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1.
黄河壶口段全新世古洪水事件及其水文学研究 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
通过对黄河中游晋陕峡谷段的考察,在多个地点发现全新世古洪水滞流沉积层。选择壶口段左岸岩棚内典型的古洪水滞流沉积剖面进行沉积学和水文学研究。对于采集的全新世地层剖面序列样品,进行粒度成分、磁化率、烧失量、CaCO3含量等分析,从沉积学角度证明了研究剖面所夹洪水沉积物为典型的古洪水滞流沉积物,记录了全新世两个时期的特大洪水事件。通过地层学对比分析和OSL测年,确定其分别发生在全新世早期-中期转折阶段,和中期-晚期转折阶段。利用沉积学和水文学原理恢复古洪水水位,计算出第一组古洪水洪峰流量为27490m3/s、27830 m3/s、28570 m3/s,第二组为40920m3/s。本文的研究发现全新世特大洪水事件,并且恢复了其水文特征数据,对于揭示黄河水文过程对于全球变化的响应规律具有重要的科学意义,对于水利工程建设具有重要的现实意义。 相似文献
2.
《地理研究》2017,(6)
西藏中部是西风与季风相互作用的关键区域,对气候变化响应极为敏感。以该区域当惹雍错西北部T1阶地的沉积剖面为研究对象,利用光释光测年确立年代标尺,通过沉积物粒度、TOC、TN等代用指标分析,对当惹雍错地区中晚全新世以来的古气候变化进行研究。结果显示,T1阶地代表了约6 ka BP~1.4 ka BP期间的湖相沉积;记录了该区域中晚全新世的两个主要气候阶段。阶段I(约6 ka BP~3.4 ka BP期间)气候温暖湿润,湖泊水位较高且稳定;阶段II(约3.4 ka BP~1.4 ka BP)气候朝着干冷方向发展,水位下降明显,并在2.4 ka BP左右达到最低水位。通过该剖面揭示的当惹雍错中晚全新世以来的气候变化与周边区域的湖泊沉积记录进行对比,表明该地区湿度变化受季风影响较为明显;为季风在高原上的作用范围提供了证据。 相似文献
3.
4.
毛乌素沙地处于中国季风区的西北边缘,对气候变化敏感,是古气候演化和古环境变迁研究的理想场所。全新世气温回暖期,气候整体稳定但存在暖湿冷干的次级波动,不同类型沉积相组成的地层序列记录了全新世千年、百年尺度的气候不稳定性。对毛乌素沙地不同沉积序列的研究表明:(1)毛乌素沙地东南缘的沙漠/黄土边界带DLT、NB剖面粒度及Rb/Sr比值可作为气候变化的代用指标。>63 μm砂含量增加,Rb/Sr比值降低,揭示东亚冬季风增强,风成砂堆积,风沙活动加剧,气候干冷;反之,东亚夏季风增强,降水增多,风化成壤程度加大,气候暖湿。(2)毛乌素沙地东南缘沙漠/黄土边界带及低洼沟谷区年代概率密度函数的分析显示,全新世早期~8\^5 ka BP风成砂堆积,风沙活动加剧,气候表现为干冷;全新世中期8\^5 ka~3\^0 ka BP地势较高处古土壤广泛发育,地势低洼处发育湖沼相/泥炭层,但在6.0 ka BP左右存在气候转冷过程;全新世晚期3\^0 ka BP以来气候波动频繁。(3)毛乌素沙地气候变化与北大西洋冰筏冷事件、董哥洞石笋、季风边缘区湖泊、东部沙地等记录具有可对比性和相对一致性,反映出全新世千年和百年尺度上的气候变化主要受全球变化的影响,这对预测和模拟未来气候变化具有借鉴意义。 相似文献
5.
东疆北部全新世气候不稳定性的湖泊沉积记录 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
对新疆东疆北部巴里坤湖2.5 m深的沉积剖面进行了年代学、沉积物粒度、TOC、磁化率和CaCO3含量分析,对比研究确定了巴里坤湖的碳库年龄约为750 a,据此建立了研究剖面的年代序列。研究表明,各气候代用指标序列揭示了巴里坤湖地区全新世期间存在多次干湿气候波动,并伴随着一系列突发气候事件,其中有6次事件可以与全新世北大西洋浮冰碎屑事件及GISP2冰芯氧同位素记录进行良好对比,且呈现出显著约1.6 ka的变化周期,表明高纬度北大西洋地区的气候变化可能通过对西风环流的影响与中国西北干旱区的气候变化密切相关。谱分析揭示出研究区气候变化还具有显著的200 a,133 a,108 a和77 a周期,可能与太阳活动周期有关。6300—5200 cal a BP和4300—3500 cal a BP期间巴里坤湖地区气候较为干旱,结合广泛的区域对比认为,中全新世干旱事件具有普遍性。 相似文献
6.
