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The physical characteristics of surface sediments from a suite of pristine lakes on Signy Island, maritime Antarctic, were used to develop a quantitative link between catchment ice-extent and lake-sediment response. Percentage dry weight, median particle size, percentage loss-on-ignition and wet density of the lakes' surface sediments were the most significant variables explaining contemporary catchment ice-extent. Two independent reconstruction models – Partial Least Squares (PLS) and a Modern Analog Technique (MAT) – were applied to dated sediment cores at two sites on Signy Island. The validity of the reconstructions was tested against historical information on catchment ice-extent. With sufficiently high sedimentation rates and sampling resolution, the models can predict sub-decadal changes in ice-extent. The model results are best regarded as indicators of erosion resulting from meltwater activity in the catchment. Comparison of results with Twentieth Century climate records affirms the hypothesis that climatic warming is the most likely cause for the ice retreat observed on Signy Island during the last 40 yrs. Similar reconstruction models using these simple sedimentary measures could be developed for analogous locations in the Antarctic and in Arctic and Alpine regions. 相似文献
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本文将南极海冰分为４个区：ＳＰＩ１（０°－１２０°Ｅ），东南极海冰；ＳＰＩ２（１２０°Ｅ－１２０°Ｗ），以罗斯海为主体的海冰区；ＳＰＩ３（１２０°Ｗ－０°），以威德尔海为主体的海冰区；ＳＰＩ４，全南极海冰区。北极海冰区分为３个区：ＮＰＩ１（９０°Ｅ－１８０°－９０°Ｗ），太平洋侧冰区；ＮＰＩ２（９０°Ｗ－０°－９０°Ｅ），大西洋侧冰区；ＮＰＩ３，全北极冰区。本文使用了ＷＤＣ－Ａ的ＳＩＧＲＩＤ海冰资料，以分析南极和北极各冰区之间的相互关系。发现两极各冰区之间存在着非常复杂的相互作用。其中最突出的特征是：两极海冰之间相互作用的振源是ＮＰＩ２。ＳＰＩ３是影响南极海冰的正反馈中心。ＳＰＩ２则是南北两极海冰的负反馈中心。ＮＰＩ２，ＳＰＩ３和ＳＰＩ２之间的相互作用最强，形成涛动关系。这种涛动关系不是同时期的，而是有较长的滞后时间差。两极海冰形成周期变化，其周期为５－６年，正与ＮＰＩ２和ＳＰＩ３自身变化周期一致。另外还有更长的循环周期９－１１年 相似文献
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冰冻圈变化的自然过程影响着国家领土博弈地缘关系的建构。基于人地关系思想,以变化-影响-适应为主线建立气候变化影响下冰冻圈国家领土博弈的研究框架,分析自然因素对冰冻圈地缘结构的塑造和对冰冻圈国家身份-利益的建构,以及极地海权、陆权和其他地区领土博弈所形成的双多边地缘关系。研究结果：① 冰冻圈领土博弈地缘结构初步形成。理念层面,自然要素成为气候政治的力量之一,冰冻圈领土博弈体现出传统地缘逻辑;空间层面,气候变化释放极地、高山等新运筹空间,北极、南极成为大国博弈焦点;物质层面,极地海权和陆权利益是大国博弈的主要目标。② 冰冻圈国家身份-利益影响其冰冻圈地缘政治行为,其身份认同的客观基础之一是在冰冻圈分布结构的相对位置。③ 冰冻圈国家领土博弈地缘关系有“趋利”“避害”两类。“利”指为赢得极地海权、陆权,气候变化下西方大国和地区大国开始争夺南北极200海里外大陆架权属,加强极地实质性“硬、软存在”战略布局,美国和丹麦强化格陵兰岛北极战略支点作用;“害”指冰冻圈灾害引起的跨境气候移民等国家利益受损问题。 相似文献
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采用NCEP的1973-2002年南极海冰密集度资料,对近30年南极海冰冰密集度的季节变化、年际变化及其与南极海冰涛动指数的长期变化关系进行了分析研究。结果表明,南极海冰的季节变化特点是海冰融化速度远大于凝结速度,而北极海冰融化速度与凝结速度基本相同。南极海冰存在着明显的年际变化,海冰面积指数呈增加趋势,年平均倾向率为28/10a。而北极海冰年际变化则相反,呈减少趋势,年平均面积指数的倾向率-3.5/10a。南极海冰涛动指数能代表南极地区近1/3的海水变化,是南极海冰变化的重要指数,具有10年、3-5年和2年左右的准振荡周期。 相似文献
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海冰是海洋-大气交互系统的重要组成部分,与全球气候系统间存在灵敏的响应和反馈机制。本文选用欧洲空间局发布的1992—2008年海冰密集度数据分析了南北极海冰在时间和空间上的变化规律与趋势,并结合由美国环境预报中心(National Centers for Environmental Prediction,NCEP)和美国大气研究中心(National Center for Atmospheric Research, NCAR)联合制作的NCEP/NCAR气温数据和ENSO指数探讨了南北极海冰变化的影响因素。结果表明,北极海冰面积呈明显的减少趋势,其中夏季海冰最小月的减少更快。北冰洋中央海盆区、巴伦支海、喀拉海、巴芬湾和拉布拉多海的减少最明显。南极海冰面积呈微弱增加趋势,罗斯海、太平洋扇区和大西洋扇区的海冰增加。北极海冰面积与气温有显著的滞后1个月的负相关关系(P0.01)。北极升温显著,北冰洋中央海盆区、喀拉海、巴伦支海、巴芬湾和楚科奇海升温趋势最大,海冰减少很明显。南极在南大西洋、南太平洋呈降温趋势,海冰增加。北极海冰减少与39个月之后ONI的下降、40个月之后SOI的上升密切相关;南极海冰增加与7个月之后ONI的下降、6个月之后SOI的上升存在很好的响应关系。南北极海冰变化与三次ENSO的强暖与强冷事件有很好的对应关系。 相似文献
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Cinzia Verde Ennio Cocca Donatella de Pascale Elio Parisi Guido di Frisco 《Polar research》2004,23(1):3-10
