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1.
中国耕地与未来30年食物需求、保障及对策   总被引:22,自引:1,他引:22  
在未来的 30年中 ,中国的人口将继续增长 ,至 2 0 30年达到峰值 1 6亿 ,净增 3亿左右。随着社会经济的发展 ,人民生活水平的提高 ,人均食物需求的量与质越来越高。届时中国食物的保障能力受到国际社会的普遍关注。中国到 2 0 30年 ,满足上述食物需求量 ,食物主要来自耕地的生产潜力和非耕地的食物替代生产两方面。在政策非常强有力、一切从保护耕地出发、严格控制耕地占用和维持动态平衡的条件下 ,到 2 0 30年 ,中国耕地面积可保持 1 31× 1 0 6 hm2。而中国到 2 0 1 0年、 2 0 30年年人均需求粮食分别为 42 0 kg和460 kg,这两个基期年分别需求粮食总量为 5 796× 1 0 8kg和 7360× 1 0 8kg。研究认为 2 0 1 0年、 2 0 30年中国耕地动态变化后食物保障能力分别在 93%和 87%。非耕地资源食物替代是补充食物生产和缓解耕地压力的重要途径。 2 0 30年其食物替代能力可达到 90 0 0 0×1 0 3t,其中草业 3380 0× 1 0 3t,木本粮油 1 70 0 0× 1 0 3t,水域 2 5 82 0× 1 0 3t,野生生物 1 340 0× 1 0 3t,非耕地的事物替代能力达到约 1 0 %。中国食物生产与发展的四个保证 ,一是有效的保护耕地政策 ,二是科学技术进步与科技投入 ,三是构建食物生产体系与保障体系 ,四是高效利用水资源的技术与措施。  相似文献   

2.
基于组合预测法、生产函数和笔者前期关于气候变化对西藏粮食产量定量影响的工作,对考虑气候变化影响的未来西藏县(区)级尺度粮食供需平衡状况进行预测。结果表明:① 西藏粮食产量较高的区域集中在一江两河等河谷地带,西藏粮食需求量较大的地区主要在人口较多的县市,未来肉类消费增加将会消耗更多的饲料用粮。② 西藏粮食供需平衡状况南北分异明显,南部河谷地区相对较好,北部羌塘高原较差。③ 当前西藏不能实现考虑口粮、饲料粮、工业用粮、种子用粮和损耗5种需求总和的粮食供需平衡,全区自给率为70.58%,2030年和2050年分别下降至62.59%和53.55%。虽然西藏总需求不能完全自给,但仍能保障口粮自给。④ 气候变化整体上对自给率为正面影响。到2030年和2050年,气候变化将使自治区粮食自给状况提升2.45%和2.09%。研究有助于掌握未来西藏粮食安全状况,规划农业布局,以期保障边疆粮食安全、促进高原农业可持续发展。  相似文献   

3.
自20世纪70年代初期和80年代末期以来,国际矿产品市场经历了总体衰退阶段。与此相反,由于世界经济快速增长,特别是90年代初的中国和21世纪初的印度快速发展,导致世界矿产市场和贸易中对矿产资源的需求大幅上升。过去几十年来,矿产资源的生产、消费和贸易对中国的经济增长与发展起了重要的作用。本文主要对国际矿产品市场和贸易模式的变化特征进行了综合评价,力图筛选出影响中国矿产资源供需的主要因素,并实证分析中国矿产资源贸易及其发展前景的基本特征。作者认为,中国矿产资源的巨大潜力能否成为国际矿产资源贸易的主要驱动力并因此带动中国未来经济增长,依然值得继续观察。无能如何,中国正积极影响着全球矿产资源市场和贸易,这一点是肯定的。  相似文献   

