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1.
以兰州市区96条主要的泥石流沟为例,利用分形理论的统计自相似性对泥石流沟数的累计分布随沟谷形态要素沟道比降、汇水面积和沟道长度的变化进行了分析;并与不同流域形态要素的分维进行了比较,探讨了分维不同的原因。兰州市区泥石流沟三个形态要素均具有统计意义上的自相似性,其中以汇水面积显示出分维最小(0.46),沟道长度次之(0.71),沟道比降最大(1.09)。分维的大小描述了作为系统的沟谷及其泥石流的形成的空间结构,即分形结构,同时也反映了不同形态要素对系统所起作用的差异,分维越小,所起作用越显著。其结果对西北干旱半干旱地区石流灾害的进一步研究与防治提供了新的思路。 相似文献
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泥石流的分形特征及其意义 总被引：23，自引：2，他引：23
分析了泥石流流体和堆积物粒度分布的分形结构特征，其分维值介于２￣３之间，平均值分别为２．７１和２．６５左右。研究了泥石流沟水系的分形特征及其在不同观察尺度下分维的变化特征，结果表明，分维可作为描述泥石流粒度成分和泥石流沟水系的参数，反映了泥石流活动的形成演化特征，在此基础上，论述了分维的研究意义。 相似文献
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黄土地貌沟沿线类型划分 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
沟沿线是黄土高原地区地貌类型、土地类型及土地利用类型划分的基本分界线。在提出了沟沿线划分的基本原则的基础上,根据沟沿线的成因、空间分布、形态、数量、显著性、发展速度、扩展方式的差异为基本依据,充分研究黄土高原侵蚀机理与过程,结合大量的遥感判读与野外工作,提出了黄土地貌沟沿线类型划分体系。并进一步分析在黄土地貌水蚀沟谷不同发育阶段中沟沿线类型的变异,其结果也进一步体现出沟沿线发育的特点以及与黄土地貌沟谷发育的密切联系。 相似文献
5.
George L. Heritage David J. Milan Andrew R.G. Large Ian C. Fuller 《Geomorphology》2009,112(3-4):334-344
Accurate characterisation of morphology is critical to many studies in the field of geomorphology, particularly those dealing with changes over time. Digital elevation models (DEMs) are commonly used to represent morphology in three dimensions. The quality of the DEM is largely a function of the accuracy of individual survey points, field survey strategy, and the method of interpolation. Recommendations concerning field survey strategy and appropriate methods of interpolation are currently lacking. Furthermore, the majority of studies to date consider error to be uniform across a surface. This study quantifies survey strategy and interpolation error for a gravel bar on the River Nent, Blagill, Cumbria, UK. Five sampling strategies were compared: (i) cross section; (ii) bar outline only; (iii) bar and chute outline; (iv) bar and chute outline with spot heights; and (v) aerial LiDAR equivalent, derived from degraded terrestrial laser scan (TLS) data. Digital Elevation Models were then produced using five different common interpolation algorithms. Each resultant DEM was differentiated from a terrestrial laser scan of the gravel bar surface in order to define the spatial distribution of vertical and volumetric error. Overall triangulation with linear interpolation (TIN) or point kriging appeared to provide the best interpolators for the bar surface. Lowest error on average was found for the simulated aerial LiDAR survey strategy, regardless of interpolation technique. However, comparably low errors were also found for the bar-chute-spot sampling strategy when TINs or point kriging was used as the interpolator. The magnitude of the errors between survey strategy exceeded those found between interpolation technique for a specific survey strategy. Strong relationships between local surface topographic variation (as defined by the standard deviation of vertical elevations in a 0.2-m diameter moving window), and DEM errors were also found, with much greater errors found at slope breaks such as bank edges. A series of curves are presented that demonstrate these relationships for each interpolation and survey strategy. The simulated aerial LiDAR data set displayed the lowest errors across the flatter surfaces; however, sharp slope breaks are better modelled by the morphologically based survey strategy. The curves presented have general application to spatially distributed data of river beds and may be applied to standard deviation grids to predict spatial error within a surface, depending upon sampling strategy and interpolation algorithm. 相似文献
