共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
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降低洪灾社会脆弱度是缓解洪灾社会影响,建立洪水韧性的重要途径。本文从敏感性、适应性和暴露度3个方面构建微观尺度下的洪灾社会脆弱度评价指标体系,以安康市4个滨河村庄为例,运用基于熵权的综合指数法评价农户的洪灾社会脆弱度,并通过BP神经网络分析厘清评价指标与社会脆弱度之间的重要性关系,识别出洪灾社会脆弱度的主要影响因素。据此提出相应的对策建议作为降低农户洪灾社会脆弱度的实践依据。研究表明：①案例村调研样本中近一半的农户处于高社会脆弱度等级,由此推算,研究区有715个农户具有较高的洪灾社会脆弱度;②受访者健康状况、防汛信息渠道、避灾疏散方式、建筑质量、是否有病残人口、家庭收入多样性、5岁以下幼儿比重和60岁以上老年人比重是农户社会脆弱度的主要影响因素;③基于农户视角的洪灾社会脆弱度评价能准确地识别出脆弱度较高的农户,其结果在降低洪灾社会脆弱度方面更具有现实意义。 相似文献
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Benjamin Horton Michael Bird Thomas Birkland Susan Cowie Ong Jin Eong Andrea Hawkes Gong Wooi Khoon Lisa Law Colin Macgregor Aileen Tan Shau‐Hwai Teh Tiong Sa Zulfigar Yasin 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2008,29(3):307-324
This paper addresses some of the environmental and socioeconomic dimensions of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami on Penang, Malaysia. We aim to offer wide access to unique and perishable data, while at the same time providing insight to ongoing debates about hazards, vulnerability and social capital. Our social survey examines some of the dynamics that shaped the tsunami impact, response and recovery process. While in terms of lives lost Penang may not conform to arguments surrounding vulnerable environments, the recovery process is more marked by social disparities in terms of the ability to access resources. Our physical survey records local topography, flow depth and flow direction, and charts the differential impact of the tsunami. Yet measuring hazards is not a straightforward process, and relies on reflexive methodologies and eyewitness accounts. 相似文献
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SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF HYDROPOLITICS: THE GEOGRAPHICAL SCALES OF WATER AND SECURITY IN THE INDUS BASIN* 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Daanish Mustafa 《Geographical review》2007,97(4):484-501
ABSTRACT. The article identifies important themes and future research directions for analyzing water and conflict dynamics at the subnational scale in the Indus Basin. A historical overview of water development in the Indus Basin suggests that the water‐security nexus was always a salient theme in the minds of water developers, even in the nineteenth century. Conflicts over contemporary large‐scale water‐development projects in the Indian and Pakistani parts of the Indus Basin are reviewed. Engineers' single‐minded focus on megaprojects, to the neglect of the wider set of values that societies attach to water resources in the eastern and western Indus Basin are largely to blame for continuing low‐grade conflict in the basin. A review of local‐level conflicts over water supply and sanitation in Karachi and the distribution of irrigation water in Pakistani Punjab illustrates the critical role of governance and differential social power relations in accentuating conflict. The article argues against neo‐Malthusian assumptions about the inevitability of conflict over water because of its future absolute scarcity. Instead, the article seeks to demonstrate that, despite evidence suggesting that international armed conflict over water does not exist, the potential for political instability over domestic water distribution and development issues is real. The question of whether conflict at the subnational scale will culminate in violence will depend on how water‐resources institutions in the basin behave. 相似文献
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社会脆弱性概念、分析框架与评价方法 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
社会脆弱性作为脆弱性的维度之一,是脆弱性与可持续性科学研究领域的新兴热点问题.在分析对国内外社会脆弱性研究文献的基础上,从概念内涵、分析框架与评价方法3 方面对社会脆弱性研究进行了评述.目前学者们对社会脆弱性概念有不同的理解,尚未形成统一的概念体系与内涵特征;系统性的社会脆弱性分析框架尚未形成,现有成果多是在脆弱性框架基础上的延伸和拓展,主要从政治经济学视角、社会—生态视角和综合视角开展研究;多元化的评价方法在社会脆弱性的应用研究中仍较少见,已有研究的评价指标体系尚不完善.未来,应进一步拓展社会脆弱性研究内容,促进多学科交叉融合;逐步统一社会脆弱性概念和分析框架,深化社会脆弱性的理论研究;加强社会脆弱性评价方法与指标体系的完善,促进多元化评价方法的应用;加强社会脆弱性减缓与调控对策研究,整合社会脆弱性与适应性框架,为提高社会适应能力与可持续发展提供科学依据. 相似文献
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Hispanic Immigrants' Vulnerabilities to Flood and Hurricane Hazards in Two United States Metropolitan Areas 
