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1.
以近30 年Web of Science 核心数据库收录的2472 篇应急避难场所相关文献为基础,首先统计发文数量时间分布和期刊分布,然后利用Citespace可视化软件,从发文作者、机构、国家、关键词和学科方向5个方面分别进行知识图谱分析。结果表明:近30年来应急避难场所研究发文呈现由缓慢探索、稳步发展向高速发展的阶段;发文期刊主要为自然灾害类、紧急医学类、工程技术类;研究作者群较多,学术交流较为紧密;美国和中国为发文量最多的国家;路易斯安那州立大学和中国科学技术大学是主要的发文机构;从关键词发现应急避难场所目标人群主要围绕灾害救援和社会弱势群体,研究视角从单一问题和事件开始向综合系统演变,研究方法从定性的方法模型转向动力机制和信息系统开发,研究内容则注重多学科交叉和微观尺度、重视案例实证和信息共享和强调应急避难场所管理;学科方向主要为工程学和公共环境与健康两个学科。在建设韧性城市的背景下,可借鉴国际经验来构建中国应急避难场所研究体系和管理。  相似文献   

2.
基于GIS的福州应急避难所空间格局评价   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
日益凸显的突发性自然灾害对城市应急管理提出了更高的要求,应急避难所是其重要基础设施之一.本研究利用福州市社区尺度的人口统计数据建立高精度的人口密度分布图,根据应急避难所的容纳人数与人口密度图动态缓冲区分析计算其服务能力空间范围,对研究区内21个避难所的空间格局进行评价.结果表明,福州城区避难所建设数量不足,空间分布不均,人口服务辐射能力弱.针对福州城区避难所空间分布现状,分析了主要的影响因素,对福州城区应急避难场所选址提出了进一步优化建议,认为在人口分散区的避难所应该增加数量,适当减小规模;而在人口稠密区则可增加规模适中的避难所建设.  相似文献   

3.
科学评估避难场所的服务效率是提高城市应急水平的前提。传统对避难场所服务效率的评估多偏重于避难场所空间布局的合理性,缺少对避难者的空间布局和避难行为等避难需求的考虑,这会使评估结果造成偏差,从而容易引起资源配置的低效率。本文构建了多主体模拟模型,模拟避难者灾后对避难场所的选择、奔跑、安置等关键疏散行为过程,量化评估该地区避难场所服务效率。本文对比了两种量化评估指标在同一案例评估的差异性,一种是传统方法中空间可达性(服务半径覆盖率),一种是利用疏散行为模拟计算出的避难成功率;北京市海淀区的实证研究显示两项指标在同一案例区有巨大差异。这一分析结果显示,传统评估仅利用服务半径覆盖率这一指标来分析避难场所布局现状及规划的合理性存在不足。通过避难疏散行为的模拟发现,以下指标的使用有望辅助提高评估的真实性:①避难场所的利用效率。由于设施的利用效率不均衡,会导致避难场所超容或闲置的情况。在充分考虑避难场所的有效服务面积和服务人口的基础上,设计“人均避难面积”等反应利用效率的指标就显得十分必要。②避难标识系统的连通性。避难模拟的实验显示避难标识系统可能对避难者逃生疏散具有分流和引导作用,据此,避难场所与周边居民区的标识系统的连通性也是评价其服务效率的关键指标。  相似文献   

4.
以福建省石狮市中心城区为例,利用空间分析和空间句法等分析城市开发强度、整合度和城市活力的分布特征及三者之间的联动效应,探索对城市聚类空间分异研究的新途径。结果表明:(1)研究区开发强度具有“圈层+轴线”分布特征,沿商业用地呈轴线明晰的高开发强度;整合度和城市活力“中—高—中—低”圈层分布明晰,空间分布不均,沿商业用地和商住混合用地形成了具有带动城市活力的商业环带。(2)地块的区位条件、用地功能等是城市开发强度、整合度和城市活力之间联动效应的决定因素,解析三者之间联动效应的内在机制可以将研究区精确划定为9个聚类空间分异类型。这种联动效应的应用可以引导城市空间结构的调控和城市问题的生态治理。  相似文献   

