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1.
针对空气污染问题严重的中国,仅单纯的强调主动式干预建成环境来促进居民体力活动水平,但可能造成居民长期暴露于有害气体中,反而使得居民的健康效益受损。为此,本文以南京市为例,尝试从个体视角分析居民进行交通性体力活动所收获的健康效益。研究发现,并不是只要进行体力活动就是有益身体健康的,需要根据不同的天气状况而定。在空气质量比较好的情况下,体力活动的健康效益占主导地位,而在空气质量比较差的情况下,居民进行体力活动的健康效益不能抵消空气污染暴露造成的危害,活动越多,健康风险越高;在城市内部不同建成环境中进行体力活动的健康效应差异显著,老城区居民交通性体力活动的健康效益高于新城区和主城区,新城区空气污染暴露的健康负效益高于老城区和主城区,而老城区居民进行交通性体力活动的健康“净”效益大于新城区,主城区次之;不同交通小区的健康效应差异显著,体力活动健康“净”效益的热点集聚区是在功能集聚、交通便捷和绿地、水体景观覆盖率较高的区域,而靠近城市主干道、隧道等交通复杂的区域和工业园区是体力活动健康“净”效益的冷点集聚区。本文以期为提出更高效、合理的土地利用规划、设施布局与制定相关的交通政策提供科学依据。 相似文献
2.
中国城市空气污染时空分布格局和人口暴露风险 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
近年来,中国空气污染及其对人口健康危害的时空分布呈现出新的特征。论文使用5 a(2015—2019年)间逐小时的空气质量监测数据,利用变化率计算、热点分析、趋势分析和超标频数统计等方法,分析了中国332个城市的空气质量及人口空气污染暴露风险的时空分布特征,结论如下：① 中国城市近年来空气质量有好转趋势,环境空气质量指数(AQI)下降的城市占所研究城市总数的91.3%;PM2.5、PM10、SO2和CO等4种污染物浓度均有所下降,而NO2和O3浓度有所上升;② PM2.5、PM10、SO2和CO浓度变化率的热点分布于新疆地区和云南—华南地区,NO2浓度变化率的热点为新疆地区和河套平原,O3浓度变化率的热点为华北平原至长江中下游流域;西北地区和华南地区空气质量变化幅度较小;③ 9个城市在PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2、O3和CO等6种污染物中均有暴露,分布于山西、河北与山东。暴露风险均为0级的低风险城市共有12个,分别位于新疆、云南、贵州、四川、广东、福建和黑龙江。研究结论对于跨区域空气污染的协同治理以及制定差异化的空间人口流动管理政策具有重要参考价值。 相似文献
3.
空气污染是城市主要的环境问题之一,严重影响到城市人类健康,而交通尾气排放是空气污染的重要原因。绿色出行是基于城市可持续发展的要求,通过发展低碳、绿色、环保的出行方式,缓解城市交通拥堵、城市污染等问题的一种交通理念。基于绿色出行理念的城市空气污染分区调控研究,对于改善城市环境质量、提升人居环境品质具有重大意义。以合肥市区为例,构建基于绿色出行理念的城市空气污染评估框架,提出公共交通、步行及自行车的3类绿色出行评价指标,运用大数据分析绿色出行方式降低空气污染物排放的潜力。结果表明:合肥市区公共交通出行呈现东西、南北2条带状分布,步行及自行车出行集中于路网密度较高的城市二环内,“一核两轴”地区的绿色出行条件较好,改善空气污染物排放的潜力较强;城市空气污染空间呈现城市一环、滨湖新区核心区2个凹地;探讨绿色出行与城市空气污染的空间关系,发现两者存在一定的空间权衡关系;最后,基于绿色出行与城市空气污染的空间分布关系,将合肥市区分为绿色出行区、优化建设区、潜力提升区、出行限制区4类区域,并对不同区域提出城市空气污染优化策略。 相似文献
4.