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下载免费PDF全文 Research reveals that disasters are disproportionately debilitating for marginalized social groups. Numerous studies have examined racial/ethnic dimensions of disaster vulnerability, but few have focused on Hispanic immigrants. More research on Hispanic immigrants is needed, since they constitute a major component of the Hispanic population—the largest and fastest‐growing minority group in the U.S.—and because they experience distinctive cultural and immigration status disadvantages. We examine the flood/hurricane vulnerabilities of Hispanic immigrants in comparison to U.S.–born Hispanics and non‐Hispanic whites. Using mixed methods to analyze data from 429 surveys and 31 interviews with residents living in flood zones, we examine differences in self‐protective action, risk perception, and hazard knowledge between the three groups in Houston and Miami. Hispanic immigrants exhibited lower levels of self‐protection and hazard knowledge, and higher perceptions of risk, which reflects their heightened vulnerability. Risk‐reduction programs should target the particular vulnerabilities of Hispanic immigrants, and future studies should examine their vulnerabilities in other contexts. 相似文献
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基于栅格的鄱阳湖生态经济区洪灾脆弱性评价 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
目前洪灾脆弱性研究主要是基于行政区划上的社会脆弱性评价,无法揭示评价单元内部脆弱性的空间分布。选取鄱阳湖生态经济区作为研究对象,根据人与环境系统的特点,选择影响洪灾脆弱性的15个变量,建立了基于栅格的洪灾脆弱性综合指数模型。结果表明,研究区域的洪灾脆弱性以中度脆弱为主,极度与高度脆弱区主要分布在人口密集的鄱阳湖东南与西南部的湖滨地区、主要河流的缓冲区以及土地利用类型为水田的区域。从脆弱性的3个要素(暴露度、敏感性和适应能力)的空间分布揭示了洪灾脆弱性空间分布形成的原因。基于栅格的评价结果,能够充分反映县市内部和行政边界处洪灾脆弱性的空间分布与变化情况。 相似文献
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Jens Kr. Steen Jacobsen Merethe Dotterud Leiren Jarkko Saarinen 《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2016,70(5):292-305
The effects of global climate change include more extreme weather events that harm lifeline infrastructure such as road access. The questionnaire-based study takes a novel natural experiment approach to subjective personal experiences and perceptions of lifeline vulnerability in two seaside communities in Norway that have been sporadically isolated due to avalanches, heavy snowfall, and/or snowdrifts. The enquiry aims at filling a research gap on sudden winter climate-induced disconnections and road travel hazards in advanced societies. The results show that weather-induced road closures lead to worries about road travel and practical problems, but also that many people are able to adjust to reduce their vulnerability. The authors concluded that community characteristics such as available services and social and human capital are important for understanding people’s vulnerabilities, worries, and hazard preparedness. 相似文献
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Sarah J. Halvorson 《The Professional geographer》2003,55(2):120-133
Water‐related diseases continue to pose major threats to children's survival and well‐being in many places in the developing world. This article develops a theoretical perspective on the ways in which children's vulnerability to water‐related disease hazard is produced within the everyday circumstances of livelihood and child care. Central to this analysis is the role that household resources play in mediating or shaping particular microenvironments of health risk. Further, the effects of local geographies of gender on how household resources are accessed and on how child care is structured are examined. Children's vulnerability is evaluated in a community in the District of Gilgit in northern Pakistan, a region presently undergoing tremendous social and economic transformation. The case study highlights household‐level response and adaptation to child health risks associated with diarrheal disease transmission and infection in this mountain environment. The case study draws from ethnographic fieldwork involving qualitative household microstudies and interviewing to elicit mothers' resource and risk‐response strategies in the context of changes in livelihood systems and household dynamics. 相似文献
