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1.
As a contribution to understanding the morphogenesis of the Australian continental dunefield, maps are presented of the main types of dunes, their orientation and mean spacing using the best available sources of data. Major features on previous maps of the Australian dunefield are verified and new information has been obtained. The anticlockwise whorl of dunes has been found to close on both its eastern and western ends. Dunes extend as far north as 16°S and over large parts of the far south‐west of Western Australia. Distributions of dune types are related to former vegetation cover, climate, supply of sand and directional variability of formative winds. Previously documented relationships between dune spacing, height, equivalent sand thickness (EST) and the texture of surfaces over which sand is transported are used to partially explain the map of mean dune spacings. The spatial distribution of EST, and mineralogic and sedimentologic evidence show that aeolian sediment in the Australian dunefield has travelled only short distances. 相似文献
2.
Limited change in dune mobility in response to a large decrease in wind power in semi-arid northern China since the 1970s 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Joseph A. Mason James B. Swinehart Huayu Lu Xiaodong Miao Phueng Cha Yali Zhou 《Geomorphology》2008,102(3-4):351-363
The climatic controls on dune mobility, especially the relative importance of wind strength, remain incompletely understood. This is a key research problem in semi-arid northern China, both for interpreting past dune activity as evidence of paleoclimate and for predicting future environmental change. Potential eolian sand transport, which is approximately proportional to wind power above the threshold for sand entrainment, has decreased across much of northern China since the 1970s. Over the same period, effective moisture (ratio of precipitation to potential evapotranspiration) has not changed significantly. This “natural experiment” provides insight on the relative importance of wind power as a control on dune mobility in three dunefields of northern China (Mu Us, Otindag, and Horqin), although poorly understood and potentially large effects of human land use complicate interpretation. Dune forms in these three regions are consistent with sand transport vectors inferred from weather station data, suggesting that wind directions have remained stable and the stations adequately represent winds that shaped the dunes. The predicted effect of weaker winds since the 1970s would be dune stabilization, with lower sand transport rates allowing vegetation cover to expand. Large portions of all three dunefields remained stabilized by vegetation in the 1970s despite high wind power. Since the 1970s, trends in remotely sensed vegetation greenness and change in mobile dune area inferred from sequential Landsat images do indicate widespread dune stabilization in the eastern Mu Us region. On the other hand, expansion of active dunes took place farther west in the Mu Us dunefield and especially in the central Otindag dunefield, with little overall change in two parts of the Horqin dunes. Better ground truth is needed to validate the remote sensing analyses, but results presented here place limits on the relative importance of wind strength as a control on dune mobility in the study areas. High wind power alone does not completely destabilize these dunes. A large decrease in wind power either has little short-term effect on the dunes, or more likely its effect is sufficiently small that it is obscured by human impacts on dune stability in many parts of the study areas. 相似文献
3.
A coastal dunefield on Groote Eylandt, in the Gulf of Carpentaria, northern Australia, is stratigraphically described and dated using the coarse fraction thermoluminescence dating technique. Four phases of dune activity have been identified: (1) Modern active transverse and parabolic dunes. (2) A parabolic dunefield apparently stabilized less than 2000 yr BP. (3) A parabolic dunefield stablized between 6000 and 4800 yr BP. (4) A basal dunefield unit emplaced prior to 100,000 yr BP.The current dune systems are an expression of dune activation and stabilization events in the Holocene, but were formed from the deflation of an extensive pre-Holocene dunefield. The destruction of the pre-Holocene dunefield appears to have been caused by sea-level rise at the end of the Pleistocene and during the early Holocene. The ages derived from the dunefield accord well with chronostratigraphic investigations of coastal dune systems elsewhere in northern Australia and support theories of regional environmental change during the Holocene. 相似文献
4.
光释光测年和孢粉分析揭示的晚冰期以来科尔沁沙地演化过程 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用光释光测年技术对科尔沁沙地的7个风成砂-砂质古土壤剖面进行年代测试,结合地层和孢粉分析得到晚冰期以来科尔沁沙地的演化过程如下:16~10 ka B.P.,风成砂出现,沙地活化;10~3 ka B.P.,砂质古土壤发育,沙地固定;约3 ka B.P.前后,风成砂出现,沙地活化;3 ka B.P.至今,多层弱发育砂质古土壤和风成砂的交替出现,指示晚全新世科尔沁沙地的多次固定与活化;从约4~2 ka B.P.,沙地环境由草甸草原逐渐退化为典型草原。分析表明,3 ka B.P.以前科尔沁沙地的演化完全受气候变化的控制,之后(尤其是辽代以后)人类活动的影响日益增强。 相似文献
5.
