共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 125 毫秒
1.
基于小尺度的城市暴雨内涝灾害情景模拟与风险评估 总被引：19，自引：4，他引：15
自然灾害情景模拟与风险评估是灾害研究的核心内容和热点问题之一,但城市自然灾害风险评估至今却缺乏统一的程序与范式。本文选择了城市频发的暴雨内涝灾害为研究对象,结合上海市静安区实证研究,提出了一套基于小尺度的城市暴雨内涝灾害风险评估的思路与方法。基于灾害风险的基本理念,从致灾因子分析、脆弱性分析和暴露分析三方面入手,探讨不同情景下的小尺度城市暴雨内涝灾害情景模拟与风险表达方式;提出了小尺度城市暴雨内涝灾害风险评估宜采用情景模拟和综合分析方法,充分考虑城市的内部地形特征、降水、径流和排水等因素,创建一个基于GIS栅格的城市内涝模型,并基于多种重现期灾害情景,更客观地模拟内涝积水深度和淹没面积;采用多次实地调查获得的内涝损失数据,拟合出居民房屋和室内财产的灾损曲线;利用灾损曲线评估脆弱性、暴露要素和损失,建立超越概率-损失曲线,创建了基于GIS栅格城市暴雨内涝灾害的风险评估模型与范式,为制订城市暴雨内涝灾害风险管理和规划奠定了基础。这亦为进一步开展小尺度城市自然灾害情景模拟和风险评估研究提供了一种新探索。 相似文献
2.
洪水灾害脆弱性研究进展 总被引：10，自引：3，他引：7
洪水灾害是当今世界最严重的自然灾害之一,洪灾经济损失及风险评估是防洪减灾领域的一项基础性工作,而脆弱性的确定是评估模型的关键.文章在对自然灾害脆弱性评估方法总结的基础上,着重对洪水情景模拟中代表脆弱性的灾损率曲线开展探讨.对灾损曲线的起源、建立方法和综合运用的趋势进行研究.国外保险业与政府开展此类工作较早,相比于国外已经取得的丰硕研究成果而言,国内灾损率研究远远不能为决策提供有效的指导,这与我国面临的巨大洪灾风险不相称.政府、保险等部门与科研工作急需结合起来,填补城市洪灾脆弱性研究空白,多参数综合调研、深入各种承灾体内部系统而细致地开展灾损率调查,对于减少未来洪灾影响,具有非常重要的实际意义. 相似文献
3.
基于VSD框架的半干旱地区社会—生态系统脆弱性演化与模拟 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
利用VSD（Vulnerability scoping diagram）评估框架,改进了针对县域尺度的脆弱性评估方法和技术;以黄土高原半干旱地区的榆林市为例,对VSD框架和SERV（Spatially Explicit Resilience-Vulnerability）模型进行整合,将系统脆弱性分解为暴露、敏感性、适应能力3个维度。应用SERV模型筛选脆弱性指标,在充分理解区域地理背景和暴露风险源的基础上,构建了符合当地生态环境特征的指标体系,运用RS与GIS空间技术,定量测度了榆林市2000-2011年社会—生态系统脆弱性空间分异特征及演化趋势,探讨了脆弱性时空演化内在原因。结果显示：榆林市社会—生态系统脆弱性呈现“西北东南高,长城沿线低”的空间格局,2000-2011年间系统脆弱性程度明显降低,系统发展趋势好转,但系统脆弱性与暴露风险空间差异显著;其中,暴露风险因子是系统脆弱性演化的关键因素,区域脆弱性与暴露风险空间异质受社会敏感性和经济适应能力等因子影响。最后,采用OWA多准则算法,基于决策者不确定性偏好,模拟了不同决策风险设置下区域脆弱性未来情景,并基于决策者理性风险区间,预测了不同发展导向下区域系统脆弱性差异,为研究区可持续性评估和降低脆弱性的风险预警机制建设提供决策参考。 相似文献
4.
东北地区玉米低温冷害气候和经济损失风险分区 总被引：23，自引：3，他引：20
分析了东北地区玉米低温冷害发生的热量条件、发生频率、风险指数和风险概率,用冷害气候风险评价指标将东北地区划分成高、偏高、中等、较低和低风险5个玉米低温冷害气候风险区域。考虑到冷害气候风险和玉米产量和面积比例等农业生产结构因素,建立了玉米低温冷害的气候—灾损综合风险评估模式,并将东北地区划分成高风险、较高风险、中风险、较低风险和低风险5个玉米低温冷害灾损综合风险区域,并指出各区域减缓玉米冷害风险的技术和战略措施。结果表明,东北地区的北部、东部和中部低温冷害灾损风险较大,吉林省西南部和辽宁省大部风险较小。 相似文献
5.
