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1.
干旱区不同土地利用方式下土壤呼吸日变化差异及影响因素 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
利用开路式土壤碳通量测量系统-LI-8100对塔里木河下游6种土地利用方式下土壤呼吸速率的日变化进行了野外定位测量,并就水热因子及土壤理化性质对土壤日呼吸速率差异的影响进行了分析。结果表明,梨园、弃耕地、棉田、人工林、草地和天然林土壤呼吸速率日变化均呈单峰曲线,土壤日呼吸速率差异显著。大气温度和土地利用方式是造成土壤日呼吸差异的主要因素,其中土地利用方式通过改变地表温度、土壤水分、电导率、pH、盐分含量及机械组成等影响土壤日呼吸速率。 相似文献
2.
Soil nutrients in relation to land use and landscape position in the semi-arid small catchment on the loess plateau in China 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
Characterizing spatial variability of soil nutrients in relation to site properties, including climate, land use, landscape position and other variables, is important for understanding how ecosystems work and assessing the effects of future land use change on soil nutrients. In order to assess the effects of land use and landscape position on soil nutrients consisting of soil organic matter (SOM), total N (TN), total P (TP), available N (AN) and available P (AP), soil samples were collected in August and October 1998 and July 1999 from three transects in a small catchment on the loess plateau, China. The three transects consisted of typical land use structure from the top to foot of hillslope in the study area: fallow land – cropland – woodland – orchard (T1), fallow land – shrub land – fallow land – cropland – woodland – orchard (T2) and intercropping land – woodland (T3). Significant differences among land uses were found for SOM, TN and AN. Woodland, shrub land and grassland had the higher levels for them compared to fallow land and cropland. Use of soil deterioration index showed that soils deteriorated moderately (−17·05%) under orchard and seriously (ranging from −29·91% to −20·32%) under fallow land, cropland and intercropping land, while soils had no deterioration (−0·74%) under shrubland and (−0·69%) grassland. This study indicated that the cultivated hilly lands must be abandoned before a critical minimum SOM of 0·492%. Soil nutrient responses to landscape positions were variable depending on transect and the location of land use types. The highest levels in SOM, TN and AN were observed at middle slope position on T1, while they occurred at foot slope position on T3. However, an increasing trend from upper slope to foot slope for five nutrients were found on T2. 相似文献
3.
岩溶山区不同植被群落土壤生态系统特性研究 总被引：14，自引：4，他引：10
自然植被演替成为次生植被、人工林或人工开垦利用后,岩溶山地土壤物理性能退化;沙化现象明显;坡耕地土壤长时间持水供水性能、抗旱性能降低;土壤种子库中草本种子比例大,木本植物种子少,土壤种子库退化更严重。研究区土壤有机质和全N受植被类型和土地利用强度影响明显,坡耕地土壤有机质较林草地系统低,退耕还林还草后,土壤有机质含量稳定增加。与自然植被相比,人工林、次生林系统土壤有机质含量仍较低。从弃耕地→灌草坡→次生林地的演替过程中,土壤种子库生态优势度呈降低趋势,物种丰富度和多样性增加。研究结果认为,岩溶生态系统土地退化的实质是土壤作为水库、养分库和土壤种子库功能的差异退化。 相似文献
4.
黄土高原半干旱区天然锦鸡儿灌丛对土壤水分的影响 总被引：13，自引：4，他引：13
本文选择黄土高原半干旱区定西地区的一种地带性植被,天然甘蒙锦鸡儿灌丛,将其0～99m深的土壤水分含量与人工柠条锦鸡儿灌丛、人工杏树林、天然草地、放牧荒坡和农地的土壤水分含量进行了比较。结果发现,天然锦鸡儿灌丛在1m以下土壤各层的水分含量均高于人工柠条灌丛和人工杏树林,而与放牧荒坡和农地的土壤湿度接近,略低于农地。天然锦鸡儿灌丛4m以上土层的土壤湿度还明显高于天然草地;天然锦鸡儿灌丛形成的难效—无效水层深度在2m土层以上,而人工柠条灌丛形成的难效无效水层则深达56m,人工杏树林42m,天然草地、放牧荒坡分别为36m和33m,农地1m。 相似文献
5.