4.
The exponential increase of ecosystem utilization has instigated a serious conflict between ecosystem services and residents’ needs. The Belt and Road Initiative has greatly influenced Laotian production and living, and the scientific assessment of the consumption of ecosystem services in Laos is important for exploring residents’ influence on the ecosystem. Based on data for the Laotian consumption of agricultural products, fruits and livestock products during 1961-2013, normalized by either harvest index or feed conversion ratio, this study draws three main conclusions. 1) Ecosystem service consumption in Laos is centered on the consumption of farmland, forestry and grassland ecosystem services, which account for over 80%, over 10% and under 2%, showing downward, upward and constant trends, respectively. The consumption of these ecosystem services shows a trend of increasing first, then fluctuating, and finally increasing. 2) The consumption of ecosystem services in Laos was characterized by the mode of “dominance of consumption of the farmland ecosystem services” from 1961 to 2008, and the mode of “balanced development of consumption of farmland, forest and grassland ecosystem services” from 2008 to 2013, with a trend of transformation from the former into the latter. 3) The formation and change in the consumption mode of Laotian ecosystem services have been affected by both supply and trade. Laos developed agriculture mainly during the period from 1961 to 2008, forming the mode of “dominance of consumption of the farmland ecosystem services”. This development benefited from the enriched varieties of imports as well as the increased value of trade and import volume. However, the consumption of ecosystem services in Laos after 2008 changed from the mode of “dominance of consumption of the farmland ecosystem services” to one of “balanced development of consumption of farmland, forest and grassland ecosystem services”. This study provides an empirical reference for research on the consumption of ecosystem services.  相似文献   

5.
Cobalt is obtained mainly as a byproduct of the mining and metallurgical processing of copper and nickel. The amount of minable cobalt has a characteristic supply limit, which is dependent upon demand for copper and nickel. It is considered that cobalt consumption will be affected by the amount mined in the near future, because world demand has been gradually increasing, while the production from copper sulfide ores in Zaire and Zambia, major producing countries, has decreased for political, economical and technological reasons. The world demand for cobalt has surpassed the world mine production, and cobalt sales from the National Defense Stockpile of the United States and exports from Russia and cobalt recovered from stockpiled intermediates contributed to the supply in 1994. It is concluded, from a statistical point of view, that this trend of shortage and high prices for cobalt will continue in the near future.  相似文献   

6.
In the context of global ecological overload, international trade has become one of the most important ways to make up for the ecological deficit. This study takes the “Belt and Road” Initiative as the study area to analyze the biocapacity and ecological footprint characteristics between China and other countries along the “Belt and Road” Initiative. Trade flow characteristics were explored from the perspective of biocapacity. The import and export of virtual land was used to assess the effect of trade on compensating for the resource gaps in crop and grazing land. The main results show that: 1) In 2005-2014, the majority of “Belt and Road” countries were experiencing increasing degrees of overload. In China, cropland takes up the largest proportion of biocapacity, while the ecological footprint is dominated by the carbon footprint. 2) The trade flow of agricultural and livestock products in the mainland of China shows a trend of increasing imports and decreasing exports, which increases dependence on specific regions. 3) In 2005-2014, China’s trade in cereals and oil crops along the “Belt and Road” Initiative were generally net imports, and the share of cereals traded along the “Belt and Road” Initiative is increasing gradually, but that of oil crops decreased rapidly. 4) The import trade has alleviated ecological deficit, as the selected products compensated for 1.03 times of the cropland deficit and 0.65 times of the grazing land deficit in China. This study is helpful to understand the relationship between the land use and trade deeply, and provide decision-making references for reducing ecological deficits, optimizing land resource allocation, and promoting win-win cooperation among China and other countries in the “Belt and Road” Initiative.  相似文献   

7.
21世纪初大连市水资源供需保障与解决途径研究   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3  
在简要论述大连市资源基本特点和利用现状的基础上,分析了区域供水系统,城市供水系统和农村用水系统的供需平衡状况,研究表明前二者供不应求,后者供大于求,并提出了解决供需矛盾的主要途径,包括:超前研究地表水源地,扩大海水利用范围,提高中水利用量等开源措施,结构调整,技术挖潜等节流措施以及差异提价和尝试工业用水配额交易等市场措施。  相似文献   

