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1.
基于土地“三生”功能视角,采用生态环境质量指数测度2000—2020年西北地区土地利用转型的生态环境效应,并且综合运用热点分析工具、地理探测器等方法探讨生态环境质量的演变特征与分异机制。结果表明：（1）西北地区“三生”空间地域分异显著;“三生”空间结构演化呈生产、生活空间增加,生态空间缩减的变化趋势。（2）生态环境质量指数从2000年的0.22720升至2010年的0.22724后降至2020年的0.22699,生态环境质量整体保持相对稳定。（3）生态环境质量空间上呈“东南较高、西北次之,中部较低”的格局特征,生态环境质量格局演化的冷、热点区主要聚集于东南和西北部,与区域内人口、产业的空间分布具有趋同性。（4）生态用地结构、归一化植被指数和人类活动是生态环境质量空间分异的主导因素,自然因子内部以及自然因子与社会经济因子的交互协同作用共同影响了区域生态环境质量的空间分异效果。 相似文献
2.
生境质量是关乎人类福祉和区域可持续发展的重要基础,对保护生物多样性、提升生态系统服务功能以及构建区域生态安全格局具有重要意义。基于2000—2020年3期土地利用数据,综合应用InVEST模型、地形位指数、地理探测器及空间统计分析等方法,对渭河流域生境质量空间分布特征及其地形梯度效应与影响因素进行综合分析。结果表明：（1）2000—2020年渭河流域生境质量指数呈逐年增加态势,由0.607增长至0.624,增长幅度为2.463%,空间上呈现出两极化分布格局,低等和高等生境质量面积持续增加,而中等和良好生境质量面积有所下降。（2）渭河流域生境质量空间分布受地形因素影响较大,具有显著的地形梯度效应,低等生境质量在低地形梯度上分布广泛,分布指数最高,而高等生境质量在高地形梯度上占据主导优势。（3）土地利用类型是渭河流域生境质量空间分异的主要影响因素,且任意2个因子对生境质量空间分异的交互作用均大于单个驱动因子的作用,土地利用类型与降雨量、气温、海拔、归一化植被指数的交互决定力均大于0.6。研究结果可为渭河流域可持续发展以及生态保护与高质量发展提供科学的理论支撑与决策支持。 相似文献
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以2014年、2017年、2020年对应的140、560、1216个美丽乡村为研究对象,运用GIS空间分析方法研究美丽乡村空间格局演变特征,采用地理探测器和多尺度地理加权回归探究美丽乡村空间格局的影响因素及其在空间上的分异。研究表明：① 美丽乡村空间分布的集聚性增强,主要集聚区呈现“带状-网状-面状”分布的演变趋势,热点区由沿海地带向内扩散。② 美丽乡村的空间分异是多因素共同作用的结果,但各影响因素对美丽乡村空间分异的解释度呈显著差异,其中非物质文化遗产、5A级景区、人口密度对美丽乡村空间分布的解释力最大。③ 主要影响因素对美丽乡村空间分布的影响作用存在空间差异,且局部不平衡性显著,正相关和负相关分析单元具有呈块状与带状的聚集特征。 相似文献
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胡焕庸线两侧人口的空间分异性及其变化 总被引：15，自引：6，他引：9
胡焕庸线作为人地关系的重要地理大发现之一,揭示了中国人口分布东密西疏的重要特征,是人文与经济地理学对社会的重要贡献之一。本文采用地理探测器等定量方法,以人口普查数据为基础,对胡焕庸线两侧人口分布的分异性特征进行了深入讨论,并尝试解释中国人口分布特征变化的原因及其机制。结果表明：① 胡焕庸线作为中国最重要的人口分界线仍基本保持稳定,但从空间统计学分异特征来看该分界线仍可进一步优化调整;② 胡焕庸线两侧内部人口集聚模式发生着明显变化,东南半壁人口分布由改革开放之前和初期的相对均衡状态,转变为以长三角、珠三角等少数区域为中心的集聚模式;而西北半壁人口分布的集聚程度则趋于下降;③ 从人口空间分布的影响因素看,尽管总体上,经济发展类因素对于人口空间分布影响不断增强,但三大阶梯等自然地理本底条件依然对中国人口分布有着重要影响。 相似文献
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基于家庭生命周期理论,通过GIS空间分析工具和二元logistics回归分析为主的数理统计方法,探讨珠三角乡城流动人口长期居留意愿的空间分异、群体分异及影响因素。研究表明：(1)珠三角乡城流动人口长期居留意愿空间分布呈现中心-外围圈层模式并出现了较为明显的空间集聚现象,与城镇化率、流动人口规模占比空间分布相反。(2)单身期、形成期、扩张期、稳定期四类乡城流动人口家庭的平均年龄、迁入地居住年限、月均总支出和长期居留意愿呈递增规律性变化。(3)珠三角乡城流动人口长期居留意愿的影响因素主要有经济因素、迁入地因素、迁移因素、社会保障因素以及个体特征因素。(4)经济因素、迁移范围、每万人医疗机构数和迁入地区位对四类乡城流动人口家庭长期居留意愿均产生显著影响,其中经济因素影响最大;迁入地因素对单身期和稳定期乡城流动人口家庭的长期居留意愿较形成期和扩张期家庭影响更为显著。最后基于研究结论,提出相应的政策建议。 相似文献
6.
