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Richard W. Ferdinand 《Geophysical Journal International》1998,134(3):818-830
The investigation of L g attenuation characteristics in the region bounding the western branch of the East African rift system using digital recordings from a seismic network located along the rift between Lake Rukwa and Lake Malawi is reported. A set of 24 recordings of L g waves from 12 regional earthquakes has been used for the determination of anelastic attenuation, Q Lg , and regional body-wave magnitude, m b Lg , scale. The events used have body-wave magnitudes, m b , between 4.6 and 5.5, which have been determined teleseismically and listed in ISC bulletins. The data were time-domain displacement amplitudes measured at 10 different frequencies (0.7–5.0 Hz). Q Lg and its frequency dependence, η , in the region can be represented in the form Q Lg = (186.2 ± 6.5) f (0.78±0.05) . This model is in agreement with models established in other active tectonic regions. The L g -wave-based magnitude formula for the region is given by m b Lg = log A + (3.76 ± 0.38) log D − (5.72 ± 1.06), where A is a half-peak-to-peak maximum amplitude of the 1 s L g wave amplitude in microns and D is the epicentral distance in kilometres. Magnitude results for the 12 regional earthquakes tested are in good agreement with the ISC body-wave magnitude scale. 相似文献
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Warwick D. Smith 《Geophysical Journal International》1987,90(1):35-42
Summary. More than seventy underground nuclear explosions detonated in the Tuamotu Archipelago of French Polynesia have been detected on the short-period vertical Benioff seismograph at Rarotonga in the Cook Islands. Early data suggested that the duration of the T -phase provides a better estimate of the magnitude of the events than does the amplitude, but with more data now available it has been shown that amplitude is in fact the more reliable parameter. Data prior to 1980 are more scattered than those since. This appears to be related to the substantially different station network in those early years, compared with the later period, and suggests some unreliability in early data. Station corrections have been extracted and improved estimates of the magnitudes of the events obtained. 相似文献
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A STATISTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR TREE‐RING RECONSTRUCTION OF HIGH‐MAGNITUDE MASS MOVEMENTS: CASE STUDY OF SNOW AVALANCHES IN EASTERN CANADA 
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下载免费PDF全文 DANIEL GERMAIN 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2016,98(4):303-311
This paper investigates the application of the peaks‐over‐threshold method in combination with fitting of the generalized Pareto distribution for estimating the frequency of high‐magnitude geomorphic events, on the basis of tree‐ring data. In particular, attention is focused on extreme value distribution of tree‐ring responses and in the minimum threshold or index number required to assure the past occurrence of high‐magnitude events. The objective is to set a threshold, adapted to the sample distribution, which will make the distinction between high‐magnitude years and remaining years, where the response of sampled trees is too weak to be attributed to a high‐magnitude geomorphic event. The statistical framework proposed is based on the statistics of extremes. Through the use of simple, strong and effective mathematics, this model should strengthen the position of dendrogeomorphology in the evaluation and management of natural hazards. 相似文献
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扎龙湿地景观动态变化特征 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
扎龙湿地近35年来湿地景观发生了巨大的变化,本文定义了一套基于TM影像的适用于描述湿地景观变化的湿地分类系统,利用景观转换系数分析以5年为周期的时间尺度上湿地的转换幅度的变化,统计和分析了湿地从1979-2013期间景观转换系数的动态变化特征,总结了扎龙湿地景观动态变化主要为四类景观动态类型：A-小幅度规则型稳定景观,B-中幅度不规则型变化景观,C-幅度渐弱规则型稳定景观,D-大幅度不规则型变化景观。研究表明：扎龙湿地1979-2013年期间,湿地景观在前10年向湿生景观转换,但是转换的幅度越来越小;后20年,湿地转向干旱趋势。在不同的景观动态类型中A类小幅度规则型稳定景观所占面积最大,为973.60 km2,接近湿地面积的二分之一,主要集中在核心区和外围稳定的农田部分;D类大幅度不规则型变化景观面积最少,为311.92 km2,主要分布于人类干扰强烈的区域。 相似文献
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Magnitude calibration of north Indian earthquakes 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
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Yih-Min Wu Hiroo Kanamori Richard M. Allen Egill Hauksson 《Geophysical Journal International》2007,170(2):711-717
We explore a practical approach to earthquake early warning in southern California by determining a ground-motion period parameter τ c and a high-pass filtered displacement amplitude parameter Pd from the initial 3 s of the P waveforms recorded at the Southern California Seismic Network stations for earthquakes with M > 4.0. At a given site, we estimate the magnitude of an event from τ c and the peak ground-motion velocity ( PGV ) from Pd . The incoming three-component signals are recursively converted to ground acceleration, velocity and displacement. The displacements are recursively filtered with a one-way Butterworth high-pass filter with a cut-off frequency of 0.075 Hz, and a P -wave trigger is constantly monitored. When a trigger occurs, τ c and Pd are computed. We found the relationship between τ c and magnitude ( M ) for southern California, and between Pd and PGV for both southern California and Taiwan. These two relationships can be used to detect the occurrence of a major earthquake and provide onsite warning in the area around the station where onset of strong ground motion is expected within seconds after the arrival of the P wave. When the station density is high, the methods can be applied to multistation data to increase the robustness of onsite early warning and to add the regional warning approach. In an ideal situation, such warnings would be available within 10 s of the origin time of a large earthquake whose subsequent ground motion may last for tens of seconds. 相似文献
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Regression problems for magnitudes 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
