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1.
呼伦贝尔沙质草甸草原洼地植物群落变化分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
选择呼伦贝尔沙质草甸草原上的干洼地,采用系统取样方法对不同微地貌部位的植物群落变化进行研究。发现,草原区微地貌变化对生境异质性的控制作用明显。在洼地中旱生植物和旱生植物占优势,中旱生植物在阴(N)坡和下坡位或坡底占优势,旱生植物在阳(S)坡最占优势。下坡位或坡底的多年生植物比例最高,其次是阴(N)坡和中坡位,上坡位和阳(S)坡最少。洼地内出现了12个不同类型的群落。同一坡向的植被覆盖度、地上生物量、草层高度呈现下坡位>中坡位>上坡位的趋势。主要物种的重要值波动很大,表明洼地内的地形因子分配不均匀。SW上坡位植物群落特征各项指标均出现低值,导致局部恶劣环境的微地貌产出部位,与风蚀坑集中分布区耦合。表明SW坡上部风蚀沙漠化的高发生率与该微地貌部位植被发育差有关。  相似文献   

2.
流动沙地灌丛内外生境中土壤动物群落结构研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
以中国科学院奈曼沙漠化研究站为依托,调查了小叶锦鸡儿灌丛内外生境中土壤动物群落特征及土壤理化特性,分析了灌丛内外生境中土壤动物群落结构的差异性,并探讨了土壤动物对灌丛覆盖流沙地表产生小生境的响应特征。结果发现,共捕获土壤动物30科,优势类群有大赤螨科、等节跳科和虱啮科,常见类群有球角跳科,中型土壤动物占绝对优势。土壤动物密度、类群数和多样性指数灌丛内显著高于灌丛外(p<0.05);土壤动物群落均匀度和优势度变化趋势相反,但灌丛内外无显著差异性(p>0.05)。调查季节(夏季)灌丛内外小生境的土壤温度、酸碱度及有机碳含量差异是主要影响因素。流动沙地灌丛下生境中土壤动物分布表现出了明显的聚集现象,土壤动物多样性显著增加,表明小叶锦鸡儿灌丛覆盖流动沙地后能够显著改变土壤动物生存的微生境,从而导致土壤动物群落结构发生了深刻变化。而且,由于对灌丛内外微生境的选择性和适应性差异,动物类群产生了不同的响应模式。  相似文献   

3.
基于2005年以来对卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区鹅喉羚分布调查和栖息地样方采集,运用GIS技术进行目视解译与图层叠加分析进行鹅喉羚分布研究,并运用选择指数与选择系数模型探讨鹅喉羚的生境选择.研究发现,保护区内鹅喉羚四季分布虽有明显差异,但主要分布区位于在保护区中部的针茅、驼绒藜、沙蒿-驼绒藜、假木贼-针茅群落中.不同季节鹅喉羚对植被类型的选择有差异,春季鹅喉羚倾向选择假木贼-针茅群落和梭梭群落;夏季鹅喉羚喜欢针茅群落、驼绒藜群落、梭梭群落;秋季鹅喉羚则倾向选择针茅群落和假木贼-针茅群落.鹅喉羚喜欢坡度平缓的地区;春季和夏季对各种坡向随机选择的,秋季不喜欢阴坡,其他坡向则几乎随机选择;春季和夏季喜欢中坡位,不喜欢上坡位,对下坡位随机选择,秋季对各种坡位随机选择.鹅喉羚的分布主要受植被类型和水源的影响,人类干扰是影响鹅喉羚冬季分布的主要因素.食物、隐蔽性和地形因素是鹅喉羚生境选择的重要影响因素.  相似文献   