温度对武夷山不同海拔土壤有机碳矿化的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用碱吸收法测定武夷山不同海拔土壤分别在15℃、25℃、35℃下培养35d时土壤有机碳矿化速率及矿化量的变化．结果表明,土壤有机碳矿化速率随培养时间延长而逐渐降低,尤以培养3d～7d时下降最为明显．各海拔土壤累积矿化量均随培养温度升高而逐渐增加．培养35d时15℃和35℃下土壤累积矿化量随海拔升高而增加,但25℃下黄红壤的累积矿化量高于红壤和黄壤而低于山地草甸土．各培养温度下,土壤有机碳平均矿化速率均以山地草甸土最高,红壤最低．而对于各海拔土壤,不同温度下土壤有机碳平均矿化速率大小顺序为：15℃〈25℃〈35℃．培养3d时温度为15℃／25℃黄壤的Q10值显著高于其他海拔土壤（P〈0．05）,但培养35d时15℃／25℃下的土壤Q10值以黄红壤的最高．培养3d和35d时,25℃／35℃下不同海拔土壤Q10值差异均不显著（P〉0．05）．根据土壤平均矿化速率计算的Q10值在温度范围为15℃／25℃时以黄壤的最高,但25℃／35℃时红壤的Q10值最大． 相似文献
6.
土地利用变化是全球环境变化的重要组成部分,其可以直接影响到土壤性质的变化。本研究通过中亚热带山区天然林、人工林(用材林和经济林)、次生林、农业用地(橘园和坡耕地)等7种典型土地利用方式土壤性质的研究,结果表明:土地利用变化后土壤有机质和全氮含量下降幅度分别达到52.2%~81.8%和57.9%~172.6%;同时土壤容重增加,pH值升高。而土地利用变化对土壤全磷、全钾的影响的规律较为不明显。综合比较中国区域土地利用变化对土壤性质变化的影响,其中20~25°N纬度带土壤物理化学性质变化幅度最大。 相似文献
7.
基于遥感和GIS的中国20世纪90年代毁林开荒状况分析 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
毁林开荒过程是一种林地变为耕地的土地利用变化过程,可以通过遥感和GIS技术对这一过程进行监测。本文通过覆盖全国的TM影像数据,对20世纪90年代林地转为耕地的面积及其空间分布进行分析,从而对全国毁林开荒过程进行遥感监测。结果表明,该时期有17630km2的林地被开垦为耕地。不同面积等级的开垦过程在不同流域分布也不同:面积小于10hm2和介于10～100hm2的被开垦林地较广泛地分布于各大流域;而面积介于100～1000hm2的被开垦林地主要分布于松辽流域、黑龙江流域和东北东部流域、长江流域、珠江流域和云南省所在流域;大于1000hm2的被开垦林地则几乎全部分布于松辽流域、黑龙江流域和东北东部流域。坡度大于3°的毁林开荒地面积占总面积的295%;对土壤侵蚀背景的分析表明,土壤侵蚀强度以微度和轻度为主 相似文献
8.
Tom Akkermans Anton Van Rompaey Nicole Van Lipzig Pieter Moonen Bruno Verbist 《自然地理学》2013,34(6):417-440
State-of-the-art impact-modeling studies in environmental and climatological sciences require detailed future deforestation scenarios that allow forest to be replaced by a mosaic of multiple successional land-cover types, rather than the simple conversion of forest to a single land-cover type, such as bare soil or cropland. Therefore, not only the amount and location of forest removal has to be known (as is typically provided by scenarios), but also knowledge about the successional land-cover types and their relative areal proportions is needed. The main objective of this study was to identify these successional land-cover types and quantify their areal proportions in regions deforested during the past 37 years around the city of Kisangani, D.R. Congo. The fallow vegetation continuum was categorized in different stages, adapted from existing classifications. Ground-truth points describing the present-day vegetation were obtained during a field campaign and used for supervised and validated land-cover classification of these categories, using the Landsat image of 2012. Areal proportions of successional land-cover types were then derived from the resulting land-cover map. The second objective of this study was to relate these areal proportions to time since deforestation, which is expected to influence fallow landscapes. Landsat images of 1975, 1990, and 2001 were analyzed. Present-day mature tree fallow is less abundant on areas deforested during 1975–1990. The relative areal proportions were used to refine a deforestation scenario and apply it to existing data-sets of LAI and canopy height (CH). Assuming a simple conversion of forest to cropland, the deforestation scenario projected a reduction of grid-cell-averaged CH from 25.5 to 7.5 m (within deforested cells), whereas the refined scenarios that we propose show more subtle changes, with a reduced CH of 13 m. This illustrates the importance of taking successional land cover correctly into account in environmental and climatological modeling studies. 相似文献
9.