以福建泰宁县城区为例,基于PGIS 和概率（情景）风险分析方法,开展社区尺度的洪涝灾害风险研究。利用1949-2011年13 次历史洪灾资料,计算了洪水的强度—超越概率,得出大于洪峰流量2929.18 m3/s 和洪峰水位281.50 m的年超越概率为1.6%。在此情景下,县城淹没面积达1.3 km2（占总面积31.0%）,最大淹没深度超过3.5 m,最长淹没时间超过10小时,共有1846 幢建筑物（占全部建筑的42.2%）受影响。分别针对受灾区域房屋建筑、住宅室内财产和商户室内财产,建立灾损方程,评估损失价值,并绘制灾损地图。结果表明,洪涝灾害对社区造成的影响显著,有必要制定应急预案,建立早期预警等进行防灾降险。 相似文献
6.
以浙江省大田河流域为案例,基于参与式地理信息系统（PGIS）开展野外调查,构建居民建筑及其室内财产的脆弱性曲线;利用HEC-HMS水文和HAND淹没模型,模拟6种洪水淹没情景,开展承灾体建模、暴露与潜在损失分析,从而实现社区尺度的多情景洪水风险分析。结果表明,基于PGIS的问卷调查和家庭访谈可有效收集社区本地知识并辅助完成风险分析。从2年一遇到500年一遇洪水,受淹建筑足迹由6.72%增至61.44%,总的暴露资产由23.24亿元增至222.48亿元;结合脆弱性分析得出,洪水潜在损失由3.86亿元上升为54.19亿元。社区的洪水年期望损失为4.89亿元,有必要采取综合性防洪适应措施,以应对未来可能加剧的洪水灾害风险。该研究可为开展社区参与式的洪水风险分析提供借鉴。 相似文献
7.
风暴潮灾害脆弱性研究综述 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
脆弱性是自然灾害风险研究的热点,风暴潮灾害脆弱性与风暴潮自然过程强度以及沿海社会经济、人口、自然环境等因素相关。本文从风暴潮灾害脆弱性定义出发,对国内外风暴潮灾害社会脆弱性和物理脆弱性进行了回顾,重点对人口、海堤、房屋等风暴潮灾害典型承灾体物理脆弱性研究进展进行了论述,分析了风暴潮灾害脆弱性评价中存在的不确定性,探讨了风暴潮灾害脆弱性在灾害损失评估、保险及再保险、防灾减灾决策支持等领域的应用,对未来风暴潮灾害脆弱性研究提出了以下展望：①开发符合中国沿海区域风暴潮灾害特征和承灾体分布的定量化、精细化脆弱性曲线,拓展风暴潮脆弱性评价结果在保险理赔、灾害损失评估等领域应用;②气候变化背景下中国沿海面临风暴潮巨灾风险,迫切需要建立科学的基于灾害实地踏勘以及物模实验、数值模拟相结合的风暴潮灾害典型承灾体脆弱性评估方法模型。 相似文献
8.
以福建泰宁县城区为例,基于PGIS 和概率（情景）风险分析方法,开展社区尺度的洪涝灾害风险研究。利用1949-2011年13 次历史洪灾资料,计算了洪水的强度-超越概率,得出大于洪峰流量2929.18 m3/s 和洪峰水位281.50 m的年超越概率为1.6%。在此情景下,县城淹没面积达1.3 km2（占总面积31.0%）,最大淹没深度超过3.5 m,最长淹没时间超过10小时,共有1846 幢建筑物（占全部建筑的42.2%）受影响。分别针对受灾区域房屋建筑、住宅室内财产和商户室内财产,建立灾损方程,评估损失价值,并绘制灾损地图。结果表明,洪涝灾害对社区造成的影响显著,有必要制定应急预案,建立早期预警等进行防灾降险。 相似文献
9.
开展产业网络灾害经济损失评估研究,是理解产业网络脆弱性和潜在风险,科学指导灾前风险防范及灾后恢复重建决策的关键环节。本文从产业网络中灾害扩散的角度,对其造成的经济损失类型及研究进展进行了系统梳理。结果表明,产业物理损失方面,主要通过建立灾害强度参数与厂房建筑、生产设备及存货等物理损失程度间的脆弱性曲线进行评估。受灾产业中断损失方面,应关注其组合投入要素物理受损情景下的生产能力损失程度(PCLR)。产业网络灾害波及损失方面,主要存在微观“企业供应链网络”和宏观“产业链网络”二种研究尺度。其中,前者以微观企业个体为基本粒度,利用复杂网络分析方法,模拟灾害依托企业供应关系扩散的空间过程及其造成的供应链中断损失;后者以聚合的产业部门或区域为基本粒度,利用投入产出(IO)、可计算一般均衡(CGE)等宏观经济计量模型,模拟灾害在产业部门或区域间的扩散过程及其造成的宏观区域经济损失。最后,从情景分析的视角,构建包括灾害事件场景、产业网络暴露、节点物理损失和中断损失、供应链网络中断损失、宏观产出损失于一体的多过程、多尺度经济损失集成评估体系,以综合模拟灾害损失在产业网络中的放大效应。 相似文献
10.