8.
中国畜禽养殖的空间格局与重心曲线特征分析   总被引:10,自引:1,他引:9  
付强  诸云强  孙九林  孔云峰 《地理学报》2012,67(10):1383-1398
以中国畜禽养殖的空间格局为研究目标, 利用2007 年分县的统计数据及农业调查数据, 构建标准猪、地均猪、人均猪等指标, 使用GeoDa、ArcGIS 等软件, 借助全局和局部空间自相关分析、空间分布图系、重心曲线等方法, 对中国县域畜禽养殖空间分布规律、空间格局进行分析。主要结论:① 空间聚类趋势分析表明, 标准猪和人均猪在全国和局部聚集特征都显著, 而地均猪在全国的聚集特征不明显, 局部有聚集特征;② 虽然标准猪、地均猪和人均猪等不同的刻画方式对应着不同的分布图系、重心曲线和不同的分区方案, 但是却存在着潜在的统一分区方案。只是, 每一分区中各级别重心的归属依据与相邻级别重心的间距进行调整。由此, 中国畜禽养殖可分为畜养极疏区、稀疏区、相对稀疏区、一般稀疏区、一般区、相对密集区、密集区、高密区等8 个区;③ 存在着一条畜禽养殖疏密分界线, 该线自内蒙古新巴尔虎左右旗交界处到海南省东方市西海岸。  相似文献   

9.
魏开  许学强 《热带地理》2012,32(4):416-422
土地问题是我国城中村研究的核心问题。在对珠江三角洲地区城中村进行实地调研的基础上,就城中村主体的行为特征、城中村土地供应和需求的基本特征进行了总结。以理论推导与现实印证相结合的方法,基于经济学中的供求理论,对城中村土地供求变化进行了动态均衡分析。从村庄"内部人"的视角,考察在各种内外部因素变动(征地与留用地,城中村改造,村民城市化转型)的情况下,城中村主体如何实现土地的供应和需求均衡。总体上,城中村土地变化表现为土地需求被动地追随(因征地而发生的)供应减少而下降,以实现供求均衡。具体而言,在城中村形成阶段,供求均衡借助乡村工业化,即农业用地转为工业用地而实现;在城中村存续阶段,存在土地供求的逐渐失衡;在城中村改造阶段,供求均衡最终必须通过城市化,即村民转为市民而实现。  相似文献   

10.
唐培  何建民  冯学钢 《地理科学》2022,42(4):711-719
后疫情时代,文化冲突可能会是中国入境旅游需求复苏的突出制约因子。基于2002—2018年联合国世界旅游组织关于66个客源地对中国的入境旅游人次数据和面板数据估计策略,探究了文化冲突对中国入境旅游需求的影响及其机制。结果表明:① 文化冲突显著负向影响中国入境旅游需求;② 文化冲突对中国入境旅游需求影响在不同性别、区域、年龄、目的群组中具有异质性;③ 文化认同是文化冲突影响中国入境旅游需求过程中的机制变量。研究结果能推进入境旅游需求影响因素理论研究,为实现中国入境旅游需求复苏提供新的理论依据和政策参考。  相似文献   

11.
新疆农业主导产业的定量选择及其分析   总被引:15,自引:2,他引:13  
在新疆农业产业化的进程中,为了将农业资源优势转化为经济优势,需要正确地选择农业主导产业来促进新疆农业资源的优化配置和农业产业化的发展。基于相关的统计数据,运用灰色聚类法对新疆农业主导产业进行量化分析,以量化分析的结果为基础,结合新疆农业的实际情况对农业主导产业作进一步的分析。用定量与定性相结合的方法分析出现阶段新疆农业主导产业是棉花种植业、农产品加工业和林果业;农业优势产业为畜牧业和糖料种植业;农业一般产业为粮食种植业、油料种植业、水产业和家禽养殖业。  相似文献   

