期转换及起迄时间起到良好指示作用,探究风尘黄土堆积、发育特征与东亚季风演变的耦合关系十分必要。本文通过研究汉江一级阶地上覆黄土-古土壤序列的构型、磁化率、烧失量、粒度、元素组成特征,分析汉江一级阶地抬升以来黄土-古土壤序列的成因及成壤特征,探究东亚冬夏季风的演化序列。结果表明：（1）汉江上游地区黄土-古土壤序列的地层构型为表层土（MS）-近代黄土（L0）-古土壤（S0）-过渡层（Lt）-马兰黄土（L1）,磁化率、粒度、烧失量、元素组成等特征指示各地层成壤强度特征为S0>L0/Lt>L1。（2） 成壤强度指示18000 a BP以来,东亚冬夏季风演替特征为末次盛冰期冬季风强烈→全新世早期冬季风减弱→全新世中期夏季风主导→全新世晚期夏季风减弱~,冬季风强盛,其演变滞后于低纬太阳辐射变化2000~3000 a。（3）该风尘堆积物理化性质对6000~5000a BP的气候恶化期有所响应。总而言之,汉江上游一级阶地上覆黄土为风尘堆积物,指示18000a BP以来东亚季风的变迁规律及季风异常事件,能够体现北亚热带对全球气候变化及极端事件的响应。 相似文献
8.
基于淮河流域1960—2014年39个气象站点数据、太平洋气候因子和NECP/NCAR再分析数据基础,利用空间Ward-like层次聚类分析划分4个子区域,通过体感温度的高温热浪指数分析淮河流域不同分区的夏季高温热浪时空演变特征,并通过EOF分析、相关性分析和大气环流遥相关等进一步揭示淮河流域高温热浪演变机理。研究表明：① 1960—2014年淮河流域夏季高温、高温热浪开始时间和持续时间均呈先增后减的趋势,20世纪80年代由暖相位进入冷相位,2010年后由冷相位进入暖相位;② 淮河流域各分区高温热浪开始时间呈现区域差异,分区1的高温热浪事件开始时间最早（平均为5月28日）,分区3次之（平均为6月1日）,分区2和分区4高温热浪开始时间最晚;③ 淮河流域轻度热浪发生频次最多平均为1.24次/a,中度热浪发生频次次之,平均为0.37次/a,重度热浪发生频次最少,平均为0.04次/a;淮河流域高温热浪事件与太平洋东部变暖（厄尔尼诺）或变冷（拉尼娜）变化相同。④ 青藏高原和内蒙古低压减弱导致了热浪高温事件的增加。分区4和分区1发生热浪的时间主要发生6、9月,分区2和分区3热浪发生时间集中在7、8月。分区1（西部）和分区4（东部）与Niño3、Niño1+2、MEI和PDO的相关性较高,分区2和分区3与Niño3.4、PNA相关性较高。 相似文献
9.
1970—2018年秦岭南北冷季降雪量时空变化及其影响因素 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于72个气象站点逐日观测数据,对1970/1971—2018/2019年秦岭南北冷季（11月~次年5月）降水类型（降雪、降雨和雨夹雪）进行识别;重点关注降雪时空变化特征,探讨降雪与气温、湿球温度的响应关系;依据“夏季-秋季-冬季”Niño 3.4区海温异常状态,细化4种不同发展过程的厄尔尼诺-南方涛动（ENSO）事件,分析降雪异常与不同ENSO事件的对应关系。结果表明：① 相比气候平均态（1970—2000年）,1990—2018年,秦岭南坡（山地暖温带）降雪量下降了3.1 mm,基本与关中平原降雪量（17.1 mm）持平;② 空间趋势上,低海拔河谷地带降雪量以年代波动为主,山地高海拔地区为降雪下降区;③ 秦岭高山地区气温或湿球温度每升高1.0℃,降雪量分别下降23.1 mm和24.3 mm;从地带性角度分析,由北向南气温或湿球温度每升高1.0℃,秦岭南北降雪量分别下降3.0 mm和2.8 mm;④ 当厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜持续型发生时,关中平原降雪异常偏多;当拉尼娜发展型发生时,秦岭山地和大巴山区降雪异常偏少。当厄尔尼诺发展型发生时,秦岭南北降雪异常呈现“东西分异”,秦岭山地东部和关中平原为降雪异常偏少区。 相似文献
10.