The climatic features of Antarctic waters are more extreme and constant than in the Arctic. The Antarctic has been isolated and cold longer than the Arctic. The polar ichthyofaunas differ in age, endemism, taxonomy, zoogeographic distinctiveness and physiological tolerance to environmental parameters. The Arctic is the connection between the Antarctic and the temperate-tropical systems. Paradigmatic comparisons of the pathways of adaptive evolution of fish from both poles address the oxygen-transport system and the antifreezes of northern and southern species, (i) Haemoglobin evolution has included adaptations at the biochemical, physiological and molecular levels. Within the study of the molecular bases offish cold adaptation, and taking advantage of the information on haemoglobin amino acid sequence, we analysed the evolutionary history of the α and β globins of Antarctic, Arctic and temperate haemoglobins as a basis for reconstructing phylogenetic relationships. In the trees, the constant physico-chemical conditions of the Antarctic waters are matched by clear grouping of globin sequences, whereas the variability typical of the Arctic ecosystem corresponds to high sequence variation, reflected by scattered intermediate positions between the Antarctic and non-Antarctic clades. (ii) Antifreeze (glyco)proteins and peptides allow polar fish to survive at sub-zero temperatures. In Antarctic Notothenioidei the antifreeze gene evolved from a trypsinogen-like serine protease gene. In the Arctic polar cod the genome contains genes which encode nearly identical proteins, but have evolved from a different genomic locus–a case of convergent evolution. 相似文献
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依据 1 999年 7月至 9月中国首次北极考察队在白令海、楚科奇海和南加拿大海盆的现场调查资料 ,本文分析了三个海区的水团特征 :( 1 )白令海水团主要由季节变化显著的白令海上层水团和中层水团以及深层水团组成 ;( 2 )楚科奇海水文特征受融结冰过程影响较大 ,1 999年7月和 8月差异较大 ,其水团主要为浅海变性水团 ,包括两个次级水团 ,楚科奇海夏季水和来自北太平洋以及北冰洋变性的外海入侵水 ;( 3)南加拿大海盆的水团主要由受融结冰过程影响的表层水团、源于太平洋水的次表层水、源自北大西洋的中层水团和深层水团组成 相似文献
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Jianhui Chen Enlou Zhang Stephen J. Brooks Xiaozhong Huang Haipeng Wang Jianbao Liu Fahu Chen 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2014,51(2):313-323
A significant relationship between the distribution and abundance of chironomids and water depth has long been recognized. Few studies on this topic, however, have been carried out in arid regions where the chironomid community is usually controlled by water salinity. Bosten Lake, northwest China, the largest inland freshwater lake (~1,260 km2) in the country, provides a unique opportunity to investigate this relationship in an arid region. A total of 42 surface sediment samples from water depths of 0.9–17.0 m, and 12 chironomid taxa, were used in the analysis. The first principal component analysis (PCA) axis explained 59.3 % of the variance in the chironomid assemblage and there was a significant correlation between PCA axis 1 scores and water depth (R2 = 0.84, P < 0.001). The chironomid assemblages change significantly at 8.0 m water depth. This threshold corresponds to an abrupt change in the basin slope and the spatial distribution of aquatic vascular plants. Redundancy analysis showed that abundances of Chironomus plumosus-type, Microchironomus and Cryptochironomus are positively correlated with water depth, whereas abundances of Tanytarsus, Polypedilum nubifer-type, Cricotopus and Psectrocladius sordidellus-type are negatively correlated with water depth. These ecological relationships are supported by published data. Qualitative chironomid-inferred changes in lake level and diatom-inferred changes in salinity from sediment core BSTC001 were compared. Close agreement in trends for these two variables validates the use of chironomid assemblages to study palaeo-hydrological variability in this westerlies-dominated, arid region of central Asia. 相似文献
