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1.
水盐动态与土地利用变化相互作用的分析 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
利用1987年和1998年两期土地利用现状图,1988~1998年水文资料和2000年、2001年地下水和土壤水、盐含量的监测资料,分析三工河流域水盐的时空动态变化对流域土地利用的影响。1988~1998年三条河流年出山口总径流量10年间无显著变化,但上游老绿洲耕地面积逐步扩大,引水量逐年增加,可以占到出山口径流总量的90%以上。1998年相对于1988年,上游绿洲地下水位有所下降,而所有下游观测点的地下水位均有所升高,盐渍化问题加剧。通过2000年和2001年三工河流域下游的新垦绿洲地下水、土壤的连续观测表明,从绿洲、过渡带到沙漠中,土壤盐分含量的变化梯度不大,差异不显著,而水分则有显著的下降趋势。但是在过渡带由于受绿洲灌溉过程的影响,地下水位较浅,土壤含水量较高,植被较为稳定,因此绿洲边界始终没有变化。因此水分的减少是绿洲过渡带动态稳定的关键限制因子。绿洲内的撂荒地和靠近绿洲的荒漠草地受绿洲内部灌溉过程的影响,地下水位升高,超过了地下水的临界深度,同时又因为缺少灌溉的反复淋洗,在强烈的蒸发作用下,盐分的表聚现象十分明显,而且整个剖面内盐分的含量都较高,土壤的盐渍化现象非常严重。 相似文献
2.
While many studies have documented pathways of river degradation, few studies have assessed the character, capacity, and stages of river recovery. In this paper, a generic procedure to measure river recovery is developed and applied in Bega catchment, on the south coast of New South Wales (NSW), Australia. The approach is based on analysis of geomorphic units and ergodic reasoning. Historical data and field analyses are used to identify stages of river evolution throughout Bega catchment. From this, stages of river condition and pathways of adjustment are assessed for three river styles at different positions within the catchment. Five categories of river condition are identified. Intact reaches operate in a self-adjusting manner, whereby processes maintain the pre-disturbance geomorphic character of the reach. The processes occurring in restoration reaches maintain and enhance the geomorphic structure of the reach. These reaches are moderately resilient to change. The river has experienced degradation, but has recovered to a condition approximating its pre-disturbance character and behavior. Degraded reaches are still adjusting to disturbance and the processes of recovery have not yet begun. The river is experiencing progressive deterioration away from the structure and function of the pre-disturbance condition. Turning-point reaches are at the transitional stage where they can either recover or revert to a degraded state. Finally, a creation reach has a self-adjusting character and behavior but operates under altered catchment boundary conditions. The character and behavior of the river do not equate to pre-disturbance conditions; rather, the river is well adjusted to the prevailing catchment boundary conditions of water and sediment transfer, and vegetation cover and composition (among many factors). Once these conditions have been identified for each river style, all reaches in a catchment are placed on pathways of degradation and recovery, and predictions made about their direction of change. The three river styles analyzed in Bega catchment demonstrate differing recovery pathways. Some reaches are adjusting toward a restored condition, while others are adjusting toward a new (or creation) condition. The geomorphic recovery potential of each reach is determined by assessing the connectivity of reaches throughout the catchment and interpreting limiting factors to recovery (e.g., water and sediment transfer, vegetation and coarse woody debris [CWD] character and distribution). [Key words: geomorphic river condition, river recovery, river degradation, recovery potential, fluvial geomorphology, river management.] 相似文献
3.