中国城市空气质量时空演化特征及社会经济驱动力 总被引：11，自引：1，他引：10
城市空气污染是中国在快速城镇化和经济发展过程中亟待解决的难题。利用2013年和2014年全国城市空气质量数据,综合ArcGIS空间分析和统计分析,从年度、季节、月份、小时4个时间尺度比较归纳了全国城市空气质量的时空间演化特征,并采用空间计量模型,从全国和区域两个空间尺度,量化分析了城市空气质量变化的社会经济驱动力。结果表明：① 全国城市空气质量全年达标天数比例增加,但空气污染程度加重,高污染区域恶化态势明显;② 城市空气质量与生产生活活动表现出一定的时间耦合性,基本呈现“日出趋差、日落趋优”的态势;③ 全国城市空气污染表现出“东重西轻、北重南轻”的空间格局,区域一体化态势明显;④ 区域城市空气污染的总体程度和分布结构具有明显的分异特征,区域空气污染形成和演化路径可基本归纳为：“重点城市污染加重—重点城市污染扩散—区域整体污染加重—重点城市引领治污—区域污染联防联控—区域整体污染减轻”;⑤ 从全国层面看,能源消耗、工业化和技术进步是推动城市空气质量恶化的重要因素,经济发展对城市空气质量改善具有显著的推动作用。⑥ 受各地区资源环境基础和社会经济发展阶段影响,各类社会经济因素对城市空气质量改善的驱动方向和驱动强度差异明显。在结论的基础上,讨论了中国经济发展和环境变化关系的区域分异以及发展理念。 相似文献
5.
城市空气质量健康风险评估研究进展 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
随着工业化、城市化的发展, 城市大气污染对环境和人体健康的潜在影响正日益引起世界 各国的普遍关注。尤其是污染物产生的健康效应评估是当前研究的热点。目前空气质量健康影响 评估采用的主要方法是风险评估。完整的环境健康风险评估框架包括危害鉴别, 剂量-效应关系 评价, 暴露评价和风险表征四个环节。作者对城市空气质量数值模拟、人口暴露、大气污染物毒理 及其健康效应的研究现状分别阐述, 从研究尺度, 研究方法和健康效应的量化指标角度剖析了目 前研究存在的局限性, 提出未来研究的趋向及需重点解决的问题。 相似文献
6.
In recent years, with the rapid development of China’s economy, the coastal environment is facing large pressure. However, the coastal environment pollution has not attracted much attention as air pollution and land water pollution. Based on the data on economic development and marine ecosystem environmental pollution which collected from the National Bureau of Statistics and China’s coastal marine environmental monitoring, the paper analyzes the overall coastal ecosystem environment pollution in China as well as the four sea areas the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea and South China Sea. The paper finds that the coastal marine environment pollution differ in different sea areas, taking the seawater quality, over-standard pollutants, water quality of rivers entering seas and coastal marine environmental disasters, such as red tide as index. Couple of policy suggestions provided based on research findings. 相似文献
7.
政策工具是政府实施政策的手段。结合盐池县1983—2017年出台的生态治理政策，运用内容分析法，从政策工具视角，对盐池县生态治理政策的类型与变化进行了分析，并深入探讨其原因。结果表明：强制型和混合型政策工具占主导地位，其中，规制、直接提供、信息与劝诫、补贴与奖励4种工具使用频率最高，自愿型工具的使用还很缺乏。政策工具的运用受到中央政策的显著影响。以后应当开发更多可利用的政策工具，并对不同政策工具进行优化组合。通过本研究可深入了解生态脆弱区地方政府生态政策的政策工具使用情况，为生态脆弱区生态保护的政策工具选择与优化组合提供参考。 相似文献
8.