1949-2015年中国典型自然灾害及粮食灾损特征 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
中国是一个自然灾害频发的国家,研究其自然灾害演变特征及粮食灾损规律,对实现中国社会经济可持续发展、解决中国粮食安全问题具有重要意义。本文先基于Python语言编程获取1949-2015年中国31省市自然灾害造成的受灾、成灾、绝收面积,构建灾害强度指数分析不同灾种的时序特征分异,利用趋势分析、ESDA方法分析不同灾种在省域空间的分布特征及冷热区;再获取1949-2015年粮食种植数据,通过粮食灾损估算模型、定义粮食灾损率、地理空间探测器,计算并检验中国粮食损失时空特征及分异性。结果表明：① 相比受灾面积曲线,本文构建的灾害程度指数能够更好揭示自然灾害时序演变特征;② 1949-2015年期间中国两大主力灾害（洪灾、旱灾）交替出现,未来5~10年以洪灾为主;③ 灾种排序旱灾>洪灾>风雹>低温>台风,其中旱灾、洪灾受灾占比过半;④ 省域不同灾种间空间趋势变化特征明显,区域受灾面积东部>西部,北部>南部,且北部灾种单一、南部多灾并发;⑤ 自然灾害受灾总和、旱灾、雹灾、低温空间上全局自相关性不显著,呈随机模式分布,洪涝、台风在空间分布上具有显著的全局自相关性,呈集聚模式;⑥ 1949-2015年灾害、灾损量、灾损率整体时序趋势呈现先升后降,2000年为临界点,空间分布具有异质性,单因子解释力度差异显著,多因子交互均呈非线性增强关系,胡焕庸线两侧冷热点分布呈两极化且其重心向北迁移。建议政府加强除旱减雹（西北）、除旱排内涝（东北）、排涝防冻（中部）、排涝预台（东南沿海）等工程技术措施;同时西北（环境恶劣）、东北（中国粮仓）应作为防灾减灾重点保护区,制定专项保护方案,以保证中国粮食丰产增收。 相似文献
11.
《地理学报(英文版)》2020,(8)
Frequent chilling injury has serious impacts on national food security and in northeastern China heavily affects grain yields. Timely and accurate measures are desirable for assessing associated large-scale impacts and are prerequisites to disaster reduction. Therefore, we propose a novel means to efficiently assess the impacts of chilling injury on soybean. Specific chilling injury events were diagnosed in 1989, 1995, 2003, 2009, and 2018 in Oroqen community. In total, 512 combinations scenarios were established using the localized CROPGRO-Soybean model. Furthermore, we determined the maximum wide dynamic vegetation index(WDRVI) and corresponding date of critical windows of the early and late growing seasons using the GEE(Google Earth Engine) platform, then constructed 1600 cold vulnerability models on CDD(Cold Degree Days), the simulated LAI(Leaf Area Index) and yields from the CROPGRO-Soybean model. Finally, we calculated pixel yields losses according to the corresponding vulnerability models. The findings show that simulated historical yield losses in 1989, 1995, 2003 and 2009 were measured at 9.6%, 29.8%, 50.5%, and 15.7%, respectively, closely(all errors are within one standard deviation) reflecting actual losses(6.4%, 39.2%, 47.7%, and 13.2%, respectively). The above proposed method was applied to evaluate the yield loss for 2018 at the pixel scale. Specifically, a sentinel-2 A image was used for 10-m high precision yield mapping, and the estimated losses were found to characterize the actual yield losses from 2018 cold events. The results highlight that the proposed method can efficiently and accurately assess the effects of chilling injury on soybean crops. 相似文献
12.