12.
中国畜禽产品市场空间关联及其影响因素   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
丁存振  徐宣国 《地理研究》2022,41(2):420-440
为探究中国畜禽产品市场空间关联特征及其原因,以猪肉和鸡肉为例,运用Diebold和Yilmaz提出的关联测度新方法测度了畜禽产品市场空间关联水平及其时变特征,在此基础上运用社会网络分析法刻画畜禽产品市场空间关联网络特征,并通过QAP分析考察影响畜禽产品市场空间关联的主要因素。结果表明:① 中国畜禽产品市场总体空间关联水平较高,且近年来整体呈上升趋势,其中,相比于鸡肉市场,猪肉市场总体空间关联水平更高,但鸡肉市场总体空间关联水平上升幅度更大。② 中国畜禽产品市场空间关联呈现出多线程、复杂的网络结构,空间关联网络较为紧密,与鸡肉市场相比,猪肉市场空间关联网络更为紧密,不同省份在畜禽产品市场的中角色和地位不同。其中,中东部畜禽产品主销区和主产区在空间关联网络中处于中心地位,扮演着中心行动者角色,而西部偏远地区省份,在网络中影响力较小,处于从属和边缘地位。③ 市场邻接、市场距离以及产区势力是影响畜禽产品市场空间关联的主要因素。此外,市场化程度对猪肉市场空间关联同样有显著影响。  相似文献   

13.
近年来,我国ICT产业频频出现了核心技术被西方国家“卡脖子”的现象,由此有必要对我国ICT产品对外贸易的时空格局和演变进行研究。选取联合国商品贸易数据库中2000—2018年的ICT产品贸易数据,从ICT总产品和分产品的进出口两个方面分析中国ICT产品国际贸易的空间格局及其演变特征。研究结果表明:①从时间格局看,我国ICT的进出口贸易均为快速发展,但出口贸易发展快于进口;进口结构中以电子元件为主,出口结构中逐渐以通信设备为主。②从空间格局看,中国ICT贸易伙伴逐年增加,进出口贸易主要集中在少数国家或地区,且近20年变化不大,ICT进口来源国(地区)更为集中,我国与20个贸易伙伴交往较为密切;与进口相比,我国ICT出口国(地区)较为分散,主要集中在30个国家或地区。基于研究结果,提出了促进我国ICT贸易以及数字经济贸易发展的对策建议。  相似文献   

14.
Industrial, technological, and economic developments depend on the availability of metallic raw materials. As a greater fraction of the Earth’s population has become part of developed economies and as developed societies have become more affluent, the demand on metallic mineral resources has increased. Yet metallic minerals are non-renewable natural resources, the supply of which, even if unknown and potentially large, is finite. An analysis of historical extraction trends for eighteen metals, going back to the year 1900, demonstrates that demand of metallic raw materials has increased as a result of both increase in world population and increase in per-capita consumption. These eighteen metals can be arranged into four distinct groups, for each of which it is possible to identify a consistent pattern of per-capita demand as a function of time. These patterns can, in turn, be explained in terms of the industrial and technological applications, and in some cases conventional uses as well, of the metals in each group. Under the assumption that these patterns will continue into the future, and that world population will grow by no more than about 50% by the year 2100, one can estimate the amount of metallic raw materials that will be required to sustain the world’s economy throughout the twenty-first century. From the present until the year 2100, the world can be expected to require about one order of magnitude more metal than the total amount of metal that fueled technological and economic growth between the age of steam and the present day. For most of the metals considered here, this corresponds to 5–10 times the amount of metal contained in proven ore reserves. The two chief driving factors of this expected demand are growth in per-capita consumption and present-day absolute population numbers. World population is already so large that additional population growth makes only a small contribution to the expected future demand of metallic raw materials. It is not known whether or not the amount of metal required to sustain the world’s economy throughout this century exists in exploitable mineral resources. In the accompanying paper, I show that it is nevertheless possible to make statistical inferences about the size distribution of the mineral deposits that will need to be discovered and developed in order to satisfy the expected demand. Those results neither prove nor disprove that the needed resources exist but can be used to improve our understanding of the challenges facing future supply of metallic raw materials.  相似文献   