黄河流域河型转化现象初探 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
黄河以其高含沙水流以及下游河道的高沉积速率而著称于世。迄今的研究, 主要针对黄河中下游流域的 侵蚀、水文泥沙和河床演变方面的研究, 而对黄河流域主支流发生河型转化的现象关注不够。在黄河的不同河段, 河型的变化频繁, 类型多样, 现象复杂, 是研究者不可回避的科学问题。本文选取黄河上游第一弯的玛曲河段、黄河 上游末段托克托附近河段及黄河下游高村上下河段来研究河型转化的形式及影响因素。玛曲河段沿流向发生网状 河型→弯曲河型→辫状河型的转化现象, 该系列转化呈现出由极稳定河型向极不稳定河型的转化, 这与世界上通 常可以观察到的沿流向不稳定河型向稳定河型转化的情况完全相反。这主要受到地壳的抬升、上下峡谷卡口、水动 力特征、边界沉积物特征及植被的区域分布等因素的控制。托克托附近沿流向发生了弯曲河型→顺直河型转化的 现象, 这是较稳定河型向极稳定河型的转化, 主要受到边界沉积物、水动力等因素的控制。高村上下河段沿流向发 生的辫状河型→弯曲河型转化的现象, 是由极不稳定河型向较稳定河型转化的现象, 河道边界沉积物及水动力是 其主要控制因素, 人工大堤只是限制了河道摆动的最大幅度, 对河型的性质影响不大, 但其上游河段修筑的水库导 致下泻的水流在辫状河段的侵蚀能力增强而使其边界沉积物粗化, 并将泥质物大量沉积在弯曲河段, 客观上促进 了河型的转化。 相似文献
4.
黑河下游地下水波动带土壤盐分空间变异特征分析 总被引：18，自引：3，他引：15
以黑河下游地下水波动带为研究区,根据64个样点的实验数据,采用地统计分析法对区域土壤盐分空间变异函数理论模型进行了选择,同时还利用GIS交叉验证(Cross-Validation)对目前较为薄弱的空间插值方法的适用性选择问题进行了分析.并在此基础上对整个区域土壤盐分空间分布进行了模拟,进而分析了其空间变异特征.结果表明:(1) 受地下水影响,黑河下游地下水波动带土壤盐分含量整体较高,且其空间分布具有明显的变异特征.在沿河流流向及垂直于河流流向方向上,各盐分要素在整体规律性变化基础上都存在局部性变异,且这种局部性变异在垂直于河流流向方向上比河流流向方向更显著;(2) 各盐分要素的变程为本研究今后合理布置采样点提供了参考依据,同时也为黑河下游地区水文及生态研究提供了有关研究尺度的参考信息;(3) 研究区土壤盐分空间分布模拟也为该区植被恢复提供了必要的土壤盐分信息,这对本区乃至整个黑河下游植被恢复及生态重建工作都具有重要指导意义. 相似文献
5.
Rivers in drylands typically are characterized by extreme flow variability, with long periods of little or no flow interspersed with occasional large, sometimes extreme, floods. Complete adjustment of river form and process is sometimes inhibited, resulting in a common assumption that equilibrium conditions may rarely, if ever, exist in dryland rivers, and that transient and unstable (nonequilibrium) behavior is the norm. Examples from the Channel Country and the Northern Plains in central Australia challenge that notion. Along the middle reaches of these intermediate and large, low-gradient rivers, where long duration floods generate moderate to low unit stream powers and boundary resistance is high as a result of indurated alluvial terraces, cohesive muds or riparian vegetation, there is evidence that: (1) channels have remained essentially stable despite large floods; (2) sediment transport discontinuities, while present at a catchment scale, are largely insignificant for channel form and process in individual reaches; (3) there are strong correlations between many channel form and process variables; and (4) many rivers appear to be adjusted to maximum sediment transport efficiency under conditions of low gradient, abundant within-channel vegetation and declining downstream discharge. In these middle reaches, rivers are characterized by equilibrium conditions. However, in the aggradational lower reaches of rivers on the Northern Plains, where upstream terraces are buried by younger sediments and channels are less confined, nonequilibrium conditions prevail. Here, channels sometimes undergo sudden and substantial changes in form during large floods, sediment transport discontinuities are readily apparent, and landforms such as splays remain out-of-balance with normal flows. Hence, dryland rivers can exhibit both equilibrium and nonequilibrium conditions, depending on factors such as catchment size, channel gradient, flood duration, unit stream power, channel confinement, sediment cohesion, and bank strength. [Key words: dryland rivers, floods, equilibrium, nonequilibrium, central Australia.] 相似文献
6.