社会空间分异是人文地理学研究的重要议题,以往研究主要聚焦基于居住地和活动地的分异现象,缺乏对道路网社会空间分异的关注。本文以广州市中心区域为例,结合日常活动空间理论和空间分析方法,基于手机轨迹大数据,研究不同性别群体日常出行的城市道路网社会空间分异现象及其影响因素。结果显示：基于性别差异的城市道路网社会隔离指数高于居住地、低于就业地,在14:00—15:00时段达到峰值;不同性别群体在路网中的分布总体呈现不均衡的集聚特点,其中女性集聚程度更高;不同性别群体的出行分布和分异受到路网周边建成环境因素的影响;物流运输业就业密度的提高、小学数量的增多或道路等级的提高都会显著提高男性相对出行量,而社会服务业就业密度的提高、菜市场数量或公交站点数量的增多以及到市中心距离的减少都会显著提高女性相对出行量,这些与个体家庭和职业分工的性别差异有一定的关系。本文通过理论假设和实证分析,验证了家庭和职业的分工决策是影响道路网出行分布性别分异的深层次原因,也是解释社会空间分异的重要理论视角。研究结果有助于认识和挖掘基于城市道路网的社会分异现象及其影响机制,并为完善道路网络及周围设施的布局与建设提供借鉴。 相似文献
7.
选取1990—2018年博物馆名录,运用核密度分析、标准差椭圆、空间自相关和地理探测器模型,对1990—2018年中国博物馆时空分异特征及影响因素进行分析。结果表明：1）1990—2018年博物馆数量呈整体加速发展态势,东西差异明显,东部地区博物馆数量密集,且发展速度较快,中西部地区数量稀疏,且发展较为缓慢。2）中国博物馆空间上不断集聚,并呈现出“单核”向“多核”模式演化的分布格局。3）中国博物馆重心居于东部,重心移动轨迹呈“Z”形移动。4）中国博物馆存在显著的空间集聚过程,形成“东热西冷”格局,长江中下游地区是中国博物馆的热点地区,新疆和西藏始终处于冷点区域。5）博物馆的空间分异是多因素综合作用的结果,主要受经济、社会、政策和文化教育的影响。其中,政策和文化教育因素是博物馆空间分异的主要影响因素,社会因素次之,经济因素是一般因素。 相似文献
8.
地理探测器：原理与展望 总被引：261，自引：30，他引：231
空间分异是自然和社会经济过程的空间表现,也是自亚里士多德以来人类认识自然的重要途径。地理探测器是探测空间分异性,以及揭示其背后驱动因子的一种新的统计学方法,此方法无线性假设,具有优雅的形式和明确的物理含义。基本思想是：假设研究区分为若干子区域,如果子区域的方差之和小于区域总方差,则存在空间分异性;如果两变量的空间分布趋于一致,则两者存在统计关联性。地理探测器q统计量,可用以度量空间分异性、探测解释因子、分析变量之间交互关系,已经在自然和社会科学多领域应用。本文阐述地理探测器的原理,并对其特点及应用进行了归纳总结,以利于读者方便灵活地使用地理探测器来认识、挖掘和利用空间分异性。 相似文献
9.