黄土高原东缘晚全新世高精度高分辨率石笋古环境记录 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于山西武乡太行龙洞一支石笋5个230Th年龄和190个氧同位素数据重建4 400~150 a B.P.高分辨率δ18O序列。石笋δ18O值逐渐增加,除最近约600 a外,在千年尺度长期趋势变化上与中国南部其它洞穴记录相一致,表明晚全新世亚洲夏季风强度持续减弱响应于同一驱动机制。一次显著的气候突变事件发生在2 550~2 000 aB.P.,与史料记载的干旱期大致相对应。功率谱分析揭示出106 a周期,与树轮Δ14C太阳活动周期大体一致,说明百年尺度上太阳活动与东亚季风变化有一定关联性。 相似文献
7.
黄河永和关段全新世古洪水研究 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
通过对黄河中游晋陕峡谷段进行系统地考察, 在多个地点发现全新世古洪水滞流沉积物。选择永和关段YHG剖面进行了沉积学和水文学研究。根据野外宏观沉积学特征, 确定YHG 剖面含有一组五层古洪水滞流沉积层。采样分析测试表明其磁化率低、烧失量小、CaCO3含量低, 粒度成分分类为粉沙质细沙和细沙质粉沙。它们是黄河洪水悬移质泥沙在高水位滞流情况下的沉积物, 记录了黄河晋陕峡谷段一期五次特大古洪水事件。通过地层学对比分析和OSL 测年断代, 确定这五次洪水发生在全新世中期-晚期转折阶段, 即3200-3000 aBP。这也是我国历史上商末-西周初年的气候恶化转折阶段。利用“古洪水SWD厚度与含沙量关系法”恢复古洪水洪峰水位, 采用面积-比降法计算出5 次古洪水事件洪峰流量介于28380~48590 m3/s 之间。该结果有效地延长了黄河中游洪水数据序列, 为万年尺度洪水流量-频率关系的计算提供了基础数据。这对于黄河中下游水利水电工程洪水设计和洪水资源化开发管理具有重要的现实意义, 对于揭示黄河中游水文过程对于全球变化的响应规律具有重要的科学意义。 相似文献
8.
古尔班通古特沙漠作为中国最大的固定、半固定沙漠,是中国境内受西风环流影响最为明显的沙漠之一,其全新世环境演变过程及其对全球气候变化的响应和反馈,对理解该区现代地表过程与未来环境演变趋势具有重要的科学意义。古尔班通古特沙漠及周边区域全新世环境演变研究的结果明显不同,存在中晚全新世和中全新世降水/湿度变化最优期的分歧,成因机制存在季风深入内陆和西风总体控制的争议。以目前区域已发表的多载体记录为基础,通过降维和集成分析重建了该区全新世气候/湿度变化背景,梳理区域风沙沉积地层年代学时空分布,集成了该区全新世风沙活动历史,进而探讨区域风沙活动与湿度变化的耦合关系。结果表明该区早中全新世（12～6 ka）气候干旱,风沙活动强烈;中晚全新世以来湿度逐渐增加、风沙活动逐渐减弱。通过区域及半球尺度的对比分析,发现该区环境演变过程主要受西风环流的控制。 相似文献
9.
对汉江上游谷地归仙河口剖面的地层学、沉积学特征以及磁化率、粒度组成、Rb/Sr比值等理化指标进行了研究。结果显示:归仙河口剖面地层完整,具有表土(MS)→全新世黄土(L0)→古土壤(S0)→过渡性黄土(Lt)→马兰黄土(L1)→河流相沉积物(AD)的地层序列,它记录了汉江第一级阶地抬升以来东亚季风的变化信息。不同地层单元的风化成壤差异明显,其成壤强弱序列为:S0>L0>Lt>L1。归仙河口剖面风化成壤强度的变化表明:18 000～11 500 a BP,气候干冷,风尘大量堆积,成壤微弱,其中在12 500～12 400 a BP出现特大洪水事件;11 500～8 500 a BP,气候逐渐向暖湿方向转变,成壤作用有所增强;8 500～3 000 a BP,气候最为温暖湿润,成壤作用非常强烈,而在7 500～7 000 a BP汉江流域频繁发生特大洪水;距今3 000年开始,气候重新进入一个相对干旱少雨时期,期间气候并不稳定,其中在3 100～3 000 a BP和1 000～900 a BP出现特大洪水事件。 相似文献
10.