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通过梳理17世纪以来至20世纪50年代粤港澳大湾区适应洪涝环境的地域开发典型模式,发现该地区根据洪水和潮水不同作用特点形成3种模式：1）北部肇庆、高要、清远、三水一带的低塱地区,以洪水影响为主,利用西江洪水期旺发的鱼苗资源进行涡塘养殖,发展种植耐涝的深水稻和经济水生植物;2）中部南海、顺德、高明洪潮叠加区普遍开发为连片桑基鱼塘,发展一套防洪抗涝与利用洪水期潮水排灌的技术体系;3）中山、番禺、东莞、新会一带的沿海口门区以潮水作用为主,当地通过沿岸浅滩大量投石修筑小型丁坝、种植水草等技术措施加速滩涂泥沙淤积,围、垦开发。滩涂开发过程中创造性地利用洪潮加速潮滩植物群落演替,以及排灌、改良培肥水稻土、选种适生作物。这3种开发模式是粤港澳大湾区在地域开发中变害为利的具体实践,总结其人水和谐的经验,可为粤港澳大湾区生态文明建设提供借鉴。 相似文献
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在全球气候变化与城市扩张的背景下,城市洪涝问题频发并引发严重的社会问题与经济损失。当前城市洪涝管理的主要内容已从工程性防御性措施转向洪涝风险管理,而城市洪涝风险评估又是城市洪涝管理的关键环节。基于此背景,论文首先介绍了IPCC采纳的城市洪涝风险评估框架“危险性(Hazard)—暴露性(Exposure)—脆弱性(Vulnerability)”即“H-E-V”的概念内涵,在此基础上梳理了其危险性、暴露性、脆弱性3大要素的主要研究内容,探讨分析不同研究方法的优缺点。最后提出了城市洪涝风险评估的主要发展趋势及关键问题,主要有以下4个方面：①危险性方面,建立适应于城市地区的耦合型二维洪涝淹没模型是洪涝风险评估要求下的必然趋势;②暴露性分析在大数据及GIS技术支撑下正逐步精细化、动态化;③脆弱性正从早期侧重的物理维度定量评估转向社会、经济、文化、环境等多维度的评估;④此外,气候变化与城市扩张下的多情景城市洪涝风险评估是未来城市洪涝管理的研究热点与难题。 相似文献
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半干旱区流域水文的景观生态研究与设计:地理信息系统辅助的过程模拟 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
人类正在面临严重的社会危机和环境危机,而这些危机均与人口的无节制增长及人类过分消耗能量有关。为了缓解或扭转这种危机,除了减缓人口的增长外,必须提高能量使用和土地空间使用的有效性。实现这个目标的根本在于掌握好经济的可计量价值与生态的不可计量价值的平衡。掌握这个平衡的有效手段便是景观生态规划。景观生态规划的关键在于:各类相互冲突的土地利用要在空间上做合理的安排,以致于各利用单元之间的负作用得以避免,生态系统的基本功能得以保存。景观生态规划的目的是寻求最佳土地管理措施。流域土地管理的核心是:保护生态景观,保护生物食物链的健康有序,增加土壤的储水和渗水能力,增加地表水的分散性分布和地下水的有效补给。为了达到这些目标,流域土地的管理和生态价值的恢复必须对人文与自然因子进行细致的调查和统筹地考虑。为了具体地实现这些目标,我们计划对兰州市及其潜在的生态依赖——马衔山/兴隆山进行整体的景观生态调查。建立一个适合于半干旱区的景观生态模式。 相似文献
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Jessica Budds 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2004,25(3):322-342
Since the 1990s, international water sector reforms have centred heavily on economic and market approaches. In regard to water resources management, tradable water rights have been promoted, often supported by the neoliberal model adopted in Chile. Chile's 1981 Water Code was reformed to comprise a system of water rights that could be freely traded with few restrictions. International financial institutions have embraced the Chilean model, claiming that it results in more efficient water use, and potentially fosters social and environmental benefits. However, in Chile the Water Code is deeply contested. It has been criticised for being too permissive and has produced a number of problems in practice. Moreover, attempts to modify it have become the focus of a lengthy polemic debate. This paper employs a political ecology perspective to explore the socio‐environmental outcomes of water management in Chile, drawing on a case study of agriculture in the semi‐arid Norte Chico. The case illustrates how large‐scale farmers exert greater control over water, while peasant farmers have increasingly less access. I argue that these outcomes are facilitated by the mode of water management implemented within the framework of the Water Code. Through this preliminary examination of social equity and the environmental aspects of water resources management in Chile, I suggest that the omission of these issues from the international debates on water rights markets is a cause for concern. 相似文献
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城市山洪灾害风险评价——以云南省文山县城为例 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
山洪灾害风险评价对于减灾防灾决策和管理非常重要。本文介绍基于遥感和GIS方法的应用,探讨一种快速、简便而且较为准确的城市山洪灾害风险评价方法。以发生于1998年7月26日文山城20年一遇山洪灾害为实例,将GIS的数字高程模型与实测的山洪水位和洪峰流量结合进行淹没分析,研究表明采用该方法可以模拟准确山洪泛滥范围,并计算淹没水深分布。根据不同水深指标,应用GIS工具完成了山洪灾害危险分区。本研究利用高分辨率遥感影像提供承灾体类型的可靠和准确数据用于易损性分析和期望损失评估的价值计算。根据典型区财产损失的抽样调查,建立了不同承灾体类型与水深的关系,并确定其损失率;应用GIS空间数据处理和分析的集成方法完成了复杂的损失评估。在此基础上,按期望损失程度进行分区划分而完成山洪风险评价。研究结果表明基于GIS和RS方法进行山洪风险评价效果良好,值得推广应用于其他洪水泛滥区。 相似文献
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沙地渗灌系统的自动监测与控制 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
通过沙地渗灌系统的应用实践以及与沟灌、漫灌进行的比较研究,着重介绍了其对水分实行自动监测与控制的功能;分析了其可向植物根群区直接供给水分和养分,减少水分蒸发,保持沙地良好水分状态的优越性。 相似文献