土壤湿度作为影响陆气水热交换的重要变量,指示了干旱的演变特征。为揭示中国旱作农田土壤湿度的变化特征及其气象驱动要素,本文利用站点数据研究了1992—2018年中国旱作农田土壤湿度变化趋势的时间和空间特征,采用相关性、敏感性分析等方法探究了土壤湿度的驱动机制。结果表明：2001年中国旱作农田土壤湿度的变化趋势发生转折,土壤湿度年际变化普遍由下降趋势变为上升趋势,主要由夏季和秋季土壤湿度主导。而且土壤湿度的变化存在空间异质性,2001年后东北地区的土壤湿度在显著增加,而西南地区在显著下降。降水量和蒸散发的时空变化是土壤湿度趋势发生时空变化的主要原因,二者存在协同作用,北方地区由降水主导,南方地区由蒸散发主导。 相似文献
10.
气候变化及人类活动对中国土壤有机碳储量的影响 总被引：64，自引：1，他引：63
对中国1998年第二次土壤普查中的2000多个土壤剖面中碳储量与年平均温度 (T)、年降水量 (P) 的相关性研究表明：它们之间的相关性在不同的温度带下具有很大的差异,在T ≤10oC的地区,土壤有机碳储量与温度的负相关性最强;在10oC< T ≤ 20oC的地区,受与降水正相关的影响,土壤有机碳储量与年平均温度表现出一种正相关性;而在T > 20oC的地区,土壤有机碳储量与温度和降水的相关性都很差。由于温度和降水在中国存在很强的正相关性,因此在相关分析中宜采用偏相关分析方法。受人类耕种的影响,耕地土壤有机碳储量与温度、降水相关性远低于非耕地土壤。对具有相同土壤属性和气候条件的同一地区的耕地土壤与非耕地土壤样本进行的配对检验表明,耕地土壤与非耕地土壤有机碳储量之间存在显著差异,土地利用的改变在总体上导致了土壤碳的释放。 相似文献
11.
以腾格里沙漠东南缘沙坡头天然植被区藻地衣混生结皮和无结皮土壤为对象,采用野外原状土柱封顶埋管法,研究土壤硝态氮、无机氮、净硝化速率和净氮矿化速率的季节动态特征。结果表明:藻地衣混生结皮和无结皮土壤有效氮含量和净氮转化速率存在明显的季节动态,表现为生长季高峰期 > 生长季初期,夏季7月和8月土壤有效氮和净氮转化速率最大;两个样地土壤在生长季不同时期有效氮和净氮转化速率也存在差异。生长季初期,藻地衣混生结皮和无结皮土壤硝态氮和无机氮含量无显著差异,且温度是影响土壤氮素转化的关键环境因子。生长季高峰期,两个样地土壤有效氮含量和净硝化速率均表现为无结皮 > 藻地衣混生结皮,且水分和温度分别是影响土壤氮硝化和矿化过程的关键环境因子。由此可见,藻地衣结皮的繁衍在一定程度上抑制了土壤氮的硝化过程,因而可以减少养分的散失,是养分贮存的重要机制。 相似文献
12.