江汉平原近3000年来古洪水事件的沉积记录 总被引：17，自引：12，他引：5
洪水发生规律是洪灾预报的前提,已有的历史洪水记录时间尺度不足以认识和把握洪水的出现规律。因此,利用地质记录延长洪水时间序列,从地质记录中认识洪水的发生规律,显得非常重要和必要。江汉平原江陵地区的洪水地质记录表明,近3000年来,该区共发生了18次特大洪水漫滩事件。这些古洪水的频发与湿冷气候相对应。功率谱分析发现古洪水漫滩事件包含26、31、36、43、52、79、110年这样的周期。分析表明江陵地区古洪水发生的驱动因子可能是太阳活动。 相似文献
11.
Vishwas S. Kale 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2014,35(2):161-178
South Asia is drained by some of the most flood‐prone rivers in the world. Flooding during the monsoon season is the most recurring, widespread and disastrous natural hazard in South Asia that results in enormous social, economic and environment consequences every year. Several massive floods have occurred in the recent decades causing huge economic losses and human suffering. On average, the total damage is close to USD 1 billion annually. To answer the question whether flooding in South Asia is getting worse and more frequent, all available data were considered: the annual peak discharge data for major rivers, post‐1985 information on floods from the global archive of large floods and palaeoflood records from nine Indian rivers. According to the global archive data, 372 large and 55 extreme flood events have occurred since 1985. Although there is no significant trend, all types of data point to clustering of large floods. Palaeoflood records show that modern floods (post‐1950) have higher flood levels than the late Holocene floods. Notwithstanding the limitations of data, there is enough evidence to conclude that (1) incidences of flood‐generating extreme rainfall event are rising and (2) human interventions have made the recent floods more destructive. 相似文献
12.
Unseasonable floods are floods that occur in the season of lowest flood frequency, or dry season. Such floods pose a unique problem to flood planners and forecasters, yet little research has investigated the physical processes associated with unseasonable floods. The purpose of this study is to construct a synoptic climatology of extreme unseasonable floods for the southeastern United States. Results indicate that the types of storms creating unseasonable floods are location specific, with four unique regions across the study area: Carolina (tropical storms/hurricanes), Georgia Coastal Plain (Gulf depressions), Gulf-Atlantic (frontal), and Tennessee (frontal with upper-air enhancement). The precipitation created by these storms is low to moderate, rarely exceeding the 10-year 24-hour storm total. The precipitation levels suggest that a combination of meteorological conditions and land-surface conditions create the extreme events. A statistical analysis indicates that high soil-moisture levels combine with the moderate rains to produce extreme unseasonable floods. [Key words: unseasonable floods, synoptic climatology, land-surface conditions, southeastern United States.] 相似文献
13.
广东的洪涝及其对农业的危害与防御对策 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
对广东省的洪涝灾害进行了分类，主要从气候的角度揭示洪涝的成因，及其对农业生产的危害。广东的洪涝按水分过多的程度，可分为洪水、涝害和湿害；按季节划发，洪涝分成春季洪涝、春夏洪涝、夏秋洪涝和连阴雨等几种类型。洪涝与湿害的气候指标常用年或某的降雨异常来描述。洪涝和湿害的农业气象指标用水分平均旱涝指标来表示。洪涝灾害的形成与季风活动密切有关。地形对洪涝影响明显，洪涝对农业的危害主要有物理性破坏、生理性损伤、生态性危害。防御洪涝的对策主要有加强防灾减灾的组织管理，改善生态环境，提高天气预报准确率等措施。 相似文献
14.