This article addresses the need to better understand the complex interactions between climate, human activities, vegetation responses, and surface ozone so that more informed air‐quality policy recommendations can be made. The impacts of intraseasonal climate variations on ozone levels in Tucson, Arizona from April through September of 1995 to 1998 are determined by relating variations in ozone levels to variations in atmospheric conditions and emissions of ozone's precursor chemicals, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), and by determining month‐specific atmospheric conditions that are conducive to elevated ozone levels. Results show that the transport of ozone and its precursor chemicals within the Tucson area causes the highest ozone levels to be measured at a downwind monitor. The highest ozone levels occur in August, due in part to the presence of the North American monsoon. Atmospheric conditions conducive to elevated ozone concentrations differ substantially between the arid foresummer (May and June) and the core monsoon months ( July and August). Transport of pollution from Phoenix may have a substantial impact on elevated ozone concentrations during April, May, and June, while El Paso/Ciudad Juarez –derived pollution may contribute significantly to elevated ozone concentrations in August and September. Two broad policy implications derive from this work. Regional pollutant transport, both within the U.S. and between the U.S. and Mexico, is a potential issue that needs to be examined more intensively in future studies. In addition, spatiotemporal variations in sensitivities of ozone production require the adoption of both NOx and VOC control measures to reduce ozone levels in the Tucson area. 相似文献
9.
社区公园空气污染暴露特征及其居民感知——以广州市中心城区为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于空气污染监测与问卷调查数据,研究了广州中心城区33个社区公园空气污染暴露特征、影响因素及其居民对空气污染感知。主要结论为：1）各区社区公园空气污染暴露风险及其空间格局分布差异较大,低暴露风险公园所占比例较小。2）空气质量指数（AQI）、PM1.0和PM10与社区公园面积呈显著负相关;AQI、PM1.0、PM10和PM2.5与斑块形状指数呈显著正相关关系;二氧化碳（CO2）与离城市主干道距离呈显著负相关,但社区公园1 km缓冲区范围内城市道路密度与其空气污染关系不大。3）超过1/3的居民对社区公园空气污染程度的主观感知优于客观测度的空气污染水平。4）可替代活动空间以及社区公园可达性影响居民空气污染暴露风险。由于社区公园面积规模较小,对空气污染减缓作用有限,未来应尽可能规划面积规模较大、可达性较高、形状更饱满且远离交通主干道的社区公园。 相似文献
10.
采用2016—2017年中国366个城市1 484个监测站点的空气质量近地监测数据，以期最大程度覆盖西部地区，填补现状对西北热点地区污染因子探讨的空白。运用空间描述性统计、空间插值、空间自相关、标准差椭圆与重心分析方法，从年度、季度、月度、日度对比的角度探讨中国空气质量的污染类型、发展趋势、集聚与迁移特征。研究发现:基于插值法，可将全国分为3个区域，临海性与山地性对空气质量优良区产生显著的正响应。山西是污染加重程度最大的省份，主要受SO2浓度升高影响，而北京与河南是污染改善效果最明显的省份，主要是PM2.5的治理成效显著。空气质量分布格局以新疆西部和冀鲁豫形成双核高值聚类模式，并且集聚深受温度分带的影响。空气质量总体分布朝向呈东北—西南方向，转移重心均分布在河南省，以向东北方向移动为主，这种分布变迁又重新定义了其季节分异。全国主要的污染类型以PM10与PM2.5为主。PM10主要分布在新疆地区，受风沙过境扬尘污染自然因素更大，PM2.5主要分布在华中、华北、苏北地区，受人为经济活动影响更大。 相似文献
11.
Poor air quality has long been one of the dominant transboundary issues facing protected areas worldwide. In 1977, the United States Congress amended the Clean Air Act to address federally-managed lands containing valued air resources (i.e. scenic views). Forty years later, we interviewed professionals from the U.S. National Park Service, Forest Service, and Bureau of Land Management (n=38) regarding their perceptions of the legacy of the Clean Air Act and other federal policies relevant to air resources, as well as their perceptions of the future of air resource management on U.S federal lands. Results were analyzed using a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis supported by in vivo, thematic, and salience coding. Our findings illustrate national progress in air resource management, potential policy directions, and highlight the influence of emerging technologies and governance in air resource management within protected areas. 相似文献
12.