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政府间国际气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）2007年发布了第4次评估报告后,全球气候变化问题再次成为国际社会、科技界和社会公众关注的焦点之一,并迅速成为了一个重要的国际科学和政治议题。 2007年以来,尤其是第4次国际极地年的实施,越来越多的观测和研究事实表明,北极和南极地区正在出现快速地变化着,这些变化也正在从量上到质量变化,当在跨越这种变化的阈门时,可能出现：北冰洋会在2040年前后出现夏季无海冰所引起的北半球大范围的持续暴雪的寒冷冬季;2050年左右南极上空臭氧空洞可能消失并恢复到上世纪80年代水平,南极地区可能会快速升温并引起东南极冰盖和海冰快速融化,使海平面升高加速;极区海水温度快速升高会驱动极区表层海洋和上覆大气之间CO2分压平衡加速,极区海洋也会大量吸收大气CO2,并诱发海水酸化及对极区生态系统产生不可逆的破坏。因此,南极和北极地区的快速变化,正在扮演对全球气候变化的指示和调控作用。 相似文献
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Development on management and sharing of data collected in Chinese Antarctic and Arctic Research Expeditions 
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下载免费PDF全文 Combined with the current status of Antarctic data management and the characteristics of polar science data resulted from Chinese Antarctic and Arctic Research Expeditions, the Chinese Polar Science Database System(CPSDS) has been designed and established in 2002. The infrastructure, technical standard, mechanism of sharing data of this system are reviewed in this article. Meanwhile, the development of Chinese polar data management is summarized. As the metadata is the powerful and useful tool for managing and disseminating scientific data, the metadata is also used as “search engine” of CPSDS. Besides, the trend of data management and sharing is also discussed. 相似文献
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Anatoli L. Levshin Johannes Schweitzer Christian Weidle Nikolai M. Shapiro Michael H. Ritzwoller 《Geophysical Journal International》2007,170(1):441-459
The goal of this study is to refine knowledge of the structure and tectonic history of the European Arctic using the combination of all available seismological surface wave data, including historical data that were not used before for this purpose. We demonstrate how the improved data coverage leads to better depth and spatial resolution of the seismological model and discovery of intriguing features of upper-mantle structure. To improve the surface wave data set in the European Arctic, we extensively searched for broad-band data from stations in the area from the beginning of the 1970s until 2005. We were able to retrieve surface wave observations from regional data archives in Norway, Finland, Denmark and Russia in addition to data from the data centres of IRIS and GEOFON. Rayleigh and Love wave group velocity measurements between 10 and 150 s period were combined with existing data provided by the University of Colorado at Boulder. This new data set was inverted for maps showing the 2-D group-velocity distribution of Love and Rayleigh waves for specific periods. Using Monte Carlo inversion, we constructed a new 3-D shear velocity model of the crust and upper mantle beneath the European Arctic which provides higher resolution and accuracy than previous models. A new crustal model of the Barents Sea and surrounding areas, published