Changes in intensity of wind erosion at different stages of degradation development in grasslands of Inner Mongolia, China 总被引：14，自引：1，他引：14
F.-R. Li L.-F. Kang H. Zhang L.-Y. Zhao Y. Shirato I. Taniyama 《Journal of Arid Environments》2005,62(4):567-585
Overgrazing by increasing numbers of livestock in the Horqin Sandy Land of Inner Mongolia, China, has led to extensive degradation of the region's sandy steppes. Degraded grasslands are generally classified into four main types: fixed (least degradation), semi-fixed (light degradation), semi-shifting (moderate degradation) and shifting (severe degradation) sandy lands, representing four stages of degradation development. An experiment was conducted in the Horqin Sandy Land to investigate changes in intensity of wind erosion at different stages of degradation development in sandy grasslands and determine the extent to which surface wind erosion was affected by surface-related soil and vegetation factors through their effects on surface roughness length and wind regimes. Daily wind erosion rate was monitored at four sites of degraded grassland over an erosive period from 1 April to 10 June in 2001. Soil and vegetation properties for these sites were also measured twice: one in mid-April prior to the establishment of vegetation and again in mid-June after the establishment of vegetation. Relationships between surface roughness length and soil and vegetation variables were examined at each of the two stages of vegetation development. This study shows striking differences in the intensity of surface wind erosion among sites. The daily wind erosion rate in the fixed sandy land was, on average, only about 1/5 of the rate in the semi-fixed sandy land, 1/14 of the rate in the semi-shifting sandy land and 1/47 of the rate in the shifting sandy land suggesting a much higher resistance of the fixed sandy land to wind erosion compared to other sites. Differences in rate of wind erosion between sites were attributed to between-site differences in soil and vegetation properties that exerted significant effects on wind regimes by altering surface roughness length. At the pre-establishment stage of vegetation, surface roughness length was determined by a combination of litter amount on the ground, soil surface hardness and soil moisture content, with litter amount explaining the greatest proportion of the variation. At the post-establishment stage of vegetation, the development of the surface roughness effects was mainly governed by vegetation characteristics (vegetation cover in particular), while the effects of soil surface hardness and soil moisture on surface roughness length are likely to be masked by vegetation effects. The findings suggest that better management practices of restoring vegetation in degraded grasslands are required to reduce soil erosion losses and achieve a sustainable livestock production in the Horqin Sandy Land, an ecologically fragile sandy land ecosystem. 相似文献
7.
黑河下游绿洲NDVI对地下水位变化的响应研究 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
本研究选取黑河下游核心绿洲区作为研究区域,通过对绿洲区植被变化和地下水位的长期监测,分析黑河下游绿洲植被与地下水位的关系;通过表面分析以及空间分析方法,探讨地下水位变化对绿洲植被的分布格局的影响,揭示绿洲植被变化对地下水位的响应。结果表明：额济纳地区2001年归一化植被指数(NDVI)值整体上小于1990年NDVI值,植被生长状况较1990年差;2009年河道附近绿洲区局部NDVI值增加,但大部分NDVI值仍小于1990年。相较2001年,2009年西河中上段河道附近植被有明显改善,西河下段植被仍呈现退化趋势,这主要与东西河分水措施有直接关系;东河上段河道附近绿洲呈现明显好转,东河中段变化不大,而东河下段植被面积略微增加,东居延海周围植被明显好于2001年。通过比较1990年、2001年和2009年地下水位与NDVI值的关系发现,地下水较为适宜的水位仍保持在2~4 m之间,地下水位下降与植被退化或者植被盖度降低有直接关系。 相似文献
8.