基于腾讯研究院公布的"互联网+"数字经济指数,综合运用泰尔指数、地理探测器模型等多种方法,探究2016年中国东北地区数字经济总体以及各分维度发展特征与空间分异格局,在此基础上对空间分异的成因进行探测与比较。结果表明:(1)东北地区数字经济发展较全国其他地区存在滞后,内部极化明显,形成"核心-边缘"结构,整体呈现"东高西低,南高北低"的空间分异格局。(2)数字经济各分维度发展水平差异明显,省域内部差异是导致各分维度差异的主因。(3)数字经济各分维度在空间上既有协同发展态势也有分异特征。中心城市与副中心城市发展优势突出,资源型城市发展明显滞后。(4)东北地区数字经济发展空间分异受区域自身经济社会发展水平、信息化发展基础与潜力以及人口素质等多种因素的复合影响,其中,人口素质是主因。分维度对比发现,智慧民生分维度与其他分维度发展空间分异的成因差异明显,其影响因素相对单一,且受实体经济基础影响较弱。 相似文献
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基于国家级和自治区级非物质文化遗产（简称非遗）资源空间数据,集成相关自然地理环境和社会经济文化数据,采用最邻近分析、核密度估计和全局空间自相关分析,研究新疆非遗的空间分布规律和集聚特征,采用地理探测器模型深入探究影响新疆非遗空间分布的自然因素、经济因素和社会文化因素。结果表明：新疆非遗空间分布呈现北多南少的特征,主要集中在喀什、伊犁、塔城、巴州和乌鲁木齐等地（市、州）;新疆非遗在空间上具有明显的集聚特征,不同类型非遗的集聚程度也有差异,在空间上形成了乌鲁木齐-吐鲁番-库尔勒为核心的一级组团、伊宁和喀什为核心的二级组团以及以塔城、哈密和阿克苏为中心的若干三级组团。新疆非遗空间分布受自然因素、经济因素、社会文化因素的综合影响：社会文化因素（0.5494）>经济因素（0.4597）>自然因素（0.2285）。自然因素和经济因素、社会文化因素的协同效应对非遗空间分布的影响更明显。 相似文献
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基于“中国裁判文书网”拐卖儿童犯罪案例数据,综合运用数理统计、空间分析等方法探究中国亲生亲卖犯罪的时空特征与决策机制。结果表明：1）被卖儿童呈现“低龄化”特征,多以1岁以内婴儿为主,男童远多于女童;出卖人多为中青年男性或青年女性,以无业、农民和工人群体为主,主要通过熟人社会网络/特殊职业群体/拐卖犯罪人介绍、借助网络媒介主动联系、或经买家/中间人诱导劝说将子女出卖给具有强烈需求的买方。出卖原因包括经济困难、未婚生育、子女众多、中介拉拢、偿还债务等。2）时间演变上,犯罪年变化可划分为稳序低发,快速增长、持续高发,平稳下降3个阶段;月变化上出生和出卖时间呈现同步变化趋势。3）空间分布上,呈现以“四川―山东―福建”为核心的“三源”拐出,以“山东―福建”为核心的“南北两汇”拐入的空间格局;迁移路径上,总体呈现“西南源区省际拐出,南北汇区省内流动”的特征,省际迁移多在利益驱动下由拐卖犯罪集团主导,省内流动多因满足买卖需求由临时一次性结伙犯罪形成。4）亲生亲卖犯罪主要受背景因素、先前经验和情景诱导的综合影响,由潜在犯罪人在决策评估“收益-成本-风险”后作出有限理性选择。 相似文献
12.
Neville W 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》1982,2(3):177-191
This paper examines factors associated with Singapore's substantial decline in birth rate during the 1970 to 80 decade among Chinese, Malay and Indian ethnic groups. Through the use of graphs, tables and charts demographic tabulations in the areas of crude birth rates, female age distribution, nuptiality, marital fertility and family planning patterns are indicated. Data analyzed suggests that female proportion at given ages in the reproductive span is less responsive to child bearing opportunities. Evidence of the wider adoption of contraception within each of the major ethnic groups with differences in regard to the educational and age level of the users further emphasizes the behavioral and societal attitudes towards fertility. Urgency about the far reaching economic and social implications of a sustained decline of birth rate is based on a fear of a shortage of manpower coupled with the need to import workers to sustain industry. 相似文献
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14.