5.
综合考虑海平面上升、陆域和海域地形变化、海塘沉降等因素,本文以上海历史上引发强风暴潮的热带气旋TC5612、TC8114和TC0012为基础,构建了12种复合灾害情景,利用MIKE21 FM模型模拟分析了不同情景下台风风暴潮对上海造成的漫滩淹没影响.结果表明:以2010年为模拟基准年份,由于上海地区有高标准的海塘防护,发生风暴潮漫堤淹没的概率极低;但随着时间情景的改变,各情景要素强度加大,漫滩淹没危险性逐渐增大;在2040年的复合灾害情景中,以正面登陆类热带气旋造成的影响为最大,局部区域淹没深度可达3.0m以上,全市25.23%的海塘和防汛墙存在漫堤危险,漫堤淹没危险区的面积可达到909.53 km2.在此基础上开展了应急避难模拟及避难场所优化研究,进而针对性地提出了保护城市水源涵养区、开挖城市蓄水空间、提高部分海塘设防水平、加强城市排涝系统建设和优化城市应急避难场所布局等空间应对方案.研究成果给上海新一轮“城市安全与综合防灾规划”提供了科学依据.  相似文献   

6.
长春市公共服务设施用地演变格局与机制   总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1  
张婧  李诚固  周国磊  申庆喜  马佐澎 《地理学报》2015,70(12):1939-1952
公共服务设施用地是城市功能用地的主要组成部分,公共服务设施用地的集聚与扩散可以更直接地揭示城市空间结构与城市中心地的演变特征。本文以长春市中心城区为研究范围,利用城市用地现状图、地形图等数据资源,借助GIS软件,采用核密度、斑块聚合度指数等方法,分析了长春市2003-2013年公共服务设施用地演变特征与机制。研究发现:公共服务设施用地规模增速低于城市建成区的增速;公共服务设施用地演变特征的圈层差异明显;公共服务设施用地空间结构从“单一化核心+多次级中心”到“多样化核心+多次级中心”,空间格局从“大分散、小集中”到“大集中、小分散”;城市不同公共服务设施用地类型表现出不同的演变特征;城市公共服务设施用地演变机制为城市功能空间的整体提升、城市功能空间的互动耦合、土地利用的市场竞争、交通设施与网络的完善、城市规划的引导与调控、城市大事件的快速推动。  相似文献   

7.
识别和刻画城市设施外部性一直是人文地理学和城市规划的研究热点和难点。论文聚焦文化设施外部性内涵识别,切入文化产业集聚与业态视角探讨不同时期宁波中心城区文化设施与文化企业微区位的空间耦合,甄别文化设施的文化产业发展作用机制。研究发现:(1) 2010—2020年宁波中心城区文化设施集聚格局由“双核多点”演变为“团状三核多点”,原有集聚核心的规模不断成长,新的集聚点也不断涌现;(2) 2010—2020年,文化企业集聚格局由“团状单核多点”演变成“团状三核多点”,业态丰度自三江口老城区和东部新城向外围逐渐衰减;(3)文化设施与文化企业的聚集格局演变基本一致,均由单核或双核多点演变为“三核多点”;(4)文化设施的外部性表现为推动文化产业集聚的规模增长和业态结构完善,核心路径是文化氛围营造、文商复合、文化消费力提高等。研究成果开拓了城市设施外部性研究新视角,可为城市文化设施布局和文化产业发展激励政策的制定提供理论依据。  相似文献   