recently by a collaboration between the University of Oslo, NORSAR and the USGS, constrains the 3-D inversion of the surface wave data in the shallow lithosphere. The new 3-D model, BARMOD, reveals substantial variations in shear wave speeds in the upper mantle across the region with a nominal resolution of 1°× 1°. Of particular note are clarified images of the mantle expression of the continent-ocean transition in the Norwegian Sea and a deep, high wave speed lithospheric root beneath the Eastern Barents Sea, which presumably is the remnant of several Palaeozoic collisions. 相似文献
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Modelling diatom responses to climate induced fluctuations in the moisture balance in continental Antarctic lakes 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Elie Verleyen Dominic A. Hodgson Wim Vyverman Donna Roberts Andrew McMinn Koenraad Vanhoutte Koen Sabbe 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2003,30(2):195-215
The water chemistry of lake systems on the edge of the Antarctic continent responds quickly to changes in the moisture balance. This is expressed as increasing salinity and decreasing lake water level during dry periods, and the opposite during wet periods. The diatom composition of the lakes also changes with these fluctuations in salinity and lake water depth. This is important, as their siliceous remains become incorporated into lake sediments and can provide long-term records of past salinity using transfer functions. In order to develop transfer functions, diatoms and water chemistry data were inter-calibrated from five different East Antarctic oases, namely the Larsemann Hills, the Bølingen Islands, the Vestfold Hills, the Rauer Islands and the Windmill Islands. Results indicate that salinity is the most important environmental variable explaining the variance in the diatom flora in East Antarctic lakes. In oligo- saline lakes the variance is mainly explained by lake water depth. This dataset was used to construct a weighted averaging transfer function for salinity in order to infer historical changes in the moisture balance. This model has a jack-knifed r2 of 0.83 and a RMSEP of 0.31. The disadvantage of this transfer function is that salinity changes in oligo-saline lakes are reconstructed inaccurately due to the edge effect and due to the low species turnover along the salinity gradient at its lower end. In order to infer changes in the moisture balance in these lakes, a second transfer function using weighted averaging partial least squares (with two components) for depth was constructed. This model has a jack-knifed r2 of 0.76 and a RMSEP of 0.22. Both transfer functions can be used to infer climate driven changes in the moisture balance in lake sediment cores from oligo-, hypo-, meso- and hyper-saline lakes in East Antarctic oases between 102–75°E. The transfer function for lake water depth is promising to track trends in the moisture balance of small freshwater lakes, where changes in shallow and deep-water sediments are readily reflected in changing diatom composition. 相似文献
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重力资料结合磁性体埋深计算和地震折射资料的分析 ,表明在南极半岛和东南极克拉通之间的菲尔希内尔和罗纳冰架之下存在一减薄的地壳。推测该区地壳的减薄主要由南极半岛和东南极克拉通之间的近东西向拉张作用所造成 ,该作用很可能发生在陆架盆地发展的早期。 相似文献
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Diatom-based water chemistry reconstructions from northern Sweden: a comparison of reconstruction techniques 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