This study compares the theses of Mamdami, that India's poor have large families as an investment, and Vlassoff, that only a weak connection exists between a child's economic utility and household fertility. Data used in the study were based on a sample of 18 children in Bihar state, India, on 1) expenditures on children, 2) opportunity costs of raising children, 3) child earnings, 4) child earnings given to parents, 5) alternative investments, 6) discount rates appropriate for parents to use, 7) parents' perceptions of the economic value of children, and 8) family size. Costs estimated included food, clothing, schooling, health, other, and opportunity costs in bearing and raising children. Benefits include estimated values for work within and outside the family. 2 balances indicate that 7 or 8 children, aged 6 to 15, provide more labor than they cost to keep. Data suggest that children become valuable to parents at about age 9 or 10. From this age on, benefits increasingly outweigh costs; by the age of 16 or 17, children have repaid their initial costs to parents. Comparing the value of children against local bank interest rates shows that in all cases but one, children provided a better economic investment than savings accounts. The authors suggest that children are an even greater economic investment in poorer households. Doling out condoms and pills is no substitute for child wealth. In Bihar, improving people's economic well-being may be a prerequisite to fertility decline. 相似文献
15.
The paper examines the acceptance of birth control practices in India, and examines the relationhsip of these patterns to levels of economic development. A study of selected couples with markedly low incomes revealed that fertility tended to increase until a certain level of per capita income was reached. From this level onward, fertility and desired family size goals declined with increasing economic status. The study reveals an association in India between those less developed states and poor acceptance of family planning. The level of medical and administrative personnel for family planning services is superior in the more developed states and, logically, adoption of family planning practices is also higher. In higher-income states, characterized by relatively higher spatial mobility and literacy rates, the spread of family planning practices is relatively rapid. In less developed states, characterized by poorly developed centralized systems of communication and distribution, a lower spatial mobility of people, and a lower diffusion of knowledge through personal contact, family planning methods tend to spread very slowly or become less and less popular. A classification of Indian states as related to their acceptance of formal family planning policy and governmental efforts has been helpful in developing regionally-oriented program strategies for the future. Such strategies would take into account varying socioeconomic, cultural and administrative infrastructure differences in order to better assure delivery of services. As India also faces a shortage of trained physicians and personnel for the National Family Planning program, a regionally-based spatial allocation policy must be formulated that will divert some family planning personnel from states with high-acceptance patterns to the more densely populated, less developed regions of the country. 相似文献
16.
Rogge JR 《The Journal of geography》1982,81(5):164-174
There is every indication that Africa's population growth will remain well above the world average for the remainder of this decade and probably for the rest of this century. With the exception of the island states and parts of North Africa, fertility levels show little indication of change. This is in part a reflection of little desire for small families, as well as a consequence of limited or even restricted family planning services. Great diversity in attitudes regarding population policy prevails among African governments, ranging from extreme pronatal to committed antinatal. Even with antinatal policies, however, many African states have yet to attain any significant success in depressing their rates of growth. To date, Mauritius can be cited as the only state to have almost achieved the transition from high to low fertility. The consequence of these continuing trends is that Africa will see further increases in its youth dependency ratio. Pressures on infrastructural services will therefore increase, and the problems of generating employment will intensify. While demographic factors are by no means the only ones creating economic stress on the continent, they clearly are contributory. Unlike Asia or parts of Latin America, Africa's problem is less a matter of too many people but rather 1 of excessive growth in too short a time frame. A realistic and effective long-term population policy, therefore, is an immediate need. Several countries including Nigeria (with a pouplation of over 80 million) are experiencing a crude birth rate of 50 or more/1,000. At least 4 countries, including Kenya, are currently doubling their population in 20 years or less. With these current population trends, a demographic transition to low vital rates must assume passage through an even higher growth phase than is currently being experienced because the fall in birth rates tends to occur much later than the fall in death rates. Government population policies and the status of family planning activities are illustrated according to natal sentiments and attitudes. Trends in national vital rates and of population structures in Africa are illustrated. 相似文献
17.
Cletus Acho-Chi 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2002,23(2):131-148
The mobile food service practice is one of multiple survival strategies adopted by poor urban households in Cameroon to maintain and expand the base of subsistence incomes, especially in the current surge of economic crisis. Though a fast-growing informal sector enterprise, it is still at an artisanal stage in urban Cameroon, creating an urgent need for a supportive policy environment that could have measurable positive impacts on improving the productivity, welfare and income levels of the micro-entrepreneurs. This study looks at the mobile food service practice in Kumba, Cameroon, in terms of its basic characteristics, the locational factors influencing its socio-spatial distribution, the critical success factors (CSFs) determining customer choices, and its impacts on the local environmental resources and quality of urban life. The mobile food service practice creates employment, generates income, and acts as a food energy-support instrument to the urban poor and local economic activities operating in Kumba. The vendors, who are mostly women, can make incomes that are 405 per cent of the national minimum wage and, thus, contribute financially towards the education, health and survival of their families. The paper provides some recommendations on ways to improve the efficiency of this sector so as to achieve sustainable economic and social development and to enhance empowerment thereof. 相似文献
18.