Annual floods in New England (USA) and Atlantic Canada: synoptic climatology and generating mechanisms 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Mathias J. Collins Johnathan P. Kirk Joshua Pettit Arthur T. DeGaetano M. Sam McCown Thomas C. Peterson 《自然地理学》2014,35(3):195-219
New England and Atlantic Canada are characterized by mixed flood regimes that reflect different storm types, antecedent land surface conditions, and flood seasonality. Mixed flood regimes are known to complicate flood risk analyses, yet the synoptic climatology and precipitation mechanisms that generate annual floods in this region have not been described in detail. We analyzed a set of long-term annual flood records at climate-sensitive stream gauges across the region and classified the synoptic climatology of each annual flood, quantitatively describing the precipitation mechanisms, and characterize flood seasonality. We find that annual floods here are dominantly generated by Great Lakes-sourced storms and Coastal lows, known locally as ‘nor’easters.’ Great Lakes storms tend to be associated with lower magnitude annual floods (<75th percentile) and Coastal lows are more clearly associated with higher magnitude events (>75th percentile). Tropical cyclones account for few of all annual floods, including extreme events, despite causing some of the region’s largest and most destructive floods. Late winter/early spring is when the greatest number of annual floods occur region wide, and rainfall is the dominant flood-producing mechanism. Rainfall in combination with snowmelt is also important. Both mechanisms are expected to be impacted by projected regional climate change. We find little evidence for associations between flood-producing synoptic storm types or precipitation mechanisms and large-scale atmospheric circulation indices or time periods, despite upward trends in New England annual flood magnitudes. To more completely investigate such associations, partial duration flood series that include more floods than just the largest of each year, and their associated synoptic climatologies and precipitation mechanisms, should be analyzed. 相似文献
15.
为探究农业洪水灾害发生机理和降低洪水灾害对农业生产的不利影响，以宝鸡市为例，利用辖区内2014年降水数据与2015年社会经济统计资料，依据自然灾害脆弱性理论，从易损性和适应性2个因子着手，选取了年降水量等12个分指标，构建了宝鸡市农业洪水灾害脆弱性评价指标体系，运用均方差赋权法确定权重，利用ArcGIS 10.2技术以县域尺度视角对研究区农业洪水灾害脆弱性进行了综合评价与区划。结果表明：（1） 高易损性区主要集中在岐山县、金台区等年降水量较高且耕地比重较大的区县。（2）
高适应性区主要包括渭滨区、金台区等经济发达地区。（3） 高脆弱性区为太白县、千阳县；较高脆弱性区为陇县、麟游县、岐山县、扶风县；中等脆弱性区为陈仓区、凤翔县；低脆弱性区为金台区、渭滨区、眉县、凤县。整体来看，宝鸡市农业水灾高脆弱区集中分布在辖区东北部，宝鸡市政府及有关部门应加强水灾风险研究，根据各区县的地理环境特征和经济发展水平来因地制宜调整土地利用结构和农业种植结构，重视防洪工程建设，降低农业水灾脆弱性以减轻农业洪水灾损。 相似文献
16.
The efficacy of extreme events is directly linked to the flood power and the total energy expended. The geomorphic effectiveness of floods is evaluated in terms of the distribution of stream power per unit boundary area (ω) over time, for three very large floods of the 20th Century in the Indian Peninsula. These floods stand out as outliers when compared with the peak floods per unit drainage area recorded elsewhere in the world. We used flood hydrographs and at-a-station hydraulic geometry equations, computed for the same gauging site or a nearby site, to construct approximately stream-power curves and to estimate the total energy expended by each flood. Critical unit stream power values necessary to entrain cobbles and boulders were estimated on the basis of empirical relationships for coarse sediment transport developed by Williams [Williams, G.P., 1983. Paleohydrological methods and some examples from Swedish fluvial environments. I. Cobble and boulder deposits. Geografiska Annaler 65A, 227–243.] in order to determine the geomorphological effectiveness of the floods. The estimates indicate that the minimum power per unit area values for all three floods were sufficiently high, and stream energy was above the threshold of boulder movement (90 W m− 2) for several tens of hours. The peak unit stream power values and the total energy expended during each flood were in the range of 290–325 W m− 2 and 65–160 × 106 J respectively. The average and peak flood powers were found to be higher or comparable to those estimated for extreme palaeo or modern floods on low-gradient, alluvial rivers. 相似文献
17.