15.
贺灿飞  余昌达 《地理学报》2022,77(2):275-294
随着中国经济步入新常态,中国嵌入世界生产网络的既有模式遭遇内部红利消失与外部贸易摩擦的双重困境,探讨中国同世界其他国家/地区间的产业联系特征及其动态演化机制,对寻找中国产业对外联系的破局方向至关重要。基于1995—2014年世界投入产出表数据库,从国家尺度刻画世界产业相互依赖网络,并着重关注中国在这一格局中的角色与地位演变。研究发现:① 1995—2014年中国从世界生产联系网络的边缘国家演变成为沟通东亚、东南亚地区与其他新兴市场的桥梁,并从美欧主干联系的“局外人”升级成为链接欧美产业网络的重要枢纽。而2015—2019年中国对外产业联系拓展逐渐进入曲折发展的瓶颈期。② 从供给角度看,中国基础资源行业和制造业正不断嵌入世界生产网络的供给侧。相比之下,中国大部分服务业对世界产业网络的供给能力低于世界平均水平。③ 从需求看,中国作为“世界工厂”与基础设施建设大国,在制造业与基建方面具有世界性的影响力,然而中国的交通、物流、金融等生产型服务业的国际影响力在2005年后逐步下降。④ 中国产业获取本地附加值总体持续增长,但附加值捕获的效率较低。在此基础上,本文探讨了多维邻近性、贸易保护对中国—世界产业联系的作用,发现:中国对外产业联系的演化受地理、认知、社会与制度4个维度的邻近性影响并形成路径依赖。其中地理与认知邻近性的影响最为广泛,而社会与制度邻近性仅对产业联系形式更加复杂的中间生产联系与发展较为成熟的最终需求联系有促进作用,技术贸易壁垒与反倾销调查会削弱中国对外产业联系;卫生安全检疫措施对最终市场需求联系有显著削弱作用,而对中间产品生产联系的作用并不显著。综上所述,生产型服务业与总体附加值获取效率是中国对外产业联系拓展的潜力方向,而内销—出口平衡与多元化的产业发展策略是中国对外产业联系拓展的合理举措。  相似文献   

16.
基于供求关系的庐山旅游地生命周期驱动力分析   总被引:4,自引:3,他引:1  
总结前人对旅游地生命周期影响因素的研究,基于经济供求视角,指出旅游产品的供求矛盾是影响旅游地生命周期演化的根本驱动力,构建了旅游产品影响因素的供求矛盾驱动模型。并以"世界文化景观"庐山为例,划分其生命周期阶段,分析各阶段的供求矛盾,验证了供求矛盾驱动模型的科学性和有效性。分析当前庐山旅游的供求矛盾,并提出相应的对策与建议。  相似文献   

17.
Global and Regional Water Availability and Demand: Prospects for the Future   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
One of the most pressing global issues currently facing mankind is the increase in world population and its impact on the availability of freshwater. Recent estimates of water stocks and flows through the world's hydrologic cycle and their spatiotemporal variability illustrate the nature of current and projected water disparities throughout the world. As all such problems manifest themselves at smaller scales, a major challenge in freshwater assessments is how to handle this on different geographical scales. Increasing use of water is creating water shortages in many countries that are projected to have significant population increases in the next 25 years. Humankind is projected to appropriate from 70% to 90% of all accessible freshwater by 2025. Agriculture is the dominant component of human water use, accounting for almost 70% of all water withdrawals. Hence, many of the solutions to water-related food and environmental security come from within agriculture by increasing the efficiency and productivity of water use. Many factors significantly impact the increasing water demand, including population growth, economic growth, technological development, land use and urbanization, rate of environmental degradation, government programs, climate change, and others. Demand management, not increasing supply availability, is the realistic way forward. Although, thanks to market forces, the threatened exhaustion of nonrenewable resources has not happened, renewable resources, such as freshwater, remain problematic because they are vulnerable to human overuse and pollution. Climate change adds further risks and uncertainties to the global picture requiring the adoption of adaptive management in water resources based on monitoring and reevaluation. Although climate change may be perceived as a long-term problem, it needs to be addressed now because decisions today will affect society's ability to adapt to increasing variability in tomorrow's climate. If we are to balance freshwater supply with demand, and also protect the integrity of aquatic ecosystems, a fundamental change in current wasteful patterns of production and consumption is needed. Recognition of the links between rapidly growing populations and shrinking freshwater supplies is the essential first step in making water use sustainable.  相似文献   