腾格里沙漠南缘土门剖面末次间冰阶层段的粒度特征及其反映的气候-沉积环境 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
腾格里沙漠南缘土门剖面末次间冰阶层段（TMS 3）由风成砂、黄土状亚砂土、砂黄土、古土壤、湖相沉积物和冲积黄土等6种沉积相相互叠覆构成。粒度分析结果显示,该层段以砂质沉积物为主,粉砂次之,黏土最少,平均值分别为65.45%、26.72%和8.83%;在砂粒级中,以细砂含量最高,其次为极细砂,其余为中砂-粗砂颗粒。粉砂含量、黏土含量、Mz和σ在风成砂中呈现谷值,在其他沉积相为峰值,中砂-粗砂和细砂则相反。粒度指标指示腾格里沙漠南缘土门剖面末次间冰阶至少经历了13次暖湿和12次冷干的气候波动,且可划分为TMS 3e（54 200~59 750 a BP）、TMS 3d （54 200~40 800 a BP）、TMS 3c （40 800~32 800 a BP）、TMS 3b （32 800~25 400 a BP）和TMS 3a （25 400~22 940 a BP）等5个亚段, 25次冷暖波动与格陵兰冰芯和中国南方石笋记录的D/O事件以及北大西洋深海沉积物记录的H事件具有很高的同步性。 相似文献
11.
Livelihoods, fire and policy in eastern Indonesia 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Indonesian legislation calls for a zero-burning policy. This approach to fire management is largely in response to significant negative impacts on the economy and the environment, not only in Indonesia but also the neighbouring region, that result annually from peat fires in Kalimantan and Sumatra. In this context, the present paper investigates the local use and management of fire in Flores and Sumba islands in eastern Indonesia. Our appraisals show that people's livelihoods depend on fire to maintain grasslands and, therefore, that the national policy and legislation for zero-burning is inappropriate and needs to be revised. This follows from the fact that not all fires cause damage and are unwanted. Through a series of rapid rural appraisal interviews, we found that the fires in grasslands are often lit intentionally to maintain the grasslands that local people use to sustain a variety of livelihood activities such as cattle rearing, hunting and farming. Although fires can damage or destroy remnant dry forests in eastern Indonesia, in order to be effective, future policy formulations need to account for this human livelihood dimension and the geographic variation in fuels, climate and land use. 相似文献
12.
S. ROBERT AIKEN 《Geographical review》2004,94(1):55-79
ABSTRACT. Fires on Sumatra and Kalimantan have taken a heavy toll on Indonesia' remaining tropical forests. Drought exacerbates the fire hazard, but it does not cause the fires, most of which have been the result of inappropriate land‐use policies and practices. Peatland fires have emitted vast quantities of smoke that periodically blanket large parts of insular Southeast Asia, impairing visibility, disrupting travel, hampering economic activity, and posing serious health risks. The development agenda of Indonesia' New Order regime paid scant attention to forest management, including the need to detect, control, and suppress unwanted fires. 相似文献
13.
Jenny E. Goldstein Laura Graham Sofyan Ansori Yenni Vetrita Andri Thomas Grahame Applegate Andrew P. Vayda Bambang H. Saharjo Mark A. Cochrane 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2020,41(2):190-208
Near-annual landscape-scale fires in Indonesia's peatlands have caused severe air pollution, economic losses, and health impacts for millions of Southeast Asia residents. While the extent of fires across the peatland surface has been widely attributed to widespread peatland drainage for plantation agriculture, fires that transition from surface into sub-surface soil-based fires are the source of the most dangerous air pollution. Yet the mechanisms by which this transition occurs have rarely been considered, particularly in diversely managed landscapes. Integrating physical geography methods, including active fire scene evaluations and hydrological monitoring, with qualitative methods such as retrospective fire scene evaluations and semi-structured interviews, this article discusses how and why sub-surface peat fire transition occurs in an intensively altered peatland ecosystem in Indonesia's Central Kalimantan province. We demonstrate that variable water table levels and flammable surface vegetation (fire fuels) are co-produced socio-political and biophysical phenomena that enable the conditions in which surface fire is likely to transition into peat fire and increase landscape vulnerability to ongoing, uncontrollable annual fires. This localized understanding of peat fire transition counters normative causal narratives of tropical fire such as ‘slash-and-burn’, with implications for the management of new fire regimes in inhabited landscapes. 相似文献
14.
Deforestation and forest degradation are proceeding rapidly in the lowland forests of Indonesian Borneo. Time series analysis of satellite imagery provides an ideal means of quantifying landscape change and identifying the pathways which lead to the changes. This study investigates the forest and land cover changes by classifying Landsat MSS (Multispectral Scanner), TM (Thematic Mapper) and ETM+ (Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus) images over three time periods (1983–90, 1990–98, and 1998–2000), creating land cover maps for each year and change trajectories for each year-pair. The study area chosen covers an area of 2160 km2 of undulating topography and alluvial plains in the East Kutai District of East Kalimantan Province, which in the 1980s was covered mostly with lowland dipterocarp forest; today the landscape is a patchwork dominated by oil palm and timber plantations and degraded forest. We relate land cover change data to land use allocation and to fire impacts based on fire hotspot distribution and fire damage information. The multidate land cover change trajectories provide an insight into the forest loss and degradation pathways over the 17-year period spanning the first entry of commercial logging concessionaires, followed by a government-sponsored transmigration scheme, government-licensed timber and oil palm plantations and, finally, the devastating fires of 1998. The results show a mean deforestation rate of 42 km2 or 6 per cent per year for 1983–2000, rising to 10 per cent per year for 1990–98; by 2000, 70 per cent of forest initially damaged by fire and drought during the 1982–83 El Niño event was classified as non-forest. Although our study area is perhaps a worst-case scenario in terms of land use planning outcomes, the lessons from this research are directly applicable to scenario prediction for informed forest and land use planning and monitoring. 相似文献
15.