Coastal dunefields have developed on the west coast of Jutland in Denmark over the past 5000 years. The dunefields are situated in a temperate climate zone with frequent high energy wind events. Dunefield development was characterized by repeated periods of transgressive dune formation punctuated by periods of dune stabilization and soil formation. The chronology of dunefield evolution is based on Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dating of peaty palaeosols (24 samples) and Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating of aeolian sand deposits (19 samples). These dates indicate that the completeness of the stratigraphic record varies considerably, but that the timing of aeolian activity events was identical in the dunefields examined here. Initiation of aeolian activity occurred around 2200 BC, 800 BC, AD 100, AD 1050–1200, and between AD 1550 and 1650. Proxy-climate data from bogs in southwestern Sweden suggest that these periods of dunefield activity were initiated during wet/cool summers. Most likely these climatic situations were associated with a more frequent passage of cyclones across Denmark in the summer seasons (increased storminess) causing aeolian sand movement and dune formation. The continued removal of vegetation in Jutland between 4000 BC and AD 1850 allowed the aeolian sand, when first activated, to move more and more easily across the coastal plains; the final phase of aeolian sand movement between AD 1550–1650 and 1900 had catastrophic implications for many coastal inhabitants in the region. 相似文献
6.
Nicholas C. Pepin 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》1997,79(1-2):121-137
Changes in annual frost frequency and annual frost accumulation associated with a variety of temperature change scenarios are mapped for northern England. Estimates of future changes are obtained through application of analytical theory to convert predictions of mean daily minimum temperatures and their inter-diurnal variability to accumulated frost degrees and frost frequency. The baseline climate is provided by regression analysis of surface data involving up to ten terrain variables. Future scenarios include warm and cold analogues, maritime and continental airflow scenarios, arbitrary warming and two general circulation model (GCM) simulations: UKHI (United Kingdom Meteorological Office High Resolution GCM Equilibrium Experiment) and GISS (Goddard Institute for Space Studies). Considerable contrasts emerge between scenarios, with substantial reductions in frost frequency and accumulation in the two GCM 2 *CO2 simulations. This is to be expected in a maritime area where small changes in temperature have a large influence on parameters involving threshold temperatures. Increases in frost occur under the continental airflow scenario. Changes in frost do not necessarily complement those in accumulated warmth, and therefore indices combining possible changes in warmth and frost are helpful. 相似文献
7.
《Geomorphology》2005,64(1-2):117-132
Aeolian activity on the crests of linear dunes in the arid southwest Kalahari Desert is primarily controlled by vegetation cover. Cover is temporally variable in response to rainfall, with mobility index (MI) values and field based studies demonstrating the dynamic nature of aeolian processes in this dunefield. Landsat TM data for a drought (1984) and wetter (1993) year were analysed for two subscenes in the dune field, one for a pastoral landscape and one for a conservation area, to investigate the spatial dynamics of dune activity, using the empirically determined 14% cover threshold as the limit to crestal aeolian activity. TM band 3 data were found to best represent vegetation cover, including senesced material, at the end of the dry season, the period when the potential for aeolian activity is normally high due to the wind strength at this time. The extent of 0–14% cover areas ranged from 10% (1984) to 3% (1993) for the pastoral area and 16% (1984) to 6% (1993) for the conservation landscape. The wetter (1993) image residuals have different spatial characteristics in the two subscenes, with bare active dunes in the pastoral lands associated with locations of livestock pressure and those in the conservation area related to natural fire events. The study demonstrates the spatial dynamics of temporally variable linear dune activity in the southwest Kalahari, and also shows that areas devegetated by drought can recover sufficient vegetation in wet years to limit the spatial extent of aeolian transport on dune crests. 相似文献
8.
Sand dune movement in the Victoria Valley, Antarctica 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
We use vertical aerial photographs and LiDAR topographic survey data to estimate dune migration rates in the Victoria Valley dunefield, Antarctica, between 1961 and 2001. Results confirm that the dunes migrated an average of 1.5 m/year. These values are consistent with other estimates of dune migration from cold climate deserts and are significantly lower than estimates from warm deserts. Dune migration rates are retarded by the presence of entrained ice, soil moisture and a reversing wind regime. Dune absorption, merging and limb extension are apparent from the time-series images and account for significant changes in dune form and the field-scale dune pattern. Dune-field pattern analysis shows an overall increase in dune-field organization with an increase in mean dune spacing and a reduction in total crest length and defect density. These data suggest that dunes in other cold desert environments on Earth, Mars or Titan, that may also have inter-bedded frozen laminae, still have the potential to migrate and organize, albeit at lower rates than dunes in warm deserts. 相似文献
9.