Vegetation effects on sediment connectivity and processes in an ephemeral channel in SE Spain 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
P.J. Sandercock 《Journal of Arid Environments》2011,75(3):239-254
High sediment delivery due to catchment and channel erosion can impact on waterway health and reservoir sedimentation. Methods that decrease sediment connectivity within the system are needed to address these potential impacts. Vegetation has the potential to decrease channel erosion and sediment transfers in dryland environments by increasing channel bed resistance and roughness. Detailed studies of vegetation and process interactions were undertaken within an ephemeral channel in SE Spain at three scales (channel network, reach and patch) by repeat surveys and mapping after floods. Connectivity mapping showed variations in vegetation type and density along the channel and that these influence sediment retention and channel erosion. Hydraulic calculations of vegetation roughness effects at 25 cross-sections down the channel indicate the influence of different vegetation type and characteristics. Particular attention was paid to the perennial grass Lygeum spartum because of its potential benefits in channel stabilisation. Sedimentation takes place within these reaches, mainly by trapping within and downstream of individual plants. Check dams have a profound influence on vegetation and sediment distribution in this channel but use of vegetated zones may be a more sustainable strategy of sediment control. 相似文献
9.
塔里木河下游地下水位对植被的影响 总被引：133，自引：5，他引：128
对塔里木河下游断流河道2000~2002年9个地下水监测断面和18个植被样地的实地监测资料分析表明,地下水埋深对天然植被的组成、分布及长势有直接关系。地下水位的不断下降和土壤含水率大大丧失是引起塔里木河下游植被退化的主导因子。塔里木河下游的四次输水对其下游地下水位抬升起到了积极作用,河道附近地下水位呈逐级抬升过程,横向影响范围达1000 m左右,纵向上,表现为上段地下水抬升幅度较大 (达84%),下段抬升幅度较小 (6%)。随着地下水位的抬升,天然植被的响应范围由第一次输水后的200~250 m,扩展到第四次输水的800 m。 相似文献
10.
塔里木河下游表层土壤盐分空间变异和格局分析 总被引：10，自引：3，他引：7
土壤盐化是造成塔里木河下游天然植被退化的主要因素之一,应用地统计学方法,分析了塔里木河下游表层土壤盐分的空间异质性特征。结果表明,研究区土壤含盐量普遍较高,表层土壤盐分呈现强变异性和具有较强的空间自相关格局,主要受结构性因子影响。空间插值结果表明,表层土壤盐分整体上呈现出条带状的分布格局,局部地区表现出斑块状的空间变异特征。从河流纵向看,表层土壤盐分“两头高,中间低”;从河流横向看,离河道越远,盐分越低,地下水埋深逐渐加深,物种数和植被盖度分别表现出与之相应的递减趋势。 相似文献
11.
Understanding the relative contributions of climatic and anthropogenic drivers of channel change are important to inform river management, especially in the context of environmental change. This global debate is especially pertinent in Australia as catchments have been severely altered since recent European settlement, and there is also strong evidence of cyclical climate variability controlling environmental systems. Corryong/Nariel Creek is an ideal setting to further study the interaction between climate and anthropogenic changes on channel evolution as it has experienced both significant periods of flood and drought, controlled by the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and extensive anthropogenic changes. Since European settlement the floodplain has been completely cleared, the riparian zone almost entirely invaded by willows, and every reach of the channel has experienced some form of direct channel modification. Through the combined analysis of channel evolution, climate changes and anthropogenic history of the river it was found that both the ENSO-driven climate and anthropogenic drivers are significant, although at different scales of channel change. Significant straightening in response to land clearing in the early twentieth century occurred before any records of direct channel modifications. Following this, most river management works were in response to instabilities created in the clearing period, or to instabilities created by flooding triggering a new phase of instability in reaches which had already undergone stabilisation works. Overall, human activities triggered channel instability via land clearing, and management works since then generally exacerbated erosion during high flows that are driven by climate fluctuations. This research raises the interesting question of whether rivers in Australia have become more responsive to the ENSO cycle since the clearing of catchment and riparian vegetation, or whether the past response to climate variability was different. 相似文献
12.