8.
充分利用大数据开展城市用地功能识别,有助于把握城市空间结构,推动城市内部空间合理布局。POI数据是大数据时代一种较易获得且极具代表性的空间点状数据,能够有效地确定城市用地的实际功能。以济南市内五区的185126条POI数据为基础,对所得数据进行去重、纠偏、重分类,构建城市用地功能分类体系,运用频数密度、类型比例及核密度估计,识别济南市内五区城市用地功能并利用误差矩阵对识别结果进行检验。结果表明:①混合功能用地与单一功能用地呈现圈层化地域分布特征,“核心-外围”分异明显;②由内向外单一功能用地集聚趋势减弱,混合功能用地多样性降低,不同用地表现出不同的空间分布模式;③通过误差矩阵及与用地规划图中规划用地及电子地图的实际用地对比,识别总体精度为75.67%,识别结果较为准确。  相似文献   

9.
北京市公共文化设施服务水平空间格局和特征   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
本文从设施数量、质量、空间分布和满意度4方面,构建设施服务水平综合评价指标体系,借助多指标综合评价法、GIS空间分析和三维模拟技术,探讨北京市中心城区公共文化设施服务水平的空间分布格局和差异特征。由公共文化设施服务水平评价结果得出,不同类型设施服务水平空间差异显著,文化服务中心(文化站)服务水平最高,艺术馆最低。由公共文化服务水平分区可知,54.96%的街道处于低水平。在此基础上总结出其空间特征如下:设施服务水平空间分布不均衡,服务水平整体上呈现明显的“核心—外围”空间结构,沿核心到外围递减,并且核心区较高,西北部和南部地区偏低;服务水平空间分异趋势明显,在东西和南北方向上均呈倒“U”型趋势,并且东西方向相对于南北方向变化较为平缓,由西到东微弱上升;文化设施服务水平空间分布与人口空间分布相关性较弱;文化设施等级与服务水平基本相匹配,高等级设施占比较多的城区设施服务水平也较高。  相似文献   

10.
基于空间紧凑发展内涵,构建综合指数模型,分析2005—2020年上海空间紧凑度的演变特征并与国内外城市进行比较,进一步利用时空地理加权回归模型分析城市形态结构对空间紧凑度的影响效应。研究发现:(1)空间紧凑度呈现中心高外围低的圈层式分布特征,中心城区普遍趋于稳定,外围城区增长较快,且与其他同类城市比较处于高紧凑发展水平;但受政策及规划影响,紧凑度分指标在空间格局上存在显著差异。(2)城市密度与空间紧凑度呈倒“U”型关系,功能混合度和用地形态与空间紧凑度呈近线性关系,且城市密度与之关联性最强。(3)整体上城市密度和功能混合度均对空间紧凑发展产生促进效应,而用地形态表现出抑制效应;分区尺度上形态、功能和密度要素对空间紧凑度的影响效应存在显著差异。(4)通过中心城区与外围城区的差异性空间结构调整,控制国土空间规划形态结构指标来提升城市紧凑发展水平。  相似文献   

11.
The timely and secure evacuation of residents to nearby urban emergency shelters is of great importance during unexpected disaster events. However, evacuation and allocation of shelters are seldom examined as a whole, even though they are usually closely related tasks in disaster management. To conduct better spatial allocation of emergency shelters in cities, this study proposes a new method which integrates techniques of multi-agent system and multi-criteria evaluation for spatial allocation of urban emergency shelters. Compared with the traditional emergency shelter allocation methods, the proposed method highlights the importance of dynamic emergency evacuation simulations for spatial allocation suitability analysis. Three kinds of agents involved in evacuation and sheltering procedures are designed: government agents, shelter agents, and resident agents. Emergency evacuations are simulated based on the interactions of these agents to find potential problems, for example, time-consuming evacuation processes and road congestion. A case study in Jing’an District, Shanghai, China was conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method. After three rounds of simulation and optimization, new shelters were spatially allocated and a detailed recommended plan of shelters and related facilities was generated. The optimized spatial allocation of shelters may help local residents to be evacuated more quickly and securely.  相似文献   