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AbstractHeadcut erosion has been recognized as one of the main processes involved in gully development in the dry-hot valley region of southwest China. To examine the effect of initial step height on headcut erosion processes, three headcuts were constructed ranging in height from 0.75 to 1.25 m on an active bank gully head, and a series of scouring experiments were conducted under a flow discharge of 120 L min?1. The morphological evolutions of the plunge pools and soil loss volume were estimated by three-dimensional photo-reconstruction methods (3D-PR). As the step height increased, the experimental results showed that: (1) the transformed potential energy and shear stress would increase by approximately 4.89 J s?1 and 26.4 Pa on average when the step height increased 0.25 m; (2) the mean depth and width of the plunge pool exhibited obvious growth, and the morphology of the cross-section developed from approximately V-shaped to U-shaped; and (3) soil loss volume increased logarithmically, with total soil loss volumes of 0.076, 0.105 and 0.116 m3, respectively. Although the significant effects of the initial step height on headcut erosion were verified, further quantitative studies are required to quantify the mechanism of headcut erosion, especially for plunge pool erosion. 相似文献
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杭州城市形态和土地利用结构的时空演化 总被引：53，自引：3，他引：50
根据分形理论研究杭州1949~1996年间城市形态和土地利用结构的演化特征,发现杭州城市具有明确的自相似规律。研究表明,杭州城市形态和土地利用结构的分形性态逐渐变好,这与国外学者“演化的城市分形”观相互印证。各类土地形态的维数都小于整个城市形态的维数,从而证实了国内学者“城市化地区的分维大于各职能类土地空间分布维数”的理论推断。从时空变化来看,杭州城市形态的分维呈上升趋势,1996年接近Batty等提出的理论预期维数D = 1.71;居住用地、工业用地和对外交通用地的分维近20年来趋于增大,而教育用地和绿化用地的分维则有所减小。杭州市的分形演化和分维变化总体上揭示了城市自组织演化的特征,但工业用地维数的大幅度上升和绿化用地维数的下降显然暗示该城市在进化过程中的局部退化倾向。 相似文献
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Self-affinity dimensions of topography and its implications in morphotectonics: an example from Taiwan 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This paper discusses the self-affinity dimensions of landscape surfaces at a short-range scale and the link to morphotectonic features of the young orogenic belts of Taiwan. The variogram method is adopted to estimate such parameters as the fractal dimension (D), the ordinate-intercept (γ) and the range (R) from data subsets of the digital elevation model (DEM) in a moving-window operation. The fractal morphology expressed by D and γ is found to be useful in defining geomorphic provinces that are related to tectonic features. The mountainous terrain is characterized by high gamma values and low fractal dimensions in contrast to the coastal plains where low gamma values and high fractal dimensions are found. A zone, defined by the fractal parameters (2.4<D<2.6 and 0<γ<2.4), is found to coincide with the most tectonically active zone of Taiwan. Active faults often occur at the boundary between landscapes with contrasting fractal patterns. In the flat lowlands along the western coast, the fractal morphology displays a west-facing amphitheatric pattern, which may be related to the indentation of the pre-Miocene Peikang Basement High. The fractal morphology may reflect some subtle changes in surface textures of a landscape sculpted by surface processes, which in turn are influenced by tectonic activities. The surface roughening and diffusive smoothing may concur to shape the landscape surface at the short ranges we discuss in this study. 相似文献
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区域交通网络分形的DBM特征--交通网络Laplacian分形性质的实证研究 总被引：25，自引：3，他引：22
城镇体系在理论状态下的三角点阵格局暗示着现实中的交通网络在一定时空条件下具有ＤＢＭ模型的某些特征。从形态分析和维数对比两个方面论证了区域交通网络扔Ｌａｐｌａｃｉａｎ分形性质,认为可用ＤＢＭ模型模拟城镇体系－交通网络的形成和演化过程,从而揭示其动力学机制。 相似文献
10.