《Geomorphology》2006,73(1-2):78-100
Spring-fed streams that deposit tufa (ambient temperature freshwater calcium carbonate deposits) in the tropics of northern Australia are influenced strongly by perennially warm water temperatures, high evaporation rates, and monsoon driven high-magnitude floods. This paper presents an environmental model that will aid interpretation of fossil fluvial tufas throughout monsoonal Australia. In the Barkly karst, northern Australia, tufas form in dam, cascade and pool/waterhole geomorphic environments. Each environment is represented in the morphostratigraphical record by a specific combination of tufa geomorphic units and facies associations. A diverse array of tufa facies is present, including microphytic, larval, calcite raft, macrophytic and allochthonous types.Preservation of particular Barkly karst tufa facies is thought to reflect the strength of monsoonal floods. A strong monsoon is represented by an abundance of flood indicators such as the allochthonous phytoclastic, lithoclastic and intraclastic tufa facies. Conversely, evidence of weak monsoons or a prolonged absence of floods may include oncoids, calcite rafts and thick accumulations of fine carbonate sediments. The history of the Australian monsoon is not fully understood. However, fossil tufa deposits, which record terrestrial climate information, have been preserved throughout northern Australia and hold great potential for reconstructing the region's climate history. Fossil tufa sequences at two Barkly karst sites have been interpreted using the new model. It can be applied to other Barkly karst fossil tufas as well as those in similar environments elsewhere in the world. 相似文献
18.
Based on the collation and statistical analysis of flood and drought information in Baoji area from 1368 to 1911, and in the context of climate change, we investigated the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of drought and flood disaster chains in this area during the Ming and Qing dynasties using the methods of moving average, cumulative anomaly and wavelet analysis. The results are as follows: (1) We found a total of 297 drought and flood events from 1368 to 1911 in Baoji. Among these events, droughts and floods occurred separately 191 and 106 times, which accounted for 64.31% and 35.69% of the total events, respectively. (2) We observed distinct characteristics of flood and drought events in Baoji in different phases. The climate was relatively dry from 1368 to 1644. A fluctuant climate phase with both floods and droughts occurred from 1645 to 1804. The climate was relatively wet from 1805 to 1911. Moreover, we observed a pattern of alternating dry and wet periods from 1368 to 1911. In addition, 3 oscillation periods of drought and flood events occurred around 70 a, 110 a and 170 a, which corresponded to sunspot cycles. (3) We also observed an obvious spatial difference in drought and flood events in Baoji. The northern and eastern parts of Weihe River basin were regions with both frequent droughts and floods. (4) The sequential appearance of drought and flood disaster chains in Baoji from 1368 to 1911 was in response to global climate change. Since the 1760s, global climatic deterioration has frequently led to extreme drought and flood events. 相似文献
19.
汉江上游白河段万年尺度洪水水文学研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
通过对汉江上游的考察,在多个地点发现古洪水滞流沉积层夹在古土壤层与坡积石渣土层或坡积角砾层中。选择白河段JJTZ剖面进行沉积学和水文学研究。对于采集的全新世古洪水滞流沉积样品,进行沉积学分析,与2010年现代洪水滞流沉积物进行对比,结合其宏观特征确认其为汉江洪水悬移质沉积物,粒度成分分类为细沙质粉沙。它们记录了汉江上游特大古洪水事件。通过地层学对比分析和OSL测年断代,确定其发生在全新世中期-晚期转折阶段,即3 200～2 800 a B.P.。利用沉积学和古水文学原理恢复古洪水洪峰水位,采用比降法计算出两次古洪水洪峰流量为40 180 m3/s和49 170 m3/s。该结果大大延长了洪水水文数据序列,从而能够建立汉江上游万年尺度洪水流量-频率关系,对于揭示汉江上游水文过程对于全球变化的响应规律具有重要的科学意义,对于防洪减灾和水资源水能源工程建设具有重要的现实意义。 相似文献
20.
夏季风活动与长江流域的旱涝 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
本文指出夏季风活动与我国主要雨区位置有对应的配合。中国大部分降水集中在夏季风时期对某一年来讲,虽然年或季的雨量可以接近正常,但这并不意味着全国降水都接近正常,有些地方多雨,有些地方少雨,甚至还有些地方遭受旱涝灾害。其次,作者对长江流域旱涝的高低空环流特征作了概括,发现夏季风活动与西太平洋副高及其脊的东、西移动有密切联系。特别是副热带环流及青藏高压和西太平洋副高之间的相互作用对长江流域旱涝起到重要作用。最后探讨季风形成的基本因子及其对夏季风活动的可能影响。 相似文献