青海湖鸟岛沙地植物群落物种多样性研究 总被引：16，自引：4，他引：12
根据野外样地调查资料,采用丰富度指数、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数对青海湖鸟岛沙地植物群落的多样性进行了研究,并用相关分析研究了多样性指数间的关系,结果表明:①鸟岛7个主要沙地群落间的植物多样性差异很大,分布于固定沙丘上的赖草、甘青铁线莲等群落均具有较高的丰富度指数、多样性指数,而西伯利亚蓼、藏虫实等分布在流动沙丘上的群落则最小,但均匀度指数最高。②从流动沙丘到固定沙丘阶段的变化过程中,丰富度指数、Shannon Wiener指数和Simpson指数的变化趋势基本一致,而均匀度指数则呈相反趋势,半固定沙丘是这一变化的重要转折点。③物种在各沙地类型中出现频率的多样性指数差异很大,特有种多样性指数在固定沙丘中最高,占主导地位,而在流动沙丘阶段,普通种的物种多样性指数最高。④植物生活型上各沙丘类型上的物种多样性指数均以多年生草本为最高,其次为一年生草本,而且从流动沙丘至固定沙丘阶段呈递增变化。⑤丰富度指数与多样性指数、均匀度指数之间存在极显著的相关性。 相似文献
10.
We describe the evolution of, and vegetation succession on, a previously undescribed landform: transverse dune trailing ridges at El Farallón transgressive dunefield in the state of Veracruz, Mexico. Three-dimensional clinometer/compass and tape topographic surveys were conducted in conjunction with 1 m2 contiguous percent cover and presence/absence vegetation survey transects at eight locations across two adjacent trailing ridges. At the study site, and elsewhere, the transverse dune trailing ridges are formed by vegetation colonization of the lateral margins of active transverse, barchanoidal transverse, and aklé or network dunes. For simplicity, all trailing ridges formed from these dune types are referred to as transverse dune trailing ridges. Because there are several transverse dunes in the dunefield, multiple trailing ridges can be formed at one time. Two adjacent trailing ridges were examined. The shortest length ridge was 70 m long, and evolving from a 2.5 m-high transverse dune, while the longer ridge was 140 m long, and evolving from an 8 m-high dune. Trailing ridge length is a proxy measure of ridge age, since the longer the ridge, the greater the length of time since initial formation. With increasing age or distance upwind, species diversity increased, as well as species horizontal extent and percent cover. In turn, the degree of bare sand decreased. Overall, the data indicate a successional trend in the vegetation presence and cover with increasing age upwind. Those species most tolerant to burial (Croton and Palafoxia) begin the process of trailing ridge formation. Ipomoea and Canavalia are less tolerant to burial and also are typically the next colonizing species. Trachypogon does not tolerate sand burial or deposition very well and only appears after significant stabilization has taken place. The ridges display a moderately defined successional sequence in plant colonization and percentage cover with time (and upwind distance). They are significant geomorphologically as a unique landform in transgressive dunefields, and also because they may be the only remaining indication of transverse dune presence, and net dune migration direction once the dunefield is stabilized and in a final evolutionary state. 相似文献
11.
Variable vegetation cover and episodic sand movement on longitudinal desert sand dunes 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Longitudinal (linear) sand dunes of the Simpson and Strzelecki dunefields in eastern central Australia present a paradox. Low levels of activity today stand in contrast to luminescence dating which has repeatedly shown deep deposits of sand on dune crests dating to within the late Holocene. In order to investigate the nature of dune activity in the Simpson–Strzelecki dunefield, vegetation and sand mobility were investigated by detailed vegetation survey and measurement of rippled area and loose sand depth of dunes at three sites along a climatic gradient. The response of both vegetation and sand movement to inter-annual climate variability was examined by repeat surveys of two sites in drought and non-drought conditions. Projected plant cover and plant + crust cover were found to have inverse linear relationships with rippled area and the area of deep loose sand. No relationship was found between these measures of sand movement and the plant frontal area index. A negative exponential relationship between equivalent mobile sand depth on dune surfaces and both vascular plant cover and vascular + crust cover was also found. There is no simple threshold of vegetation cover below which sand transport begins. Dunes with low perennial plant cover may form small dunes with slip faces leading to a positive feedback inhibiting ephemeral plant growth in wet years and accelerating sand transport rates. The linear dunefields are largely within the zone in which plant cover is sufficient to enforce low sand transport rates, and in which there is a strong response of vegetation and sand transport to inter-annual variation in rainfall. Both ephemeral plants (mostly forbs) and crust were found to respond rapidly to large (> 20 mm/month) rainfall events. On millennial time-scales, the level of dune activity is controlled by vegetation cover and probably not by fluctuations of wind strength. Land use or extreme, decadal time-scale, drought may destabilise dunes by removing perennial plant cover, accelerating wind erosion. 相似文献
12.