In recent years, grain production has been rising steadily, and the income of farmers has been increasing dramatically, thanks in part to the central government’s policy support for agriculture, rural areas and farmers. However, the conventional production mode leads to overconsumption of agricultural resources, increasingly challenging ecological environment impacts, and higher costs of agricultural products whose quality falls short of public expectations. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council both put extra emphasis on agricultural supply-side reform, restructuring of the sector, and a shift in the production mode. This paper explains the significance of the agro-ecological compensation mechanism, analyzes the efficacy of China’s current agricultural subsidy policies, introduces related experience from developed countries, elaborates options to establish the mechanism, and proposes policy recommendations to accelerate its development. This analysis concludes that one of the most important approaches to agricultural green development is to shift the existing subsidy policy from one which aims to ensure the yield by purchasing at a protective price, to a green subsidy which focuses on agro-ecological compensation. 相似文献
13.
新经济地理学模型的政策含义及其对中国的启示 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
新经济地理学自1990年诞生至今获得了长足进展,然而对新经济地理学模型的实证研究以及相关的政策分析还很少,已有的研究主要针对特定的经济背景和经济结构。该文探讨一般意义上新经济地理学模型所体现的政策含义,包含政策的区域附带效应、门槛效应、地区滞后效应、非线性效应、选择效应和协作效应。这些效应对我国的一些区域政策给以启示。在“西部大开发”方面,政策介入的地区滞后效应可能会使“西部大开发”战略的实施效果降低;从基础设施建设方面看,地区间交易条件的改善并非单一的效果,交易条件改善对落后地区可能不利;从区域壁垒的角度看,欠发达地区建立的区域壁垒有其理性成分;“预期实现效应”在一定程度上为“地方营销”的实践提供了理论支持;在劳动力流动方面,户籍制度以及相应的制度安排可能产生政策的区域附带效应,从而导致区域差异在一定程度上的强化。最后给出政策含义的未来研究方向。 相似文献
14.
Understanding the driving forces of regional air pollution and its mechanism has gained much attention in academic research,which can provide scientific policy-making basis for economy-environment sustainability in China.Being an important energy and industrial base,the North China Plain region has been experiencing severe air pollution.Therefore,understanding the relationship between industrialization and air quality in this region is of great importance for air quality improvement.In this study,the average annual concentrations of SO2,NO2 and PM10 in 47 sample cities at and above the prefecture level in the North China Plain region from 2007 to 2016 were used to illustrate the spatiotemporal characteristics of air pollution within this region.Furthermore,panel data model,panel vector autoregression model,and impulse response function were used to explore the correlation and driving mechanism between energy-intensive industries and regional air quality.The results show that:first,overall air quality improved in the study area between 2007 and 2016,with a significant greater fall in concentration of SO2 than that of NO2 and PM10;second,provincial border areas suffered from severe air pollution and showed an apparent spatial agglomeration trend of pollution;and third,the test results from different models all proved that energy-intensive industries such as the chemical,non-metallic mineral production,electric and thermal power production and supply industries,had a significant positive correlation with concentrations of air pollutants,and indicated an obvious short-term impulse response effect.It concludes that upgradation of industrial structure,especially that of energy-intensive industries,plays a very important role in the improvement of regional air quality,which is recommended to be put in top priority for authorities.Therefore,policies as increasing investments in technological innovation in energy-intensive industries,deepening cooperation in environmental governance between different provinces and cities,and strengthening supervision and entry restrictions are suggested. 相似文献
15.
中国城市空气质量的区域差异及归因分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
开展城市空气质量时空格局演变特征及其影响因素的研究,对于深入认识城市环境与社会经济系统的互馈机理、制定高效的环境治理措施、提升城市发展质量具有重要的理论与实践意义。本文以中国全面实施《大气污染防治行动计划》的2014年为起点,刻画了2014—2019年286个地级以上城市6种空气污染物浓度（CO、NO2、O3、PM10、PM2.5、SO2）的时空演变特征,并基于面板回归模型分析各污染物浓度之间的相互作用关系;进而利用随机森林模型对城市6种空气污染物浓度与13个自然和社会经济影响因子的关联强度进行探究,从中梳理出关键影响因子。结果显示：① 研究期内,O3污染加剧,其余污染物年均浓度逐年下降,其中SO2浓度降幅最大。虽然典型的重污染区范围有所减小,但京津冀、山东半岛、山西、河南等地区的城市空气污染物浓度仍相对较高。② 城市6种空气污染物浓度之间存在显著的相互影响关系,城市空气复合污染特征明显。③ 自然因素和社会经济因素对不同种类空气污染物浓度的影响差异较大,且与污染物浓度之间呈非线性响应关系。自然因素中,城市年均气温与空气污染物浓度的关联强度最大,其次是植被指数。社会经济影响因素中,土地城市化水平和二产比重是主导影响因子,其次是电力消耗总量和交通因子。偏依赖分析进一步刻画了不同污染物浓度对主导影响因子的响应突变阈值。鉴于人类对于自然环境和气象条件的控制能力有限,建议继续通过优化城市密度、控制人为排放源及严格的空气污染防控措施以进一步有效提高城市空气质量。 相似文献
16.