The diatom composition in surface sediments from 119 northern Swedish lakes was studied to examine the relationship with lake-water pH, alkalinity, and colour. Diatom-based predictive models, using weighted-averaging (WA) regression and calibration, partial least squares (PLS) regression and calibration, and weighted-averaging partial least squares (WA-PLS) regression and calibration, were developed for inferences of water chemistry conditions. The non-linear response between the diatom assemblages and pH and alkalinity was best modelled by weighted-averaging methods. The lowest prediction error for pH was obtained using weighted averaging, with or without tolerance downweighting. For alkalinity there was still some information in the residual structure after extracting the first weighted-averaging component, which resulted in a slight improvement of predictions when using a two component WA-PLS model. The best colour predictions were obtained using a two component PLS model. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the prediction errors, with some characteristics of the training set included as passive variables, was performed to compare the results for the different alkalinity predictive models. The results indicate that calibration techniques utilizing more than one component (PLS and WA-PLS) can improve the predictions for lakes with diatom taxa that have broad tolerances. Furthermore, we show that WA-PLS performs best compared with the other techniques for those lakes that have a high relative abundance of the most dominant taxa and a corresponding low sample heterogeneity. 相似文献
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本文利用2008年我国第三次北极科学考察的机会,分析了夏季楚科奇海微微型、微型浮游植物和细菌丰度的分布特征,并探讨了它们与楚科奇海水团之间的关系。结果表明：与北冰洋的其它海域相比,楚科奇海的微型浮游植物丰度相对较高（0.03~10.23×103 cells/mL）,微微型浮游植物则大致相同（0.01~2.21×103 cells/mL）,而浮游细菌丰度明显较高（0.21~9.61×106 cells/mL）。白令海陆架水与海冰融化混合水和阿纳德尔水浮游植物群落结构不同,夏季随着太平洋水入流水对楚科奇海的日益影响,其水体本身的群落结构可能被外来群落替代。 相似文献
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Erin M. Barley Ian R. Walker Joshua Kurek Les C. Cwynar Rolf W. Mathewes Konrad Gajewski Bruce P. Finney 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2006,36(3):295-314
Freshwater midges, consisting of Chironomidae, Chaoboridae and Ceratopogonidae, were assessed as a biological proxy for palaeoclimate in eastern Beringia. The northwest North American training set consists of midge assemblages and data for 17 environmental variables collected from 145 lakes in Alaska, British Columbia, Yukon, Northwest Territories, and the Canadian Arctic Islands. Canonical correspondence analyses (CCA) revealed that mean July air temperature, lake depth, arctic tundra vegetation, alpine tundra vegetation, pH, dissolved organic carbon, lichen woodland vegetation and surface area contributed significantly to explaining midge distribution. Weighted averaging partial least squares (WA-PLS) was used to develop midge inference models for mean July air temperature (r
boot2 = 0.818, RMSEP = 1.46°C), and transformed depth (ln (x+1); r
boot2 = 0.38, and RMSEP = 0.58). 相似文献
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根据 2 0 0 3年中国第二次北极科学考察资料 ,并结合历史现场调查资料和同期的海冰分布 ,分析了白令海峡及其周围海域的水体结构及变化情况 ,得到如下结论 :( 1 ) 2 0 0 3年夏季白令海峡区域层结构季节内变化显著 ,东西部呈两层结构 ,而中部上下水体均匀一致 ,( 2 )白令海峡邻近海域温盐结构是东部高温低盐 ,西部低温高盐 ,西部存在明显上升流特征 ;( 3)白令海峡的水交换以北太平洋水通过白令海峡进入北冰洋为主 ,而温度、盐度的分布也与北向的输运是匹配的。 相似文献