4.
对干旱区优势固沙灌木柠条群落不同微生境(灌丛外和灌丛下)的土壤温度(0 cm、5 cm、10 cm和20 cm剖面深度)进行了连续测定,对比分析了晴天、降水日与灌丛对其微生境土壤温度时空变异的影响。结果表明:降水和植被灌丛对土壤温度均具有显著影响。在无雨日,受灌丛遮阴影响,灌丛外土壤温度明显高于灌丛下相同深度的土壤温度;在降水日,土壤温度主要受降水影响,降水使土壤温度明显降低,灌丛的影响作用减弱,灌丛下和灌丛外同一剖面深度的土壤温度差异较小。无雨日土壤温度日变化呈单峰型正弦曲线,随剖面深度增加,土壤温度振幅逐渐减小,峰值出现时间滞后,土壤温度垂直分布变化呈现4种典型变化曲线。夜间(日落至日出)柠条灌丛下地表温度(0 cm土壤温度)比灌丛外地表温度略高。降水日土壤温度日变化随降水过程的持续呈逐渐递减趋势,土壤温度垂直分布变化表现为随深度增加而递增的趋势。  相似文献   

5.
通过对黄土丘陵沟壑区陕西延安羊圈沟小流域坡面上退耕还林还草后形成的林地(单一种植刺槐人工林)、草地(单一的撂荒草地)、草地-林地-草地(上坡位和下坡位撂荒草地,中坡位种植刺槐人工林)及林地-草地-林地(上坡位和下坡位种植刺槐人工林,中坡位为撂荒草地)四种不同的植被格局下植物物种多样性及土壤理化性质变化的研究,旨在揭示植被恢复过程中,坡面上植被不同的空间配置模式对植物物种的组成及土壤环境变化的影响.研究发现,4种植被格局下植物物种的多样性以单一的撂荒草地坡面最高,人工林的种植一定程度上影响了林下植物物种多样性的恢复,但整个灌木和草本的群落结构4种植被格局之间均未达到极不相似水平.土壤有机碳及总氮含量均以坡面上草地-林地-草地的空间配置格局最高且有机碳存在显著差异,而撂荒草地则在土壤水分的保持及改善土壤pH值上优于其他3种植被格局.  相似文献   

6.
古尔班通古特沙漠南缘心叶驼绒藜种群更新的空间格局   总被引:6,自引:3,他引:3  
心叶驼绒藜(C. ewersmanniana)是干旱区优质牧草和防风固沙植被的主要物种。在古尔班通古特沙漠南缘选择两个200 m×200 m具代表性样地,采用Ripley’s K(d)函数分析了心叶驼绒藜种群更新空间特征以及与群落梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)、琵琶柴(Reaumuria soongorica)、新疆绢蒿(Seriphidium kaschgaricum)等三种主要灌木物种间作用关系。发现两个样点心叶驼绒藜大株(繁殖株)的空间分布对后代以及整个种群的空间分布影响极大,两个样点心叶驼绒藜大株、中株均与幼株间呈不同尺度的正关联,全部植株以及幼株都与新疆绢蒿呈正关联,与梭梭呈负关联,与琵琶柴关联性在两个样点结果相反。分析认,为心叶驼绒藜种群更新对成株依赖性极强,空间扩展能力很低。在0—35 m范围内种群更新的空间自相关性明显。四种灌木空间分布关系除受各自生态位决定外,主要受水等环境因素作用。最后对心叶驼绒藜等生态恢复方法提出建议。  相似文献   

7.
齿肋赤藓(Syntrichia caninervis)作为古尔班通古特沙漠苔藓结皮优势种,叶片仅具单层细胞,对环境变化十分敏感。非结构性碳水化合物可以较好地反应植物体对环境因子的响应及适应策略。以齿肋赤藓为研究对象,利用蒽酮比色法研究了生长于3种不同微生境下(活灌丛、死灌丛和裸露地)齿肋赤藓在不同季节(4月初春无雨期、8月高温干燥期)的非结构性碳水化合物含量变化。结果表明:与4月相比,8月齿肋赤藓植株可溶性糖、果糖、淀粉、非结构性碳水化合物总量均显著增加。不同微生境间齿肋赤藓蔗糖含量在4月和8月两个时期差异均达到显著水平,但趋势相反。除可溶性糖在8月表现显著差异外,不同微生境间齿肋赤藓植株在果糖、淀粉及非结构性碳水化合物总量方面均差异不显著。微生境与季节的交互作用对植株可溶性糖与蔗糖含量有显著影响。这可能说明不同微生境与季节所产生的不同水热因子共同调控了齿肋赤藓非结构性碳水化合物总量及各组分含量的差异性变化。  相似文献   