温度和水分对科尔沁沙质草地土壤氮矿化的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
土壤氮矿化对陆地生态系统初级生产力起决定性作用,但其影响因素较多,其中温度和水分最为重要。研究沙质草地土壤氮矿化对温度和水分的响应,对预测全球变化对沙质草地生态系统结构和功能的影响具有重要作用。因此,通过开顶式气室(OTC)模拟增温和人工调控田间持水量的方法对科尔沁沙质草地的土壤进行原位培养,分析温度和水分对土壤氮矿化作用的影响。结果表明:无论温度如何变化,科尔沁沙质草地土壤氮净矿化/硝化速率随着田间持水量的增加而明显提高。净硝化速率和净矿化速率在田间持水量为9.5%时最大,田间持水量达到时12.5%明显下降。增温使沙质草地土壤氮矿化显著变化,但增温的效应与田间持水量存在一定的关联。在相对适宜的田间持水量条件下(田间持水量为6.5%~12.5%),OTC增温可以使科尔沁沙质草地的土壤氮矿化/硝化速率显著提高;但是在田间持水量处于相对较低或者过高的状态下,该地区土壤的净氮净矿化/硝化速率对温度增加的响应不明显。 相似文献
13.
Impact of land use conversion on soil organic carbon stocks in an agro-pastoral ecotone of Inner Mongolia 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in terrestrial ecosystems vary considerably with land use types. Grassland, forest, and cropland coexist in the agro-pastoral ecotone of Inner Mongolia, China. Using SOC data compiled from literature and field investigations, this study compared SOC stocks and their vertical distributions among three types of ecosystems. The results indicate that grassland had the largest SOC stock, which was 1.5- and 1.8-folds more than stocks in forest and cropland, respectively. Relative to the stock in 0–100 cm depth, grassland held more than 40% of its SOC stock in the upper 20 cm soil layer; forest and cropland both held over 30% of their respective SOC stocks in the upper 20 cm soil layer. SOC stocks in grazed grasslands were remarkably promoted after ≥20 years of grazing exclusion. Conservational cultivation substantially increased the SOC stocks in cropland, especially in the 0–40 cm depth. Stand ages, tree species, and forest types did not have obvious impacts on forest SOC stocks in the study area likely due to the younger stand ages. Our study implies that soil carbon loss should be taken into account during the implementation of ecological projects, such as reclamation and afforestation, in the arid and semi-arid regions of China. 相似文献
14.
Cultivation, overgrazing, and overharvesting are seriously degrading forest and grassland ecosystems in the Taurus Mountains of the southern Mediterranean region of Turkey. This study investigated the effects of changes on soil organic carbon (SOC) content and other physical soil properties over a 12-year period in three adjacent ecosystems in a Mediterranean plateau. The ecosystems were cropland (converted from grasslands in 1990), open forest, and grassland. Soil samples from two depths, 0–10 and 10–20 cm, were collected for chemical and physical analyses at each of cropland, open forest, and grassland ecosystems. SOC pools at the 0–20 cm depth of cropland, forest, and grassland ecosystems were estimated at 32,636, 56,480, and 57,317 kg ha−1, respectively. Conversion of grassland into cropland during the 12-year period increased the bulk density by 10.5% and soil erodibility by 46.2%; it decreased SOM by 48.8%, SOC content by 43%, available water capacity (AWC) by 30.5%, and total porosity by 9.1% for the 0–20 cm soil depth (p<0.001). The correlation matrix revealed that SOC content was positively correlated with AWC, total porosity, mean weight diameter (MWD), forest, and grassland, and negatively with bulk density, pH, soil erodibility factor, and cropland. The multiple regression (MLR) models indicated that any two of the three ecosystems and one of the two soil depths accounted for 86.5% of variation in mean SOC values ((p<0.001). 相似文献
15.
黑河中游临泽绿洲农田土壤有机质时空变化特征 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
土壤有机质是表征土壤质量的一个重要指标,持续稳定的有机质含量是土壤维持生产能力的基础。土壤有机质的动态演变可以表征土地利用和管理水平。结合地理信息系统,运用地统计方法研究了黑河中游的临泽县绿洲农田20多年来土壤有机质含量的时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)1982年0~20 cm耕层土壤有机质含量平均为12.78±4.38 g/kg,2008年平均为13.76±4.02g/kg;从1982-2008年,有机质含量总体有所上升。(2)两个时期的土壤有机质的实验变异函数值与理论变异函数拟合均较好;克立格插值和不同时期的有机质空间分布图叠加运算表明,由于人为活动的影响,土壤有机质的结构性空间变化程度有所减弱。(3)临泽县土壤有机质含量和变化具有一定的区域性特点:南部的山前平原地区土壤有机质含量较高,呈现上升趋势;中部地势低下的区域土壤有机质相对较高,由于农田面积扩大,有机肥供应不足而下降显著;北部绿洲与戈壁交错带土壤有机质偏低。总体来看,临泽县土壤有机质含量有所上升,但局部地区的有机质发生了下降。为了防止局部区域土壤有机质下降引起土壤退化,应该采取加大有机肥投入和实施秸秆还田等措施。 相似文献
16.