管制之外的"管制":城中村非正规部门的空间集聚与生存状态——以广州市下渡村为例 总被引：12，自引：5，他引：7
国内外现有的研究认为,无管制或缺少管制是非正规经济或非正规部门的核心特征。我国城市中的城中村是非正规部门最为集中的区域。选取广州市海珠区的下渡村这一典型案例,对非正规部门的"管制"状况进行了深入调查研究。发现在我国经济转型与快速城市化的背景下,城中村有宽松的管制环境、廉价的住房市场和良好的区位等条件,吸引了大量的非正规部门。但这些城中村的非正规部门并非完全处于管制之外,而是生存于一种管制之外的特殊"管制"之中。这种"管制"表现为一个以政府力量为主导,地方自治组织、地痞组织、本地村民和周围居民等多方力量共同作用的复杂结构,深刻而切实地影响着非正规部门的生存状态。 相似文献
19.
This article identifies some issues of importance in understanding China's policy of population control. This article presents evidence of trends in fertility, population policy, family planning, and socioeconomic change; and then discusses the conflict between fertility preferences and policy that is evident from studies of ideal family size and sex ratios. Some issues that are identified as "uncertain" include the extent of spread of family planning service delivery and its associated insurance schemes, local family planning policies and cadre responsibility systems, the demand for children, the demand for female children, the economic and environmental consequences of population growth, the fairness of reproductive restrictions and their application, and the extent of coercion in the later-longer-fewer policy era. It is argued that an ethical framework for analyzing China's population policy should include answers to questions about the harm to welfare from population growth, the government's right to demand voluntary reproductive sacrifice or to impose demographic or reproductive restrictions and punishment, and the government's right to impose coercion. If it is accepted that population growth in China has adverse consequences and its control would be beneficial to all, then it must be determined what the nature of the relationship should be between the state and the individual. The author refers to Walzer's (1983) position that the legitimacy of Chinese state power depends in part on whether political leaders at all levels are competent and not corrupt. The rights and duties of the government and individuals must be understood not just in terms of political legitimacy but also in terms of social justice. Social justice is dependent upon the degree of horizontal and vertical consultation and accountability, utilitarian consequences, and protected spheres of individual judgement. Utilitarian theories justify the one-child policy, while deontological theories support reproductive freedom as an absolute right. 相似文献
20.
Chandna RC 《Population geography : a journal of the Association of Population Geographers of India》1989,11(1-2):77-85
Population policy and the 5-year plans since 1951 in India are reivewed and evaluated in terms of limiting population growth. The family planning (FP) programs have not had a major impact on people's attitudes, practice of contraceptives, or the average fertility rate. Not enough attention has been paid to the interaction of demographic structure and economic and social development, and the implications for limiting population growth. Vital elements of a population policy are containing population growth, limiting births among the young and reproductive age groups, enhancing employment options for males and females, diversifying the economy, improving literacy and educational standards, improving urban/rural ratios, and balancing male/female ratios. Several approaches to FP programs are possible: long term measures to improve the social, economic, and demographic structure, and short term measures to immediately avert births. Long term approaches recognize the complexity of the problem. Rapid socioeconomic development is the best contraceptive for controlling India's population. A well conceived population education program can help, as will increasing the marriage age, preventing children from entering the labor market, increasing female education levels, providing old age pension and social security and other insurance, and providing maternity benefits for small families. Short term measures may provide temporary or permanent methods of averting births; i.e., contraceptives, sterilization, penalties and rewards for small families. However, it must not be a bureaucratic measure imposed from above. It must be a self generating process. The author suggests that simultaneous long and short term approaches are necessary. Research should be conducted to delineate which measures have the most impact on reducing fertility and policy be formulated in accordance with these answers. Compulsion is required, and government should not hesitate to step in. In rural areas, traditional and modern methods in FP should be tried in order to achieve responsible behavior. The population increases in India were a result of a mortality decline starting in 1921 and a fertility decline starting in 1971. Attention must focus on high fertility areas such as Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and Rajasthan. The 7th 5-year plan was important for making FP voluntary and generating an environment for fertility decline, and the 8th should establish FP as a self generating process. 相似文献