8.
以兰州干旱地区生态植被恢复技术研究与示范基地灌木品种研究小区为试验点,研究了黄土高原西部丘陵区坡面不同灌木下0~200 cm土层土壤水分特征,采用Brown-Forsythe检验方法和变异系数比较不同灌木覆盖下土壤水分含量的差异。结果表明:土壤水分的变化受到坡位、坡向、灌木种类的影响较大。相同土层的土壤水分变异系数基本为阴坡>半阴坡>半阳坡>阳坡。坡上部的土壤水分变化较大,坡中部和坡下部相对较稳定。多数灌木的土壤水分变异系数随着土壤深度的增加而减小,变异系数较大值相对集中在20~80 cm土层。从土壤水分的亏缺量、植物水分亏缺度来看,在植被恢复的过程中,选择荒漠锦鸡儿(Caragana roborovskyi)、甘蒙锦鸡儿(Caragana opulens)、枸杞(Lycium chinense)等耗水量相对较低的植被更加合理。  相似文献   

9.
李军  王新军  贾宏涛  赵成义 《中国沙漠》2016,36(6):1628-1636
土壤水分含量是荒漠植被发育的主要制约因子。对古尔班通古特沙漠南缘个体、群落、丘间地0~100 cm干季土壤水分含量的空间异质性进行分析。结果表明:(1)同尺度下,土壤水分含量随土层深度增加呈显著升高趋势,且表层土壤水分含量的变异系数高于其他土层。(2)个体尺度,梭梭树干基部周围土壤水分含量在垂直和水平方向存在格局分异。垂直方向,土壤水分含量随土层深度增加呈升高趋势。水平方向,随距树干基部距离增加,坡顶土壤水分含量呈升高趋势,坡中和坡底土壤水分含量呈降低趋势,但没有显著差异。(3)梭梭群落尺度上土壤水分含量异质性较强,且呈斑块状分布。(4)地形是影响丘间地尺度土壤水分含量空间分异的主要因素,形成坡底土壤水分含量最高、坡中次之、坡顶最低的空间分布格局。  相似文献   

10.
为了探讨柠条群落及环境因子与土壤水分动态响应关系,选择半干旱黄土区流域尺度不同地形条件下成熟柠条林作为观测样地,于2009-2011年生长季节(5月上旬至10月下旬),每15 d1次,对0~220 cm剖面土壤水分进行了连续测定,2010年8月测定了0~600 cm土壤水分,2011年9月调查了柠条林群落结构特征。采用SPSS17.0软件的Duncan进行多重比较、EXCEL软件进行分析作图,对各样地剖面土壤水分差异、不同年度生长季节变异、干燥化程度以及其影响因子进行了综合分析。结果表明:浅层土壤水分含量为北坡东坡南坡,下坡位高于上坡位,坡度越大土壤含水量越低。由表层至深层,地形因子影响土壤水分作用逐渐减弱,植被因子影响土壤水分作用逐渐增强。在一定区域,柠条群落盖度和高度与深层土壤水分含量呈明显的负相关。人工柠条林加重了入渗层以下的土壤干燥化程度,而且连续干旱会造成入渗层范围的临时性土壤干层,而永久性干层是柠条发育至成熟阶段的过程中,逐渐形成并一直存在的一种现象。研究结论将对进一步从多尺度(年际和季节的时间尺度、水平和垂直的空间尺度)、多因子(气候、土壤、植被、微地形等)综合研究半干旱黄土区人工植被群落及其土壤水分环境动态提供重要参考。  相似文献   

11.
黄土高原西部荒漠草原植被恢复的土壤水分管理研究   总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1  
针对兰州地区荒漠草原带具有代表性的三种地带性植被:草本植被短花针茅、灌木植被珍珠猪毛菜、荒漠锦鸡儿,对其0~2.0 m的土壤含水量进行了比较,同时对草本和灌木植被的根系进行了测定。结果表明:天然植被对土壤含水量的影响在1 m以上。随着土壤深度的不断加深,土壤含水量呈减少趋势而后趋于稳定。短花针茅区1 m以上含水量比珍珠猪毛菜和荒漠锦鸡区平均高1.08和1.21个百分点;1 m以下土壤含水量变化情况是:珍珠猪毛菜区最高,荒漠锦鸡儿区最低。本文在分析了兰州地区荒漠草原区土壤水分动态的基础上,提出了这一地区植被恢复的对策。  相似文献   