黑龙江省冷害对水稻产量的影响 总被引：11，自引：3，他引：8
以黑龙江省为例, 比较了在大尺度范围内、利用传统的站点平均法以及基于格点水稻密度分布的泰森多边形面积权重法所得的两种省级水稻气象数据差异, 并分析了1960-2009 年内, 不同时间尺度上温度和降水的变化趋势特点。针对当地水稻低温冷害频发及其危害严重的实际情况, 对比研究了气象行业标准(QX/T 101-2009) 和国家标准中有关低温冷害的指标定义, 以及国际上较通用的有效负积温算法(GDDn-) 这三种指标在反映黑龙江省水稻冷害事件上的能力, 结果表明:气象行业标准可以较好地反映延期型冷害对水稻的影响, 而GDD指标在反映障碍型冷害上均优于气象行业及国家标准。利用时间序列模型对包含延迟型和障碍型两种冷害影响的黑龙江省水稻产量进行拟合, 回归方程的解释能力可达92% (p < 0.05)。本研究定量得出了人为因素和气象因素对黑龙江省水稻生产的影响分别占87.2%和12.8%的结论, 并检测出近年来水稻抽穗开花期障碍型冷害的波动增加趋势, 为明确今后低温冷害的防御重点提供科学参考。 相似文献
13.
黑龙江省冷害与全球变暖对水稻产量的影响(英文) 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
This study is focused on indexes for the rice chilling injury in Heilongjiang Province during 1960-2009. Firstly, we compared a new derived climate data weighted by rice planting density with the traditional method, and found that the new one is more reasonable to assess the impact of climate change on crop yields. Considering the frequency and intensity of rice chilling in the province, secondly, chilling indexes defined by meteorological, national and international levels were assessed. The result showed that the meteorological standards were suitable for the delayed-type injury, while the international one, so-called sum of Grow-ing Degree Day below threshold (GDDn-), characterized best the sterile-type chilling injury for rice. The explanation ability of the rice yield time series model including both injury types as two independent variables reached approximately 92% (p < 0.05). Finally, we concluded that the contribution rates of human and weather factors to rice yields are about 87.2% and 12.8% respectively, and as light increasing trend for sterile-type chilling injury was found during heading to flowing period in recent years, indicating a high chilling risk for rice planting in Heilongjiang Province in the future global warming. 相似文献
14.
Journal of Geographical Sciences - Frequent chilling injury has serious impacts on national food security and in northeastern China heavily affects grain yields. Timely and accurate measures are... 相似文献
15.
Quantitative landslide risk assessment and mapping on the basis of recent occurrences 总被引：9，自引：3，他引：6
A quantitative procedure for mapping landslide risk is developed from considerations of hazard, vulnerability and valuation of exposed elements. The approach based on former work by the authors, is applied in the Bajo Deba area (northern Spain) where a detailed study of landslide occurrence and damage in the recent past (last 50 years) was carried out. Analyses and mapping are implemented in a Geographic Information System (GIS).The method is based on a susceptibility model developed previously from statistical relationships between past landslides and terrain parameters related to instability. Extrapolations based on past landslide behaviour were used to calculate failure frequency for the next 50 years. A detailed inventory of direct damage due to landslides during the study period was carried out and the main elements at risk in the area identified and mapped. Past direct (monetary) losses per type of element were estimated and expressed as an average ‘specific loss’ for events of a given magnitude (corresponding to a specified scenario). Vulnerability was assessed by comparing losses with the actual value of the elements affected and expressed as a fraction of that value (0–1).From hazard, vulnerability and monetary value, risk was computed for each element considered. Direct risk maps (€/pixel/year) were obtained and indirect losses from the disruption of economic activities due to landslides assessed. The final result is a risk map and table combining all losses per pixel for a 50-year period. Total monetary value at risk for the Bajo Deba area in the next 50 years is about 2.4 × 106 Euros. 相似文献
16.
为探究不同程度干旱胁迫对华北一作区马铃薯生长发育及产量的影响,以内蒙古呼和浩特市武川县为例,基于多年马铃薯生长发育资料和气象资料,对APSIM-Potato模型进行调参与验证,评价模型在武川地区的适用性。利用验证后的模型模拟马铃薯叶面积指数（LAI）、地上部生物量和产量对不同发育阶段干旱胁迫的响应。结果表明：（1） 各发育阶段天数的模拟值与实测值的均方根误差（RMSE）均在3 d内;LAI、地上部生物量和产量的模拟值与实测值的归一化均方根误差（NRMSE）分别为12.82%、17.35%和14.48%,均低于20%,表明APSIM-Potato模型在武川地区具有较好的适用性。（2） 随着干旱胁迫时间和强度的增加,马铃薯LAI、地上部生物量和产量随之减小。模拟单一发育阶段干旱胁迫时,马铃薯LAI、地上部生物量和产量对分枝-开花期水分胁迫的响应最大;模拟连续发育阶段干旱胁迫时,LAI、地上部生物量和产量对全生育期水分胁迫的响应最大。 相似文献
17.
18.