Influence of canopy and topographic position on soil moisture response to rainfall in a hilly catchment of Three Gorges Reservoir Area,China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Liu Muxing Wang Qiuyue Guo Li Yi Jun Lin Henry Zhu Qing Fan Bihang Zhang Hailin 《地理学报(英文版)》2020,30(6):949-968
Rainfall provides essential water resource for vegetation growth and acts as driving force for hydrologic process, bedrock weathering and nutrient cycle in the steep hilly catchment. But the effects of rainfall features, vegetation types, topography, and also their interactions on soil water movement and soil moisture dynamics are inadequately quantified. During the coupled wet and dry periods of the year 2018 to 2019, time-series soil moisture was monitored with 5-min interval resolution in a hilly catchment of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area in China. Three hillslopes covered with evergreen forest(EG), secondary deciduous forest mixed with shrubs(SDFS) and deforested pasture(DP) were selected, and two monitoring sites with five detected depths were established at upslope and downslope position, respectively. Several parameters expressing soil moisture response to rainfall event were evaluated, including wetting depth, cumulative rainfall amount and lag time before initial response, maximum increase of soil water storage, and transform ratio of rainwater to soil water. The results indicated that rainfall amount is the dominant rainfall variable controlling soil moisture response to rainfall event. No soil moisture response occurred when rainfall amounts was 8 mm, and all the deepest monitoring sensors detected soil moisture increase when total rainfall amounts was 30 mm. In the wet period, the cumulative rainfall amount to trigger surface soil moisture response in EG-up site was significantly higher than in other five sites. However, no significant difference in cumulative rainfall amount to trigger soil moisture response was observed among all study sites in dry period. Vegetation canopy interception reduced the transform ratio of rainwater to soil water, with a higher reduction in vegetation growth period than in other period. Also, interception of vegetation canopy resulted in a largeraccumulated rainfall amount and a longer lag time for initiating soil moisture response to rainfall. Generally, average cumulative rainfall amount for initiating soil moisture response during dry period of all sites(3.5–5.6 mm) were less than during wet period(5.7–19.7 mm). Forests captured more infiltration water compared with deforested pasture, showing the larger increments of both soil water storage for the whole soil profile and volumetric soil water content at 10 cm depth on two forest slopes. Topography dominated soil subsurface flow, proven by the evidences that less rainfall amount and less time was needed to trigger soil moisture response and also larger accumulated soil water storage increment in downslope site than in corresponding upslope site during heavy rainfall events. 相似文献
17.
政策总是通过对土地利用/土地覆被的强烈影响而影响陆地碳平衡。本研究旨在探讨环境保护政策（主要是退耕还林）政策对我国陆地碳平衡的影响,从而为政府部门等相关政策制定者提供环境保护和应对气候变化的决策支持。利用DLS（Dynamics Land System）模型对2000-2025年环境保护政策情景下的土地利用变化模拟结果和前人对碳密度的研究成果,运用碳密度法估算了该政策情景对中国陆地碳储量的影响。研究结果表明,在整个阶段,林地将增加23%,耕地和草地将分别减少37%和11%,由此会引起我国森林碳储量每年增加66.0 Tg C,土壤碳储量每年增加13.3 Tg C,而草地碳储量则每年减少5.7 Tg C。总体而言,在环境保护政策情景下,2000-2025年中国整个陆地生态系统的碳储量将增加1.8 Pg C,年均增加量为0.074 Pg C,而这种变化89.6%的原因源于森林碳储量的增加。 相似文献
18.