12.
生物量是植物积累能量的主要体现,其在各器官中的分配是植物对环境适应的结果,反映了植物的生长策略。生物量分配会影响不同碳库之间的碳周转,进而影响陆地生态系统碳循环。选取腾格里沙漠东南缘荒漠草地的4种优势灌木种,采用全挖法在个体水平上研究了各器官的生物量以及地下-地上生物量关系(根冠比R/S),试图揭示生物量在各器官中以及地下-地上的分配格局。结果表明:不同物种生物量在地上部分各器官中的分配策略不同;R/S也不相同,其中红砂(Reaumuria soongarica)最大(中值为0.972),珍珠(Salsola passerina) (中值为0.744)和驼绒藜(Ceratoides latens)(中值为0.670)次之,盐爪爪(Kalidium foliatum)最小(中值为0.179),这表明4种灌木具有各自独特的生长策略。随着灌木的生长,冠幅和生物量不断增大,R/S呈下降趋势,说明植物在开始生长阶段对限制性的水分和养分可能有更高的竞争需求。4种灌木的根系分布在不同种间也存在差异,盐爪爪根系较浅(主要分布在0~30 cm土层),其次是珍珠(主要分布在0~50 cm土层),驼绒藜和红砂的根系分布较深(主要分布在0~70 cm土层)。驼绒藜、红砂和珍珠的地下-地上生物量分配模式支持等速生长假说,而盐爪爪的地下-地上生物量分配模式则不支持该假说。4种灌木的地上生物量与地下生物量(经对数转换)均呈极显著的线性相关关系(p<0.001),决定系数介于0.81~0.93之间,这一相关关系可以应用于对荒漠草地地下生物量的估算。本结果有助于进一步研究荒漠生态系统的生物量分配格局和碳循环。  相似文献   

13.
We quantified soil nutrients and biological crust cover (bryophytes and lichens) under the canopies of three species of Mojave Desert shrubs and in interspaces between shrubs at three elevations to determine the effects of shrub species, soil crust, and elevation on islands of soil fertility. Means of pH, organic matter, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, nitrogen mineralization, and gravimetric soil moisture are significantly greater in soils under Ambrosia dumosa (Gray) Payne, Larrea tridentata Cov., and Coleogyne ramosissima Torr. than soils from adjacent interspace microhabitats. Although soil moisture and soil organic matter increase by a factor of 1.5 from the low elevation to the high elevation site, the ratio of shrub to interspace concentrations, or the difference in mean soil variables between shrubs and interspaces, is effectively constant and independent of elevation. Total bryophyte and lichen cover is relatively low (24.5%), however, there are 11 species of bryophytes and two species of lichens distributed across three elevations with the highest species richness and cover at the low-elevation site. Bryophyte and lichen cover is correlated with silt but is not related, consistently, to soil nutrients. Overall, the balance of processes controlling spatial aggregation of soil nutrients under shrubs is remarkably insensitive to potential differences in organic inputs among elevations, shrub species, and soil crust surfaces.  相似文献   