A parabolic dune in the Netherlands was remobilised in December 1998 by removing vegetation and soil. The main aim of the experiment was ecological: to investigate whether permanent rejuvenation at the landscape scale is possible by restoration of natural processes. If processes can be reactivated at coarse scale, periodic rejuvenation of the landscape over the long term is possible, without the need for managers to interfere further. The experiment provides the opportunity to address another important question: can large parabolic dunes in the Netherlands be mobile in the present climate? Mobility of the dune is investigated by means of erosion pins, aerial photography and measurement of cross sections. Activity indices are derived from erosion pin recordings and correlated to weather conditions. From 1999 to 2001, displacement of the dune ranged from 0 to 12 m in east–northeasterly direction. Activity of the dune is related to wind conditions, but the relationship is strongly influenced by precipitation and therefore differs for wet and dry periods. Periods with extreme wind speeds resulted in much less geomorphic change than expected. 相似文献
13.
The beach–dune system of Alcudia Bay is located in the north of the island of Mallorca. The system includes both simple and compound parabolic dunes formed by N to NNE winds and is made up of two dune areas with different dynamics: 1) the northern area, where, despite the fact that the source of beach sediment is from the south, dunes are formed by northerly winds and develop a narrow and linear barrier which separates a marsh from the bay; and 2) the southern area, where complex parabolic dunes formed by north-northeasterly winds, prograde south-southwest landward extending several kilometers inland. The broad pattern of the dunefield size is limited to the southeast by a mountain range and to the west by the effects of a topographic corridor, oriented north–south, which channels the prevailing northerly wind, causing a southward dune progression and limiting the westward extension of the dunefield. 相似文献
14.
《Geomorphology》2007,83(1-2):48-57
Dune fields have recently come to be recognized as self-organizing systems that can be seen progressing from states of disorganization or randomness to uniformity. Dune systems can be highly sensitive to changes in factors, such as climate and sediment transport, that determine system state. Changes in climate and sediment state can take time to work their way through a dune system; this, in turn, leads to spatial heterogeneity in dune field organization. Using the Coral Pink Sand Dunes in southern Utah as a model, this study tests nearest neighbor analysis adapted as a method to objectively identify and characterize differences in two dimensional dune patterns within a dune field and to identify changes in dune patterns over time. Reducing transverse and barchanoid dunes from linear to three-point features in planar space emphasizes the clustering that occurs when dune lengths and wavelengths are more disorganized or random. This clustering may be in response to a system perturbation, such as an influx of sediment, and is reflected in lower nearest neighbor index (R) values. As the system adjusts to the perturbation and moves towards steady state, dune length and spacing increase through migration and coalescing of smaller dunes; the resulting higher R values reflect this move towards greater uniformity in dune pattern. With the organizational states of dune systems recording feedback to changes in extrinsic climate and sediment factors, nearest neighbor analysis provides a proxy measure of system stability. 相似文献
15.
中国北方草原沙漠化发展过程及其成因分析——以内蒙古苏尼特左旗为例 总被引：10，自引：3，他引：7
利用遥感监测和实地调查研究相结合的办法,研究分析了中国北方草原沙漠化动态变化趋势和发展原因。结果表明:苏尼特左旗沙漠化形势非常严峻,包括北部广阔草原地区的沙漠化和南部沙丘活化两大类型。苏尼特左旗在过去30余年里,沙漠化土地总面积在增加,而沙漠化指数（ADI）在2000—2005年间略有减小,反映出2000—2005年间研究区沙漠化程度略有恢复。研究区两大类沙漠化土地发展变化趋势并不相同,草原沙漠化在过去30余年里一直在发展,由斑块状向片状发展;而沙丘活化则在1973—1987年间强烈发展,在1987年以后则呈现出恢复逆转的态势,沙丘活化对气候变化表现出较高的响应,揭示出苏尼特左旗南部沙漠化的发展受人类活动影响较小,主要与气候变化有关。北部大面积的草原沙漠化与气候变化趋势不完全一致,主要随着人类过渡放牧活动或者大规模保护恢复活动,而发生沙漠化严重程度的加剧或减缓。苏尼特左旗的沙漠化发展状况表明,中国北方草原沙漠化发展以人类活动占主导地位,且以斑块状向连片发展为主要形式,其中围绕居民点和水源的沙漠化发展最为突出。实践表明,科学管理人类活动完全可以减缓甚至恢复中国北方草原区的沙漠化土地。 相似文献
16.