12.
《Urban geography》2013,34(2):99-126
A framework for analyzing the structure of urban emergency shelter networks is proposed. The shelter and service network consists of clients, shelters, support services, and a political context shaped by state policies and community attitudes. The example of Metropolitan Toronto shows that, while it might be true that there is a need for more permanent housing, there also exists a real need for emergency shelters. A problem exists for certain groups who might seek temporary shelter in suburban areas because of the unequal spatial distribution of shelters and support services between the inner City of Toronto and suburban municipalities. The recent suburbanization of some shelters has been dominated by shelters for women and children. Patterns of repeat usage of the shelter network suggest that certain client groups might not have access to all the support services they need. The conclusions argue that urban shelter networks offer an opportunity for geographers to consider more closely the links between housing, policy, and political ideologies.  相似文献   

13.
《Urban geography》2013,34(4):294-316
A trajectory of city siting policies for homeless shelters is examined, reflecting either community opposition per se or the city's fear of community opposition. Furthermore, these policies created distinct geographic patterns of shelter siting. New York City's shelter siting history, from the beginning of mandatory shelter provision in the early 1980s to the institution of fair-share planning for the dispersal of city-owned facilities in 1990, is examined. City siting responses—isolation, circumvention, and cooperation—correlate with the type of community opposition being mounted.  相似文献   

14.
深圳市地形对土地利用动态的影响   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
基于RS和GIS的技术支持,以深圳市为案例,利用多时段土地利用数据和地形数据,分析土地利用变化的时空分异,研究城市地域地形对土地利用动态的影响。分析表明,土地利用在空间上的变化引起其垂直重心的变化,耕地重心降低,林地和建设用地重心上升。深圳市地形对土地利用动态有明显的制约作用,主要表现为:随着高程和坡度的升高,土地利用动态度大致呈降低趋势。随着城市化的加深,同一高程带和坡度带上土地利用动态度呈加大趋势。土地利用动态度的情景分析指出,在自然景观时期、农业景观成熟期和后城市化时期,土地利用在高程带和坡度带上都比较稳定,动态度低;在这三个时期之间是农业化时期和快速城市化时期,土地利用动态度高。  相似文献   

15.
基于时空路径的城市公交时间可靠性研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
时间可靠性是公交重要的时空特性之一,提高公交时间可靠性有助于提高公共交通吸引力。基于时间地理学,从时空过程的角度对公交时间可靠性进行了研究。利用公交时空路径,提出一种城市公交时间可靠性的评价方法,该方法包括单程准时度、单程准时稳定度、站点准时度、站点准时稳定度4个指标。然后利用广州公交GPS数据对各指标进行计算。结果表明,公交时间可靠性随着线路长度增大和站点数增加而降低,随着用地类型的不同而变化,其中商业用地内的时间可靠性最大,并且时段不同,可靠性也有较大差异,其中早高峰的时间可靠性最低,从而验证了所提出评价方法的有效性。  相似文献   

16.
The accurate location and allocation of disaster emergency shelters are key components of effective urban planning and emergency management. Various models have been developed to solve the location-allocation problem, but gaps remain with regard to model realism and associated applicability. For the available location and allocation models of earthquake emergency shelters, uncertainty with respect to earthquake hazard, population exposure, rate of damage to buildings and the effects of evacuee behavior are often neglected or oversimplified. Moreover, modifying the models can be an alternative means of improving the solution quality when the optimization algorithm has difficulty coping with a complex, high-dimensional problem. This article develops a scenario-based hybrid bilevel model that addresses the concerns related to high-dimensional complexity and provides a higher degree of realism by incorporating the uncertainties of population dynamics and earthquake damage scenarios into location-allocation problems for earthquake emergency shelters. A modified particle swarm optimization algorithm combined with a simulated annealing algorithm was applied to derive solutions using the hybrid bilevel model and a conventional multi-objective model, and the solutions obtained using the two models were then compared. The novel features of the study include the hybrid bilevel model that considers the dynamic number of evacuees and its implementation for earthquake emergency shelter location and allocation. The results show that the solutions significantly differ between daytime and nighttime. When applied to the multi-objective model, the optimization algorithm is time consuming and may only find the local optima and provide suboptimal solutions in the considered scenarios with more evacuees. By contrast, the hybrid bilevel model shows more desirable performance because it significantly reduces the dimensionality of the location-allocation problem based on a two-step-to-reach approach. The proposed hybrid bilevel model is proven to be useful for optimal shelter allocation, and the presented results can be used as a reference for balancing the interests of the government and residents during the planning of shelters in Beijing.  相似文献   