白杨河-艾里克湖水现状分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
根据白杨河、艾里克湖的地表水以及周围地下水的电导率的监测资料,结合不同时期地下水位、土壤水分的变化特点,阐述了地下水埋深和水质的时空分布规律,以及对植被分布的影响.分析结果表明:地下水埋深从白杨河河道至湖岸表现为龙口地带最深、中游河段最浅、入湖口和湖岸居中;土壤水分是湖岸区最高,其次是入湖口,河段中部最低;地表水和地下水电导率的变化均是龙口最低,其次是河段中部,入湖口和湖边最高;在湖区内从湖边到湖心水的电导率依次减小,冰的电导率最低.环湖岸地带,由湖及远地下水位埋深逐渐增加、电导率依次增加、土壤水分依次减少,与其相对应的植被类型依次为芦苇、柽柳苗、柽柳林、盐穗木.同时,研究结果表明艾里克湖将会出现水质盐化趋势,而增加入湖河水水量、疏通排盐通道,促进湖水循环活化是缓解湖水咸化的主要措施. 相似文献
13.
塔里木河下游荒漠生态系统退化机制分析 总被引：37，自引：23，他引：14
近几十年来,塔里木河下游河道断流,地下水水位剧烈下降,天然植被衰退,土地的沙质荒漠化问题十分严峻。通过对下游退化荒漠生态系统的脆弱性和不稳定性以及干扰体驱动力的分析,阐述了该系统退化的机制,并在此基础上,提出了退化荒漠生态系统的恢复对策。系统的内在脆弱性特征决定了其抗干扰的能力差,退化后恢复的弹性小;强烈的人为干扰体是系统退化的重要驱动力。下游荒漠生态系统的退化是系统内在特性和外在干扰体综合作用的结果。在干旱区严酷的生态环境下,荒漠生态系统的人为干扰结果值得重视。2000年5月以来的塔里木河下游生态输水,使系统的退化形式得到了一定程度的遏制,但系统的恢复是有限的。植被的恢复,必须遵循干旱区植物的生态学性质,密切结合植物发生所需的环境条件,特别是干旱区植被分布格局与地下水的关系。 相似文献
14.
Ji&#x;í Bruthans Michal Filippi Naser Asadi Mohammad Zare Stanislav &#x;lechta Zdenka Chur
kov 《Geomorphology》2009,107(3-4):195-209
The surfaces of salt diapirs in the Zagros Mountains are mostly covered by surficial deposits, which significantly affect erosion rates, salt karst evolution, land use and the density of the vegetation cover. Eleven salt diapirs were selected for the study of surficial deposits in order to cover variability in the geology, morphology and climate in a majority of the diapirs in the Zagros Mountains and Persian Gulf Platform. The chemical and mineralogical compositions of 80 selected samples were studied mainly by X-ray powder diffraction and X-ray fluorescence. Changes in salinity along selected vertical profiles were studied together with the halite and gypsum distribution. The subaerial residuum formed from minerals and rock detritus released from the dissolved rock salt is by far the most abundant material on the diapirs. Fluvial sediments derived from this type of residuum are the second most common deposits found, while submarine residuum and marine sediments have only local importance. The mineralogical/chemical composition of surficial deposits varies amongst the three end members: evaporite minerals (gypsum/anhydrite and minor halite), carbonates (dolomite and calcite) and silicates-oxides (mainly quartz, phyllosilicates, and hematite). Based on infiltration tests on different types of surficial deposits, most of the rainwater will infiltrate, while overland flow predominates on rock salt exposures. Recharge concentration and thick accumulations of fine sediment support relatively rich vegetation cover in some places and even enable local agricultural activity. The source material, diapir relief, climatic conditions and vegetation cover were found to be the main factors affecting the development and erosion of surficial deposits. A difference was found in residuum type and landscape morphology between the relatively humid NW part of the studied area and the arid Persian Gulf coast: In the NW, the medium and thick residuum seems to be stable under current climatic conditions. Large sinkholes and blind valleys with sinking streams are common. On other diapirs, the original thick residuum is undergoing erosion and the new morphology is currently represented by salt exposures and badland-like landscapes or by fields of small sinkholes developed in the thin residuum. Models for evolution of the subaerial residuum and the diapir landscape/morphology are described in this paper. While the thick residuum with vegetation has very low erosion rates, the salt exposures and thin residuum are eroded rapidly. During wet periods (e.g. early Holocene), the diapirs rose and salt glaciers expanded as the influx of salt mass was much faster compared to erosion. After the onset of an arid climate, c. 6 ka BP, the rising of the some diapir surfaces decreased or even reversed due to acceleration of erosion thanks to vegetation degradation and changes in the residuum type and thickness. 相似文献
15.