14.
Overgrazing has been considered one of the maj or causes that trigger shrub encroachment of grassland. Proliferation of shrubs in grassland is recognized as an important indicator of grassland degradation and desertification. In China, various conservation measures, including enclosures to reduce livestock grazing, have been taken to reverse the trend of grassland desertification, yet shrubs have been reported to increase in the grasslands over the past decades. In late 2007, we set up a 400-m-by-50-m exclosure in a long-term overgrazed temperate grassland in Inner Mongolia, with the ob- jective to quantify the spatiotemporal relationship between vegetation dynamics, soil variables, and grazing exclusion. Soil moisture was continuously monitored within the exclosure, and cover and aboveground biomass of the shrubs were measured inside the exclosure in 2007, 2009, 2010, 2012, and 2013, and outside the exclosure in 2012 and 2013. We found the average shrub cover and biomass significantly increased in the six years by 103 % and 120%, respectively. The result supported the hypothesis that releasing grazing pressure following long-term overgrazing tends to trigger shrub invasion into grassland. Our results, limited to a single gradient, suggest that any conservation measures with quick release of overgrazing pressure by enclosure or other similar means might do just the opposite to accelerate shrub en- croachment in grassland. The changes in vegetation cover and biomass were regressed on the temporal average of the soil moisture content by means of the generalized least square technique to quantify the effect of the spatial autocor- relation. The result indicates that the grass cover and biomass significantly increased with the top, but decreased with the bottom layer soil moisture. The shrub cover and biomass, on the other hand, decreased with the top, but increased with bottom soil moisture, although the regression coefficients for the shrubs were not statistically significant. Hence this study supports the two-layered soil model which assumes grasses and shrubs use belowground resources in dif- ferent depths.  相似文献   

15.
Shrub-induced spatial and temporal heterogeneity of soil properties is common in arid and semiarid ecosystems, and it facilitates the development of plant species diversity. We selected 5-, 10-, 20-, 30-, and 40-year-old Caragana microphylla shrubs in the Shanxi Loess Plateau to evaluate the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of soil properties under and outside the shrub canopy. In addition, the presence of adventitious plant species was investigated to assess the development of herbaceous species diversity. Soil samples were collected from two depths (0-5 cm and 5-10 cm). The establishment and development of shrubs promoted temporal variation, improved soil texture, enhanced soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), and cation exchange capacity (CEC), and decreased pH, bulk density (BD), and soil water content (SWC). The results further confirmed that SOM, TN, and CEC were significantly higher at the center than at the outside of the shrub canopies (P < 0.05) and were higher at the 0-5 cm depth than at the 5-10 cm depth. Moreover, the differences in SOM, TN, and CEC from the center to the outside of shrub canopies were greater under 30- and 40-year-old shrubs than under 10- and 5-year-old shrubs. Furthermore, the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of the soil properties facilitated the development of herbaceous species diversity.  相似文献   

16.
Liu  Muxing  Wang  Qiuyue  Guo  Li  Yi  Jun  Lin  Henry  Zhu  Qing  Fan  Bihang  Zhang  Hailin 《地理学报(英文版)》2020,30(6):949-968
Rainfall provides essential water resource for vegetation growth and acts as driving force for hydrologic process, bedrock weathering and nutrient cycle in the steep hilly catchment. But the effects of rainfall features, vegetation types, topography, and also their interactions on soil water movement and soil moisture dynamics are inadequately quantified. During the coupled wet and dry periods of the year 2018 to 2019, time-series soil moisture was monitored with 5-min interval resolution in a hilly catchment of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area in China. Three hillslopes covered with evergreen forest(EG), secondary deciduous forest mixed with shrubs(SDFS) and deforested pasture(DP) were selected, and two monitoring sites with five detected depths were established at upslope and downslope position, respectively. Several parameters expressing soil moisture response to rainfall event were evaluated, including wetting depth, cumulative rainfall amount and lag time before initial response, maximum increase of soil water storage, and transform ratio of rainwater to soil water. The results indicated that rainfall amount is the dominant rainfall variable controlling soil moisture response to rainfall event. No soil moisture response occurred when rainfall amounts was 8 mm, and all the deepest monitoring sensors detected soil moisture increase when total rainfall amounts was 30 mm. In the wet period, the cumulative rainfall amount to trigger surface soil moisture response in EG-up site was significantly higher than in other five sites. However, no significant difference in cumulative rainfall amount to trigger soil moisture response was observed among all study sites in dry period. Vegetation canopy interception reduced the transform ratio of rainwater to soil water, with a higher reduction in vegetation growth period than in other period. Also, interception of vegetation canopy resulted in a largeraccumulated rainfall amount and a longer lag time for initiating soil moisture response to rainfall. Generally, average cumulative rainfall amount for initiating soil moisture response during dry period of all sites(3.5–5.6 mm) were less than during wet period(5.7–19.7 mm). Forests captured more infiltration water compared with deforested pasture, showing the larger increments of both soil water storage for the whole soil profile and volumetric soil water content at 10 cm depth on two forest slopes. Topography dominated soil subsurface flow, proven by the evidences that less rainfall amount and less time was needed to trigger soil moisture response and also larger accumulated soil water storage increment in downslope site than in corresponding upslope site during heavy rainfall events.  相似文献   