The aim of this paper is to investigate the feasibility of using Landsat TM data to retrieve leaf area index (LAI). To get a LAI retrieval model based ground reflectance and vegetation index, detailed field data were collected in the study area of eastern China, dominated by bamboo, tea plant and greengage. Plant canopy reflectance of Landsat TM wavelength bands has been inversed using software of 6S. LAI is an important ecological parameter. In this paper, atmospheric corrected Landsat TM imagery was utilized to calculate different vegetation indices (VI), such as simple ratio vegetation index (SR), shortwave infrared modified simple ratio (MSR), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Data of 53 samples of LAI were measured by LAI-2000 (LI-COR) in the study area. LAI was modeled based on different reflectances of bands and different vegetation indices from Landsat TM and LAI samples data. There are certainly correlations between LAI and the reflectance of Tm3, TM4, TM5 and TM7. The best model through analyzing the results is LAI = 1.2097*MSR + 0.4741 using the method of regression analysis. The result shows that the correlation coefficient R2 is 0.5157, and average accuracy is 85.75%. However, whether the model of this paper is suitable for application in subtropics needs to be verified in the future. 相似文献
19.
人类与自然耦合系统是一个充满大量非线性互馈关系的复杂巨系统。当前对系统内单要素和静态特征的研究,虽有助于理解某个时刻的系统状态,却不能完整地表达其内部不同要素间错综复杂的关联。论文着眼于黄河流域区县尺度植被变化归因(以叶面积指数LAI作为表征植被的指标),综合利用人类—自然耦合系统多源数据和因果诊断方法,构建黄河流域LAI复杂因果网络。通过复杂网络统计方法对网络节点、结构特征进行分解,揭示影响流域LAI变化的关键要素及其空间分布特征。研究结果表明：① 1990—2018年流域LAI以1.3%/a的速率增长,增长速率在空间上由东南向西北逐渐递减。② 在网络视角下,降水量、气温、饱和水汽压差、农业用地、城镇化率和粮食产量为影响流域LAI变化的关键要素。③ 自然要素(如降水量和气温等)主导了流域内259个区县的LAI变化;社会经济(如城镇化率和粮食产量等)和土地利用类型(如林地和草地等)要素主导了流域内76个区县的LAI变化,主要集中于黄土高原且影响强度远大于自然要素。研究在人类—自然耦合系统框架下构建了黄河流域植被变化多层互馈网络,综合认知流域植被演变的自然和社会驱动力,为理解自然—社会系统复杂的互馈关系提供了一种新的思路和方法。 相似文献
20.
An approach for quantifying geomorphological impacts for EIA of transportation infrastructures: a case study in northern Spain 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Jaime Bonachea Viola Maria Bruschi Juan Remondo Alberto Gonzlez-Díez Luis Salas Jurjen Bertens Antonio Cendrero Csar Otero Cecilia Giusti Andrea Fabbri Jos Ramn Gonzlez-Lastra Jos María Aramburu 《Geomorphology》2005,66(1-4):95
A methodological proposal for the assessment of impacts due to linear infrastructures such as motorways, railways, etc. is presented. The approach proposed includes a series of specific issues to be addressed for each geomorphological feature analysed—both ‘static’ and ‘dynamic’—as well as a series of steps to be followed in the process.Geomorphic characteristics potentially affected were initially identified on the basis of a conceptual activities/impacts model that helps to single out geomorphic impacts related to environmental concerns for the area. The following issues were addressed for each individual impact: nature of potential effects; indicators that can be used to measure impacts; criteria of ‘geomorphologic performance’; procedure for measurement/prediction of changes; translation of geomorphologic impacts into significant terms from the viewpoint of human concerns; possible mitigation and/or compensation measures.The procedure has been applied to a case study corresponding to a new motorway in the Basque Country, northern Spain. Geomorphological impacts considered in this analysis included: (1) consumable resources; (2) sites of geomorphological interest; (3) land units with high potential for use, high productivity or value for conservation; (4) visual landscape; (5) slope instability processes. The procedure has been designed for implementation in a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment. Details are given on the application of the method to each individual impact analysed and results are presented in both numerical and map form.Impacts assessed were initially expressed by means of heterogeneous magnitudes, depending on the geomorphological feature considered. Those geomorphological impacts were then translated into significant terms and homogeneous magnitudes. Integration was carried out on the basis of impact values thus obtained. Final integrated results were also expressed in numerical and map form.The method proposed enables comparison of alternatives as well as ‘prediction’ and assessment of impacts in terms directly related to geomorphic characteristics. It also facilitates the expression of those impacts in terms that allow integration with other types of environmental impacts. 相似文献