To effectively solve the problem of environmental pollution, the Chinese government has implemented an environmental supervision system since 2002. The environmental supervision system mainly uses the four functions of supervision, investigation, coordination, and emergency response to strengthen environmental protection supervision and law enforcement, respond to environmental emergencies, and coordinate cross-regional pollution disputes. As an important system design for China to control environmental pollution and promote the ecological transformation of economic development, the policy effect of the environmental supervision system deserves attention. This paper uses the difference-in-differences method to investigate the impact of the top-down environmental supervision system on air quality based on the 2000-2016 data for 285 prefecture-level cities in China. The results indicate that the annual average concentration of PM2.5 decreased significantly after the implementation of the environmental supervision system. The dynamic analysis shows that PM2.5 decreased most markedly in the first year after the implementation of the policy, and then the effect gradually weakened. Mechanism analysis suggests that the environmental supervision system can break the collusion between government and enterprise, encourage enterprises to carry out technological innovation, change pollutant discharge behavior and push local governments to adjust the industrial structure, enhance environmental protection awareness to reduce the PM2.5 concentration, and improve air quality. Comparing different regions, the PM2.5 in East China, North China and Northeast China are relatively high, and the pressure for air pollution control is great. Meanwhile, we find that the environmental supervision system has a significant station effect. Compared with other cities, the cities where the environmental supervision centers are located are more deterred by the environmental supervision, and their air quality has improved to a significantly greater degree. In the future, we should further strengthen the environmental supervision of high-pollution areas and non-station cities, and pay more attention to improving the long-term effect of the environmental supervision system. 相似文献
17.
It is widely recognized that the complexity of ecotourism development requires understanding of interrelated factors that influence outcomes and achievements. For this reason, public sectors are increasingly interested in designing policies as driving forces of ecotourism development and exploring policy effectiveness. The purpose of this study is to describe evolutionary characteristics of Chinese ecotourism development and reveal the relationship between policy evolution and ecotourism development. A series of statistical analyses is conducted to explore evolvement characteristics and prospects of Chinese ecotourism policies. Ninety-one sample documents issued by the central government and its departments from 1994 to 2016 are obtained to analyze policy number and content structure, policy intensity, policy tools, and participation of department in policy making. Results show: (1) policy evolution reflects the change of objectives, contents and patterns in Chinese ecotourism development; (2) ecotourism policies stably evolved and adjusted to environmental change, and ecological conservation was core content in policies under a growing number and breadth of policies; (3) ecotourism policy tools transformed from micro-regulation to macro-control, but are not yet systematic; (4) the number of departments involved in policy design continues to increase and the value of policy intensity is rising. In the context of ecological civilization construction and implementation of Tourism Law, macro-control and micro-autonomy is the trend of future ecotourism policies; criteria system improvement may be important tools to regulate ecotourism development; cross-department coordination will act as a guarantee for designing and implementing policies; and welfare of stakeholders, behavioral regulation of tourists and business, and patterns of ecotourism development will be the subject of future policy. 相似文献
18.