18.
贸易保护、出口溢出效应与中国出口市场拓展   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3  
在国际贸易摩擦不断升级的背景下,厘清贸易保护对中国区域经济发展的影响是中国当前面临的重要议题。既有演化经济地理学框架主要从供给视角出发,认为出口产品路径演化过程呈现依赖技术知识溢出的特征,忽略了需求视角的影响。基于中国海关库2002—2016年的数据,以中国出口产品进入新市场的演化路径为研究对象,本文将供需视角纳入同一解释框架,补充需求视角下的外部市场关联以及需求市场的贸易壁垒措施作为外部力量,试图探究贸易保护、出口溢出效应如何作用于中国出口市场拓展过程。研究发现:① 在出口产品结构升级的同时,中国出口目的地结构也在不断地向新兴市场国家和地区拓展。其中,东部与中部地区是出口拓展的主力区域,技术与资本密集型产品是出口拓展的主要产品类型。② 中国出口市场的拓展进程呈现出典型的路径依赖特征,包括供给视角下基于本地技术知识溢出的路径依赖与需求视角下基于目的地市场信息溢出的路径依赖。其中后者被长期忽视,但在中国出口市场拓展进程中扮演着十分重要的角色。③ 贸易保护作为一种外部冲击,可有效地削弱基于本地技术知识溢出和外部市场信息溢出的路径依赖。采用投资、区域合作等方式绕开贸易壁垒,实现出口产品与市场结构的多元化,是应对外部冲击实现可持续发展的长久之计。  相似文献   

19.
中非农产品贸易强度及其国际地位演变分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
近年来中国和非洲农业合作日渐频繁,中非农产品贸易也逐渐受到学术界的广泛关注,中非农产品贸易在全球中的横向对比、中国与非洲各国之间的横向对比研究也显得尤为重要。为掌握在全球背景下中非农产品贸易关系及强度的历史状况,利用FAOSTAT中的农产品贸易数据,对中非农产品贸易与其他国家或地区农产品贸易展开横向对比,并对中国与非洲各国之间贸易强度的历史变化进行系统分析。研究结果显示:1)尽管非洲农产品进出口贸易额不断上升,但在世界贸易中的份额持续徘徊在低位,并无显著变化;2)中非之间的贸易关系在1986-2013年间的变化并不突出,欧美仍是其主要的贸易伙伴;3)大多数非洲国家对华年次贸易频率低且贸易量小;4)南非、坦桑尼亚、埃塞俄比亚、马里、尼日利亚、阿尔及利亚、马达加斯加、毛里塔尼亚和尼日尔等国不仅拥有较多农用地资源,且具有较好的对华农业贸易的历史基础。  相似文献   

20.
洪思扬  王红瑞  程涛  梁俊芬  方伟 《地理科学》2022,42(10):1735-1746
核算了世界各国(地区)与中国,以及中国省际间的资源流通量,量化了贸易视角下水资源与能源的相互消耗量,从“源”与“汇”的视角描绘了各类资源从自然界进入经济系统到最终使用的整个过程。结果表明:① 中国虚拟水呈净流出状态,国际虚拟水贸易加重了中国的水资源压力;国际隐含能源贸易抵消了虚拟水净出口量的三分之一,缓解了中国的水资源压力。② 中国隐含能源呈净进口状态,国际隐含能源贸易缓解了中国的能源使用压力;国际虚拟水贸易加重了中国的能源使用压力,但影响程度较弱。③ 虚拟水主要通过农业和制造业进入社会经济系统,隐含能源主要通过矿业和制造业进入社会经济系统;固定资本形成和城镇生活消费是虚拟水和隐含能源的主要最终使用方式,数值分别为1735.42亿m3和2117.24亿m3,6.25×107 TJ和2.73×107 TJ。④ 中国各省份最终使用的水耗能源总量为8.73×106 TJ,占隐含能源总量的3.27%,低于能源耗水在虚拟水中的比重(9.63%)。能源省际贸易相比于水资源而言更为活跃,能源耗水在水?能纽带关系中起主导作用。  相似文献   

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