Coal fires occur in underground natural coal seams, in exposed surface seams, and in coal storage or waste piles. The fires ignite through spontaneous combustion or natural or anthropogenic causes. They are reported from China, India, USA, South Africa, Australia, and Russia, as well as many other countries. Coal fires lead to loss of a valuable resource (coal), the emission of greenhouse-relevant and toxic gases, and vegetation deterioration. A dangerous aspect of the fires is the threat to local mines, industries, and settlements through the volume loss underground. Surface collapse in coal fire areas is common. Thus, coal fires are significantly affecting the evolution of the landscape. Based on more than a decade of experience with in situ mapping of coal fire areas worldwide, a general classification system for coal fires is presented. Furthermore, coal seam fire geomorphology is explained in detail. The major landforms associated with, and induced by, these fires are presented. The landforms include manifestations resulting from bedrock surface fracturing, such as fissures, cracks, funnels, vents, and sponges. Further manifestations resulting from surface bedrock subsidence include sinkholes, trenches, depressions, partial surface subsidence, large surface subsidence, and slides. Additional geomorphologic coal fire manifestations include exposed ash layers, pyrometamorphic rocks, and fumarolic minerals. The origin, evolution, and possible future development of these features are explained, and examples from in situ surveys, as well as from high-resolution satellite data analyses, are presented. The geomorphology of coal fires has not been presented in a systematic manner. Knowledge of coal fire geomorphology enables the detection of underground coal fires based on distinct surface manifestations. Furthermore, it allows judgments about the safety of coal fire-affected terrain. Additionally, geomorphologic features are indicators of the burning stage of fires. Finally, coal fire geomorphology helps to explain landscape features whose occurrence would otherwise not be understood. Although coal fire-induced thermal anomalies and gas release are also indications of coal fire activity, as addressed by many investigators, no assessment is complete without sound geomorphologic mapping of the fire-induced geomorphologic features. 相似文献
16.
中南半岛旱季VIIRS活跃火的空间特征与国别差异 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
热带是全球活跃火(active fire)的集中发生区,客观认识其空间特征、国别差异及其动态变化对评估区域生物质燃烧及其碳排放等具有重要意义。作为热带季风气候典型区,中南半岛旱季活跃火发生发展空间特征及其动态变化仍缺乏清晰认识。为此,论文利用可见光红外成像辐射仪(VIIRS) S-NPP 2012—2019年活跃火矢量数据,基于核密度与空间自相关评价了中南半岛及国别旱季尤其是其特征月份(2—4月)活跃火发生发展的密集程度、集聚特征及其动态变化。结果表明：① 中南半岛活跃火核密度低值区占比最大(79%),高值区最小(4%);柬埔寨、缅甸、老挝等经济落后国家的核密度均值明显高于泰国和越南;2012—2019年核密度高值区具有朝高海拔、向内陆与趋边境等分布特征,且柬埔寨东北部长居高值区。② 活跃火核密度中值区变化集中在1—4月,且多分布在低、高值区周围;高值区变化集中在2—4月,由柬埔寨东北部逐渐向缅甸东/西部、泰国西北部以及老挝北/南部转移。③ 半岛与5国活跃火核密度在旱季具有显著空间正相关性,空间集聚类型以“高—高”型和“低—低”型集聚为主,越南、柬埔寨等国局部自相关性强于泰国和老挝。 相似文献
17.
The objective of this paper is to document the role of fire in shaping the landscape by identifying links between historical fire records and the current landscape indicating that fire favors certain land use/land cover (LULC) types. We geo-referenced fire records taken from 1922 to 2000 in Aitoloakarnania, the largest prefecture -in terms of surface area- of Greece and compared the past LULC classes where fires burned to the present landscape. The outputs indicated a shift of the historic fire ignition points from natural to agricultural-related LULC classes since a significant proportion of fire incidents that, according to the fire records, burnt natural vegetation units is currently located in agricultural landscape units. Additionally, a significant proportion of the fire-affected land cover classes retain their character thus supporting the argument that these classes, especially fire-prone or fire-resistant, have developed mechanisms to cope with fire. In such ecosystems the role of fire is to maintain rather than transform land cover classes.The findings of this research lead us to conclude that fire can be perceived as a long-term landscape modifier in the Mediterranean, although its effects may vary from region to region because of differences in regeneration patterns among the main land cover types, topographic constraints and local fire histories. Historical fire records extending back to the early 20th century proved to provide valuable information that can reveal interesting patterns of fire burning history and explain present land cover and use patterns. This knowledge, documented from historical records, can be used to develop fire management and land cover/land use management planning. 相似文献