毛乌素沙地风沙环境变化研究的理论和新认识 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
作为地球环境系统的重要组成部分,沙漠和沙地对气候变化响应敏感。沙漠沙地的环境变化关系到区域的可持续发展,并且通过一系列反馈作用,会影响区域与全球的气候环境。位于中国北方中部的毛乌素沙地是全球中纬度地区的典型沙地,其环境变化与全球其他沙漠沙地具有相似性和同步性。中国学者对毛乌素沙地风沙环境变化的研究开展较早,在国内外有重要的影响。本文系统梳理了该方面的相关研究,围绕“风沙环境变化的过程与机制”这一核心问题,总结学术界在毛乌素沙地晚新生代形成发展、晚第四纪扩张与多旋回变化、全新世中期固定以及晚全新世沙丘再活化等方面取得的重要进展,尤其是获取了毛乌素沙地不同阶段风沙环境变化的关键证据,并据此提出“构造—轨道尺度上沙地形成与变化的全球温度变化驱动”“千年—百年尺度沙丘系统的非线性响应”等新的理论认识。未来应继续加强沉积证据的积累、新测试手段的拓展应用、基于过程分析的精细重建、数值模拟与预测等研究,着力探究风沙环境变化的动力学机制、人与干旱区环境复杂系统的耦合关系以及各圈层的互馈作用,这对于自然地理学学科传承、交叉学科的融合发展以及地球系统科学的理论构建都具有深远意义。 相似文献
17.
18.
景观间隙度指数在沙漠化研究中的应用 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
综述了间隙度指数在景观生态学和沙漠化研究中的应用,用实例介绍了间隙度指数的定义和计算方法。详尽地分析了流动沙丘面积相同,分布形式不同而产生的间隙度指数差异。结果表明,沙丘的分布形式越集中,沙丘的间隙度指数越大;反之亦然。同时还阐述了间隙度指数在沙漠化评价和沙漠化指征研究中的作用,并对其应用范围和前景作了说明。 相似文献
19.
从短期气候预测的实际出发,针对月尺度的气温分县预测,使用逐步回归和主成分分析（即经验正交函数）的统计降尺度方法,利用地面观测站的气温资料、美国国家环境预报中心和美国大气科学研究中心的大尺度气候变量（NCEP/NCAR）和国家气候中心月动力延伸预报模式资料（DERF）,对1982-2015年陕西省96个县区的1月和7月气温进行预测,建立统计降尺度模型,并采用交叉检验方法检验模型的预测效果,表明基于经验正交函数和逐步回归的统计降尺度方法在陕西省1月和7月气温的预测中是合理可用的。全省96个县区1月份预测值与观测值距平符号一致率大于60%达到了50个县区,7月份大于60%达到了60个县区。预测值可以较好的预测出气温变化趋势,但预测值变化幅度明显小于观测值。 相似文献
20.
在全球气候变化背景下,明确评估树木生长对气候变化的响应机制,包括年际、年内径向生长变化及其物候现象,是深刻了解现在森林生态系统中树木生长状况及精准模拟其未来生长态势所必须的前提条件。另外,研究年内树木径向生长与气候因子的关系将会更加丰富当前从传统树轮气候学或树轮生态学研究中所得到的认识。然而,目前在高分辨率水平上（年内）直接观测树木径向生长变化对气候因子响应过程的方法或手段仍然有限。其中,微树芯方法以其独特的优势而得到了广泛的应用,尤其是在欧洲及北美加拿大地区,但在热带及亚洲的研究还相对较少。涉及内容除其最直接的监测树木径向生长变化外,也开展了不同方面的对比研究,如分析年龄效应、海拔效应、健康状况等对树木生长的影响。此外,研究者也在部分区域尝试了控制对比试验,如探讨了人为增温/冷却、干旱胁迫、森林抚育间伐措施是如何影响树木径向生长变化的。本文就以上各方面进行了详细评述。 相似文献