Water stored in deep loess soil is one of the most important resources regulating vegetation growth in the semi-arid area of the Loess Plateau, but planted shrub and forest often disrupt the natural water cycle and in turn influence plant growth. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of main vegetation types on soil moisture and its inter- annual change. Soil moisture in 0–10 m depth of six vegetation types, i.e., crop, grass, planted shrub of caragana, planted forests of arborvitae, pine and the mixture of pine and arborvitae were measured in 2001, 2005 and 2006. Soil moisture in about 0–3 m of cropland and about 0–2 m of other vegetation types varied inter-annually dependent on annual precipitation, but was stable inter-annually below these depths. In 0–2 m, soil moisture of cropland was significantly greater than those of all other vegetation types, and there were no significant differences among other vegetation types. In 2–10 m, there was no significant moisture difference between cropland and grassland, but the soil moistures under both of them were significantly higher than those of planted shrub and forests. The planted shrub and forests had depleted soil moisture below 2 m to or near permanent wilting point, and there were no significant moisture differences among forest types. The soil moisture of caragana shrub was significantly lower than those of forests, but the absolute difference was very small. The results of this study implicated that the planted shrub and forests had depleted deep soil moisture to the lowest limits to which they could extract and they lived mainly on present year precipitation for transpiration. 相似文献
19.
不同植被类型的土壤水分对黄土高原的影响 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
Water stored in deep loess soil is one of the most important resources regulating vegetation growth in the semi-arid area
of the Loess Plateau, but planted shrub and forest often disrupt the natural water cycle and in turn influence plant growth.
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of main vegetation types on soil moisture and its inter-annual change.
Soil moisture in 0–10 m depth of six vegetation types, i.e., crop, grass, planted shrub of caragana, planted forests of arborvitae,
pine and the mixture of pine and arborvitae were measured in 2001, 2005 and 2006. Soil moisture in about 0–3 m of cropland
and about 0–2 m of other vegetation types varied inter-annually dependent on annual precipitation, but was stable inter-annually
below these depths. In 0–2 m, soil moisture of cropland was significantly greater than those of all other vegetation types,
and there were no significant differences among other vegetation types. In 2–10 m, there was no significant moisture difference
between cropland and grassland, but the soil moistures under both of them were significantly higher than those of planted
shrub and forests. The planted shrub and forests had depleted soil moisture below 2 m to or near permanent wilting point,
and there were no significant moisture differences among forest types. The soil moisture of caragana shrub was significantly
lower than those of forests, but the absolute difference was very small. The results of this study implicated that the planted
shrub and forests had depleted deep soil moisture to the lowest limits to which they could extract and they lived mainly on
present year precipitation for transpiration. 相似文献
20.
氮矿化作用是影响沙质草地植物群落物种组成和初级生产力的重要因素之一。温度和水分被认为是影响土壤氮矿化/硝化作用的两个关键环境因子,认识沙质草地土壤氮矿化作用对温度和水分的响应,对于预测全球变化对沙质草地生态系统结构和功能的影响具有重要作用。本文通过测定开顶式生长室（OTC）内不同湿度条件下增温时沙质草地净氨化速率、净硝化速率和净矿化速率的变化,分析增温和湿度变化对土壤氮矿化作用的影响。结果表明:不论增温与否,沙质草地土壤净氨化速率、净硝化速率和净矿化速率随着土壤湿度增加而明显提高。土壤净氨化速率在土壤湿度为15.2%时最大,但是净硝化速率和净矿化速率在土壤湿度为11.8%时最大,土壤湿度达到时15.2%表现下降趋势。增温使沙质草地土壤氮矿化作用发生显著变化,但增温的效应与土壤湿度存在一定的关联。土壤湿度为3.4%、5.1%、8.5%时,增温处理使土壤净氨化速率较对照明显提高;但是土壤湿度为11.8%、15.2%时,增温处理时土壤净氨化速率较对照显著降低;土壤湿度为8.5%和11.8%时,增温使土壤净硝化速率和净矿化速率显著升高（p<0.05）,在湿度为1.7%、3.4%、5.1%以及15.2%时,增温处理和对照之间的净硝化速率、净矿化速率无显著差异。这说明只有在适宜的土壤湿度条件下,增温才显著影响沙质草地土壤矿化作用,当土壤湿度处于相对干旱或过度湿润的状态下,增温对沙质草地土壤矿化作用没有显著影响。 相似文献