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Highland barley is an important staple food in the Tibet, and the Tibetan Plateau is experiencing obvious climatic warming. However, few studies have examined the warming effects on highland barley growth and biomass allocation under conditions of controlled experimental warming. This limits our ability to predict how highland barley will change as the climate changes in the future. An experiment of field warming at two magnitudes was performed in a highland barley system of the Tibet beginning in late May, 2014. Infrared heaters were used to increase soil temperature. At the end of the warming experiment (September 14, 2014), plant growth parameters (plant height, basal diameter, shoot length and leaf number), biomass accumulation parameters (total biomass, root biomass, stem biomass, leaf biomass and spike biomass), and carbon and nitrogen concentration parameters (carbon concentration, nitrogen concentration, the ratio of carbon to nitrogen concentration in root, stem, leaf and spike) were sampled. The low- and high-level experimental warming significantly increased soil temperature by 1.52 and 1.98 °C, respectively. Average soil moisture was significantly decreased by 0.03 m3 m-3 under the high-level experimental warming, while soil moisture under the low-level experimental warming did not significantly change. The low- and high-level experimental warming did not significantly affect plant growth parameters, biomass accumulation parameters, and carbon and nitrogen concentration parameters. There were also no significant differences of plant growth parameters, biomass accumulation parameters, and carbon and nitrogen concentration parameters between the low- and high-level experimental warming. Our findings suggest that the response of highland barley growth, total and component biomass accumulation, and carbon and nitrogen concentration to warming did not linearly change with warming magnitude in the Tibet. 相似文献
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In order to understand whether or not the response of vegetation indices and biomass production to warming varies with warming magnitude, an experiment of field warming at two magnitudes was conducted in an alpine meadow on the northern Tibetan Plateau beginning in late June, 2013. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), green normalized difference vegetation index (GNDVI) and soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) data were obtained using a Tetracam Agricultural Digital Camera in 2013-2014. The gross primary production (GPP) and aboveground plant biomass (AGB) were modeled using the surface measured NDVI and climatic data during the growing seasons (i.e. June-September) in 2013-2014. Both low and high warming significantly increased air temperature by 1.54 and 4.00°C, respectively, and significantly increased vapor pressure deficit by 0.13 and 0.31 kPa, respectively, in 2013-2014. There were no significant differences of GNDVI, AGB and ANPP among the three warming treatments. The high warming significantly reduced average NDVI by 23.3% (-0.06), while the low warming did not affect average NDVI. The low and high warming significantly decreased average SAVI by 19.0% (-0.04) and 27.4% (-0.05), respectively, and average GPP by 24.2% (i.e. 0.21 g C m-2 d-1) and 44.0% (i.e. 0.39 g C m-2 d-1), respectively. However, the differences of the average NDVI, SAVI, and GPP between low and high warming were negligible. Our findings suggest that a greater drying may dampen the effect of a higher warming on vegetation indices and biomass production in alpine meadow on the northern Tibetan Plateau. 相似文献
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泥石流等级是描述一次泥石流规模大小的定量指标,泥石流灾度是描述一次泥石流造成社会损失大小的定量指标。这两个指标概念明确,简单易行,有利于使描述泥石流规模大小和灾情程度的术语逐步规范化、定量化和普及化。 相似文献
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Seismicity and associated strain of central Greece between 1890 and 1988 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
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基于GIS甘肃中南部滑坡泥石流活动强度评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以甘肃中南部为研究区,采用GIS、MATLAB、FUZZY相结合的评价方法,收集筛选评价指标数据,基于GIS进行数据处理、转换,将各层对应的2 km×2 km栅格数据转入MATLAB,建立成因性指标与滑坡泥石流活动强度的模糊隶属关系,基于GIS进行空间分析,确定评价指标划分等级,设计不同权重方案,在MATLAB中编程试算,试算结果用重点(样)区特征性数据所反映的强度大小与相对等级,进行拟合检验与灵敏性检验,进一步调整指标等级与权重参数,最终得到符合成因机制的滑坡泥石流活动强度评价等级分布。结果表明该评价方法高效实用、精度高,可以进行高分辨率区域评价、区域仿真模拟、区划等工作。 相似文献
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Kirby Calvert Peter Luciani Warren Mabee 《International journal of geographical information science》2014,28(2):274-295
Insufficient spatial coverage of existing land-cover data is a common limitation to timely and effective spatial analysis. Achieving spatial completeness of land-cover data is the most challenging for large study areas which straddle ecological or administrative boundaries, and where individuals and agencies lack access to, and the means to process, raw data from which to derive spatially complete land-cover maps. In many cases, various sources of secondary data are available, so that land-cover map assimilation and synthesis can resolve this research problem. The following paper develops a reliable and repeatable framework for assimilating and synthesizing pre-classified data sets. Assimilation is achieved through data reformatting and map legend reconciliation in the context of a specific application. Individual maps are assessed for accuracy at various geographic scales and levels of thematic precision, with an emphasis on the ‘area of overlap’, in order to extract information that guides the synthesis process. The quality of the synthesized land-cover data set is evaluated using advanced accuracy assessment methods, including a measure describing the ‘magnitude of disagreement’. This method is applied to derive a seamless thematic map of the land cover of eastern Ontario from two disparate map series. The importance of assessing data quality throughout the process using multiple reference data sets is highlighted, and limitations of the method are discussed. 相似文献