17.
极端条件下几种锦鸡儿属灌木的生理特性   总被引:30,自引:19,他引:11  
研究了土壤极端干旱和旱后复灌条件下4种锦鸡儿属灌木(黄刺条、甘蒙锦鸡儿、白皮锦鸡儿和狭叶锦鸡儿)的光合作用、蒸腾作用、气孔调节、水势变化、叶绿素荧光和脯氨酸累积等特征。结果显示:土壤极端干旱叠加高温、高光辐射和低空气湿度,使4种灌木的生理活动降到极限,各项生理指标对小气候因子的变化已无明显响应;旱后复灌,使4种灌木的生理活动明显恢复,对小气候因子的变化响应明显;不同种对土壤干湿变化的响应程度不同,以甘蒙锦鸡儿变化幅度最大,以白皮锦鸡儿变化幅度最小;由土壤干湿条件下的生理响应可以说明,甘蒙锦鸡儿为一喜湿种,白皮锦鸡儿对土壤干湿变化的适应幅度较小,而以黄刺条和狭叶锦鸡儿的适应幅度最大。  相似文献   

18.
荒漠人工植被区浅层土壤水分空间变化特征分析   总被引:11,自引:1,他引:10  
潘颜霞  王新平 《中国沙漠》2007,27(2):250-256
研究土壤水分的空间变异及时间动态特征有助于在水文过程与生态格局之间建立定量的联系,由于土壤水分对整个地球系统的重要性,它的时间和空间变化日益引起水文界的广泛关注。干旱荒漠区年降水量稀少,土壤水分在整个生物过程中的作用就显得尤为重要。试验于2005年4月到10月在中国科学院沙坡头沙漠试验研究站人工植被区进行,主要观测1956年植被区表层(0—15 cm)和亚表层(15—30 cm)土壤水分的空间格局与动态分布及其相关影响因素。结果表明:人工植被区表层土壤水分含量明显高于亚表层,其空间变异程度为中等,空间分布的时间差异性显著;降雨是引起干旱沙地表层土壤水分空间变异的决定因素,植物根系是引起亚表层水分空间变异的重要因素。从不同微地形来看,土壤水分含量值表现为丘间低地>背风坡>迎风坡,变异程度丘间低地小于迎风坡和背风坡;地形是决定背风坡表层和亚表层以及迎风坡亚表层土壤水分空间分布的主要因素,而迎风坡表层土壤水分变化受风力等环境因子的影响较大。  相似文献   

19.
灌丛对沙质草地土壤结皮形成发育的影响及其作用机制   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
赵哈林  郭轶瑞  周瑞莲 《中国沙漠》2011,31(5):1105-1111
为了了解灌丛对沙地土壤结皮的影响及其作用机制, 2006—2007年在科尔沁沙地调查了灌丛群落土壤结皮的发育特征, 并进行了田间模拟降尘、添加凋落物和结皮生物接种的试验。结果如下:①大气降尘、凋落物和微生物接种均可明显促进沙地土壤结皮的形成;②湿润、遮荫环境要比干旱、光照环境更有利于沙地土壤结皮的形成,但土壤结皮形成和发育对水分的敏感程度要大于对光照的敏感程度;③灌丛的存在对于流动沙地土壤结皮的形成发育具有明显的促进作用,沙地栽植灌木后通常会产生肥岛效应,在冠层下逐步形成结皮,并由灌丛内向外扩散;④灌丛促进沙地土壤结皮发育的主要机制是灌丛具有降风滞尘、拦截凋落物、遮荫保湿的功能,能使土壤黏粉粒、有机质、土壤养分和水分含量明显增加,为结皮的形成发育创造了良好物质条件和环境条件。  相似文献   

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