Complex channel responses to changes in stream flow and sediment supply on the lower Duchesne River, Utah 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
Channel responses to flow depletions in the lower Duchesne River over the past 100 years have been highly complex and variable in space and time. In general, sand-bed reaches adjusted to all perturbations with bed-level changes, whereas the gravel-bed reaches adjusted primarily through width changes. Gravel-bed reaches aggraded only when gravel was supplied to the channel through local bank erosion and degraded only during extreme flood events.A 50% reduction in stream flow and an increase in fine sediment supply to the study area occurred in the first third of the 20th century. The gravel-bed reach responded primarily with channel narrowing, whereas bed aggradation and four large-scale avulsions occurred in the sand-bed reaches. These avulsions almost completely replaced a section of sinuous channel about 14 km long with a straighter section about 7 km long. The most upstream avulsion, located near a break in valley slope and the transition from a gravel bed upstream and a sand bed downstream, transformed a sinuous sand-bed reach into a braided gravel-bed reach and eventually into a meandering gravel-bed reach over a 30-year period. Later, an increase in flood magnitudes and durations caused widening and secondary bed aggradation in the gravel-bed reaches, whereas the sand-bed reaches incised and narrowed. Water diversions since the 1950s have progressively eliminated moderate flood events, whereas larger floods have been less affected. The loss of frequent flooding has increased the duration and severity of drought periods during which riparian vegetation can establish along the channel margins. As a result, the channel has gradually narrowed throughout the study area since the late 1960s, despite the occasional occurrence of large floods. No tributaries enter the Duchesne River within the study area, so all reaches have experienced identical changes in stream flow and upstream sediment supply. 相似文献
16.
塔里木河下游典型绿洲滴灌防护林地土壤水盐时空动态 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过野外定位观测,对塔里木河下游典型绿洲防护林地灌溉周期内、不同滴灌年限以及不同质地类型土壤水盐动态进行监测分析。研究结果表明:①绿洲幼龄防护林地土壤水盐变化属于灌溉周期型;灌后土壤湿润体呈“半椭球型”分布,积盐区位于湿润峰附近;当前防护林（沙壤土）滴灌周期为10 d较为合适。②实施滴灌1 a、2 a和5 a林地（沙壤土）土壤水分亏缺量逐年增大;0～20 cm土层随滴灌年限的增大先脱盐后积盐,20～120 cm土层均表现为脱盐。③滴灌5 a后,粉黏土林地表层板结层的形成显著抑制40～60 cm土壤水分蒸发,盐分呈“表聚型”分布;细沙土林地土壤持水性差,各土层盐分呈“均匀型”分布;沙壤土林地持水性较细沙土林地略高,盐分呈“波动型”分布。 相似文献
17.
The downstream distribution of stream power is derived and analysed for 11 different streams in the upper Hunter River catchment, Australia. Stream long profiles were produced in a GIS environment using DEM data and catchment area–discharge analysis. These profiles were analysed using three approaches, namely long profile smoothing, curve fitting and a theoretical model. The methodology for deriving stream power profiles using these three approaches is discussed. The long profile smoothing method provides a good approximation of the subcatchment variability in stream power trends. The curve fitting method shows that higher-order exponential curves provide a better fit for long profile data. For the streams of the upper Hunter River catchment, second-order exponential curves fit well with significantly less error. The curve fitting method predicts a bimodal (upstream and midstream) distribution of stream power, which is a deviation from our earlier understanding of a single midstream peak. The theoretical approach provides a mathematical expression of the observed bimodal stream power distribution. The bimodal distribution emphasises the erosion potential of headwater reaches. The resultant stream power distribution provides a catchment-scale characterisation of the distribution of available energy in any given system. Using these approaches, the variability of stream power in headwater reaches is explained by discharge variability, while variability in midstream and downstream reaches is related to high variability in channel gradient. 相似文献
18.