17.
《Urban geography》2013,34(6):536-557
Although much has been written about the abstract spaces of homelessness, relatively less has been documented on how the architecture of homeless shelters intersects with the homeless experience. Emergency shelters are the first places where homeless families begin their journey toward becoming "homed." Studies suggest that there is a middle-class bias in the design of emergency homeless shelters, but how do its spaces contribute to the route out of homelessness? Through narratives of homeless families, and observations of the places they occupy in an emergency shelter in Arizona, this article illustrates how they engage with the shelter's architecture to construct notions of home and homelessness. This study suggests that while homeless families try to achieve the psychological qualities of a "home" in the shelter, the materiality of the places in the shelter, where these qualities are acquired or negotiated, become important symbolic markers to becoming "homed."  相似文献   

18.
Allocation for earthquake emergency shelters is a complicated geographic optimization problem because it involves multiple sites, strict constraints, and discrete feasible domain. Huge solution space makes the problem computationally intractable. Traditional brute-force methods can obtain exact optimal solutions. However, it is not sophisticated enough to solve the complex optimization problem with reasonable time especially in high-dimensional solution space. Artificial intelligent algorithms hold the promise of improving the effectiveness of location search. This article proposes a modified particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to deal with the allocation problem of earthquake emergency shelter. A new discrete PSO and the feasibility-based rule are incorporated according to the discrete solution space and strict constraints. In addition, for enhancing search capability, simulated annealing (SA) algorithm is employed to escape from local optima. The modified algorithm has been applied to the allocation of earthquake emergency shelters in the Zhuguang Block of Guangzhou City, China. The experiments have shown that the algorithm can identify the number and locations of emergency shelters. The modified PSO algorithm shows a better performance than other hybrid algorithms presented in the article, and is an effective approach for the allocation problem of earthquake emergency shelters.  相似文献   

19.
赵鹏军  万婕 《地理科学》2020,40(1):12-21
城市交通与土地利用间的协调发展是科学调控城市发展的重要环节。在基于地租理论的微观区位决策与土地利用与交通系统宏观动态交互理论基础上,回顾了城市交通与土地利用一体化模型的发展过程及不同依据下的分类特征,对空间相互作用和重力模型理论模型、空间经济学理论模型、随机效用和离散选择模型和基于行为的微观模型4类一体化模型的优劣进行了系统梳理分析。分析表明,具有合理理论基础、科学数据处理方法、较高模型精度和政策评估适用性的一体化模型仍存在巨大发展空间。近年来西方学者研究趋向微观化、综合化和简约化,而国内一体化模型发展相对滞后,要求模型理论与综合实证开发的进一步突破。特别是在新数据、新交通技术、国土空间规划体系背景下,城市交通与土地利用一体化模型将从“空间”模型向“时空间”模型转变;从“宏观”集计模型向“微观”行为模型转变;从“交通-土地”模型向“综合系统”模型转变;从“样本数据”模型向“大数据”模型转变;从“交通规划”应用向“国土空间规划”应用转变。旨在对城市交通与土地利用一体化模型的一般结构、原理类型、当前面临的问题和挑战进行深入剖析,以推进一体化模型在中国的研究与开发。  相似文献   

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