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ABSTRACTBihar, in the central Gangetic Basin, is simultaneously India's poorest and most flood-prone State. Climate change models currently identify a heightening of Bihar's flood risk, as rainfall patterns become more intense and Himalayan glaciers recede. During the past half century, the major strategy deployed by the State and national governments to address the risk of floods has involved the construction of embankments: raised areas of land that seek to control river flow and provide temporary sanctuaries for flood-affected populations. In this article, qualitative data from interviews with flood-affected villagers and policy makers at local, district and State levels are used to assess the social implications of embankments as an adaptive response to flood risk. Evidence from these testimonies leads us to conceptualise embankments as contributing to recursive cycles of vulnerability, in which women, children and poorer social segments have been unwitting bearers. Hence, reliance on embankments is a maladaptation that perpetuates, if not exacerbates, the severe manifestations of social and economic inequality that continue to plague rural Bihar. Perhaps not surprisingly, the voices of those whose lives have been made more difficult by embankments are heard all too infrequently in policy debates. This emphasises the need for climate adaptation initiatives to be anchored in a sustainable livelihood approach, for which the prime analytical objective is to understand the factors that enable or constrain the abilities of people, especially those who are most vulnerable, to make decisions about their lives. 相似文献
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In this paper, a spatiotemporal framework is developed for identifying building vulnerabilities and content evacuations during riverine flooding events. This work investigates the spatiotemporal properties required to trigger building contents evacuations in the floodplain during a flood event. The spatial properties for building risks are based on topography, flood inundation, building location, building elevation, and road access to determine five categories of vulnerability, vulnerable basement, flooded basement, vulnerable first-floor, flooded first-floor, and road access. Using this framework, a model designed to track the spatiotemporal patterns of building evacuations is presented. The model is based upon real-time flood forecast predictions that are linked with building properties to create a model that captures the spatiotemporal ordering of building vulnerabilities and building content evacuations. Applicable to different communities at risk from flooding, the evacuation model is applied to a historical flood for a university campus, demonstrating how the defined elements are used to derive a pattern of vulnerability and evacuation for a campus threatened by severe flooding. 相似文献
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河湖水系连通的关键科学问题与研究方向 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
水资源时空分布不均,与经济社会格局不匹配,严重制约了中国的可持续发展。中国水情复杂,河湖水系正面临洪涝频繁、供水不足、河湖萎缩、水生态退化、水环境污染等诸多问题。面向国家发展新战略要求和现代化目标,有效解决复杂水问题,是新形势下生态文明建设和水资源可持续利用的重大需求。积极推进河湖水系连通,着力提高水资源统筹配置能力、河湖健康保障能力和水旱灾害抵御能力,是科学治水兴水的重大战略;开展深入的理论与技术研究是科学推进河湖水系连通的当务之急,也是治水兴水保障生态文明建设、支撑国家现代化进程的重大需求,具有重大意义。在分析全国河湖水系面临问题的基础上,讨论了河湖水系连通研究的必要性和迫切性,分析提出了河湖水系连通的三个关键科学问题及其研究框架,并对河湖水系连通的重要研究方向进行了探讨。 相似文献
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Social Exclusion and the Disabled: An Accessibility Approach* 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Irene Casas 《The Professional geographer》2007,59(4):463-477
Understanding social dimensions (e.g., transport equity) is an important aspect of sustainable development. This holistic perspective allows the use of accessibility as a tool to identify disadvantaged groups. In this article, cumulative accessibility measures are calculated for a sample of individuals who participated in a one‐day travel diary survey for the Buffalo‐Niagara region in the state of New York. These measures, which include the number of opportunities available in an individual's activity space, are used to compare the levels of access between disabled and nondisabled groups and to determine if individuals' disabilities and other characteristics are contributing factors to their exclusion. Findings show that being young, coming from a small household, possessing a driver's license, having a steady job, living in an urban setting, and being willing to travel a long distance increase the number of opportunities available. 相似文献