Woody vegetation affects channel morphogenesis in Ozark streams of Missouri and Arkansas by increasing local roughness, increasing bank strength, providing sedimentation sites, and creating obstructions to flow. Variations in physiographic controls on channel morphology result in systematic changes in vegetation patterns and geomorphic functions with increasing drainage basin area. In upstream reaches, streams have abundant bedrock control and bank heights that typically are less than or equal to the rooting depth of trees. In downstream reaches where valleys are wider and alluvial banks are higher vegetation has different geomorphic functions. At drainage areas of greater than 100–200 kM2, Ozarks streams are characterized by longitudinally juxtaposed reaches of high and low lateral channel migration rates, referred to as disturbance reaches and stable reaches, respectively. Whereas stable reaches can develop stable forested floodplains (if they are not farmed), disturbance reaches are characterized by dynamic vegetation communities that interact with erosion and deposition processes.Disturbance reaches can be subdivided into low-gradient and high-gradient longitudinal zones. Low-energy zones are characterized by incremental, unidirectional lateral channel migration and deposition of gravel and sand bars. The bars are characterized by prominent bands of woody vegetation and ridge and swale topography. Channel monitoring data indicate that densely vegetated bands of woody vegetation formed depositional sites during bedload-transporting events. The same floods caused up to 20 m of erosion of adjacent cutbanks, scoured non-vegetated areas between vegetation bands, and increased thalweg depth and definition. In high-energy (or riffle) zones, channel movement is dominantly by avulsion. In these zones, vegetation creates areas of erosional resistance that become temporary islands as the channel avulses around or through them. Woody vegetation on islands creates steep, root-defended banks that contribute to narrow channels with high velocities.Calculation of hydraulic roughness from density and average diameter of woody vegetation groups of different ages indicates that flow resistance provided by vegetation decreases systematically with group age, mainly through decreasing stem density. If all other factors remain constant, the stabilizing effect of a group of woody vegetation on a gravel bar decreases with vegetation age. 相似文献
19.
陕西神府矿区束鸡沟流域风蚀水蚀交互作用特征研究 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
以神府矿区束鸡沟为典型小流域,讨论了风蚀水蚀交互作用的时空分布及其特征。风蚀水蚀交互作用在沙质坡面,坡面切沟和沙质沟道区表现最为突出,并形成了风蚀水蚀交互作用特有的侵蚀形态。 相似文献
20.
塔里木河下游生态输水对沙漠化逆转的影响 总被引：23，自引：14，他引：9
塔里木河下游是我国沙漠化最严重的地区之一。由于人类不合理的资源开发, 导致320km河道断流、大面积湿地消失、地下水位大幅度下降、天然植被全面衰败, 沙漠化程度加重。作者结合塔里木河下游生态输水和近3a的实地监测资料, 分析输水前后塔里木河下游典型地区沙漠化程度的变化, 并就生态输水对塔里木河下游沙漠化逆转的影响进行了讨论。结果表明, 生态输水后, 河道附近地下水位大幅度抬升, 植被种类和盖度明显增加, 部分地区沙漠化得到逆转。从实现逆转的沙漠化土地的空间分布看, 在纵横两个方向上表现出明显的变化规律, 在纵向上表现为上游土地沙漠化逆转的强度和范围较下游大; 在横向上, 表现为距输水河道越近变化越明显的特点。考虑到输水影响范围较小, 建议对现行的输水方式和输水规模进行适当调整。 相似文献