建设充满活力的城市空间得到地理和城乡规划学者的广泛关注。随着空气污染问题的加剧,空气质量影响居民在城市空间中的活动,但鲜有研究考察空气污染与城市活力的定量关系。基于广州市2019年新浪微博签到记录、日气象和空气质量数据、以及建成环境数据,本研究构建以街道为空间单元、以天为时间单元的面板数据,通过标准差椭圆（SDE）以及面板回归模型测度空气污染对城市活力的抑制效应以及该抑制效应在不同建成环境上的异质性。研究得到以下结论：① 城市活力SDE面积随空气质量指数（AQI）上升而收缩,轻度污染和中度污染的城市活力SDE面积仅为空气质量优的约80%和30%。② 运用空间面板回归模型控制街道的空间关联性后,空气质量指数（AQI）对城市活力具有明显负向影响,AQI每增加1个单位,日活动强度减少约0.10次/10 km2;当空气质量恶化到中等污染后,AQI每增加1个单位,日活动强度减少约0.14次/10 km2。③ 空气污染对城市活力的抑制效应在不同建成环境上存在异质性,POI密度、离城市中心距离强化空气污染对城市活力的抑制效应,而地铁站密度、道路交叉口密度、土地利用混合度则弱化空气污染对城市活力的抑制效应。本研究有助于更好厘清空气污染、建成环境与城市活力的关系,并为优化建成环境以缓减空气污染对城市活力抑制效应提供分析支撑。 相似文献
19.
Spatiotemporal evolution of urban air quality and socioeconomic driving forces in China 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Air pollution is a serious problem brought by the rapid urbanization and economic development in China, imposing great challenges and threats to population health and the sustainability of the society. Based on the real-time air quality monitoring data obtained for each Chinese city from 2013 to 2014, the spatiotemporal characteristics of air pollution are analyzed using various exploratory spatial data analysis tools. With spatial econometric models, this paper further quantifies the influences of socioeconomic factors on air quality at both the national and regional scales. The results are as follows: (1) From 2013 to 2014, the percentage of days compliance of urban air quality increased but air pollution deteriorated and the worsening situation in regions with poor air quality became more obvious. (2) Changes of air quality show a clear temporal coupling with regional socioeconomic activities, basically “relatively poor at daytime and relatively good at night”. (3) Urban air pollution shows a spatial pattern of “heavy in the east and light in the west, and heavy in the north and light in the south”. (4) The overall extent and distribution of regional urban air pollution have clearly different characteristics. The formation and evolution of regional air pollution can be basically induced as “the pollution of key cities is aggravated—pollution of those cities spreads—regional overall pollution is aggravated—the key cities lead in pollution governance—regional pollution joint prevention and control is implemented—regional overall pollution is reduced”. (5) At the national level, energy consumption, industrialization and technological progress are the major factors in the worsening of urban air quality, economic development is a significant driver for the improvement of that quality. (6) Influenced by resources, environment and the development stage, the socioeconomic factors had strongly variable impacts on air quality, in both direction and intensity in different regions. Based on the conclusion, the regional differentiation and development idea of the relationship between economic development and environmental changes in China are discussed. 相似文献
20.
以陕西省商洛市商州区典型的铅锌矿尾矿区—铁炉子村为研究区,以问卷的形式调查了常住居民对开矿引起的环境污染的感知状况,采用秩和检验及相关分析方法,研究该尾矿区居民的环境污染感知状况与居民属性的关系。结果表明：（1） 尾矿区居民认为该尾矿区最为严重的环境问题为水污染,其次为粉尘和大气污染等。（2） 超过50%的居民认为矿区的大气、粉尘和水污染等环境污染均与开矿有关系,且开矿对居民身体健康和生产造成了不同程度的影响,最有可能使居民患上肺吸尘等呼吸系统疾病,并使矿区周围的农牧业减产。（3） 居民属性与居民对环境污染感知的相关关系表明,居民职业显著影响居民对水和噪音污染以及健康担心程度的感知,居民年龄与其对环境卫生污染的感知、居民文化程度与其对大气污染的感知、居住时间与居民对粉尘和水污染的感知均呈显著正相关,居民文化程度对环境卫生污染的感知、居民距矿区的距离与其对粉尘、水、噪音、环境污染感知均呈显著负相关,居民性别对环境污染的感知无明显影响。研究可为当地政府部门治理和规划尾矿区的环境提供理论依据。 相似文献