Bidirectional DEM relief shading method for extraction of gully shoulder line in loess tableland area 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The gully shoulder line, one of the most important topographical features, reveals the erosional process and reflects the geomorphological evolution of a loess area. Existing shoulder-line extraction methods are based on local window-filter or image-edge detection, which are sensitive to image noises and algorithm parameters, causing unsatisfactory accuracy and efficiency. This paper proposes a bidirectional relief-shading (BRS) method for loess shoulder-line extraction based on a 5-m Digital Elevation Model (DEM). First, two hill-shaded images are simulated with appropriate altitude and symmetric direction of the light. Second, the grey value difference between inter-gully and inner-gully area can be easily identified by fusing the two images with the mean method. Finally, the shoulder line can be derived by image segmentation using a threshold determined by an empirical equation. Experiments in three areas of loess tableland in Shaanxi Province validated the method, which has the advantages of being a simple operation with relatively high accuracy, 89.7% compared with manual digitalization, and high efficiency. We discuss three parameters in this method: zenith angle, azimuth angle, and segment threshold. Results suggest that the method is applicable for broad-scale gully shoulder line extraction in loess tablelands. 相似文献
11.
基于栅格数字高程模型自动提取黄土地貌沟沿线技术研究 总被引：36，自引：2，他引：34
从数字高程模型中提取具有精确定位特征的连续的沟沿线是构建黄土沟壑丘陵地区土壤侵蚀,泥沙搬运和径流过程的空间分布式机理－过程模型的关键技术。本文提出了基于地貌形态学特征的地貌提取技术,在提取具有代表性的黄土丘陵沟壑区山西离石王家沟流域汇流网络的基础上,自动提取了该流域完整的沟沿线,得到了满意的结果。 相似文献
12.
以北京军都山区实测泥石流沟谷数为基准,基于因子叠加、信息量模型和FCM-粗糙集三种方法,分别获得了泥石流灾害发生的危险性等级分布,结果表明:①各分区单位面积内泥石流沟谷数都随着危险性评价等级的提高而增多;②因子叠加法和信息量模型法可得出五级泥石流灾害危险性分级,而粗糙集法只得出三级分级;③以实际泥石流沟谷落在评价区数目为标准,信息量模型法有90%以上的泥石流沟谷在危险性高和极高区域;粗糙集法得到危险区域覆盖了63.72%的泥石流沟谷分布;④从单位面积泥石流沟谷数与泥石流沟谷分布比率可得,信息量模型法评价精度较高,因子叠加法没有形成良好的梯度,而粗糙集法计算等级结果与其他方法存在差异,故须在其他区域进行进一步研究。 相似文献
13.
地理对象的空间展布格局特征是区域地貌研究的核心问题.其中,把握地物的组织结构及尺度范围特征是认识其空间展布格局的根本.选取黄土丘陵沟壑区韭园沟流域为实验样区,以流域地形特征线为切入点,采用空隙度系列分析方法,在5 m分辨率DEM上研究黄土地貌发育中期小流域内,地形谷脊线的空间展布格局特征.在东-西、南-北两个方向的探测结果表明:韭园沟流域谷、脊线均具有自组织、多尺度、自相似的格局特点,但各向异性特征不明显.在两个方向上均具有三个特征尺度范围:在东西方向上尺度范围分别为540 m、2 100 m、4 845 m;南北方向上尺度范围分别为1 215 m、2 810 m、5 700 m.该研究结果初步揭示了黄土地貌流域系统骨架线的空间展布格局特征,为区域地貌研究时分析尺度的选取,提供了可借鉴的思路与方法. 相似文献
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月海是月球表面的主要地理单元。对月海地貌特征的研究能够认识月表起伏及其动力学成因。依据CE-1 影像图和全月球数字高程模型数据,提取了南北半球不同纬度地区、不同填充岩性的典型月海范围,运用盒维数法、立方体覆盖法和多重分形q-Dq语言对月海边界及其地形表面的地貌特征进行了线和面的描述和研究。结果表明：① 分形方法可以有效地描述月球地貌的复杂程度。月海边界的分维值介于1.065~1.100 之间,平均值为1.086,标准差为0.014,在双对数坐标下5 个月海区边界复杂度拟合的直线都近似平行。② 月海地形表面的分维值介于2.704~2.852 之间,5 个月海地形表面的分维值标准差为0.051,ln δ -lnN（δ）图也近似平行,但截距的离散程度相较于月海边界的高。③ 月海地貌多重分析的q-Dq曲线图总体呈现非递增趋势,Dq值在q=-10 和q=0 时基本达到饱和,但差异较小。④ 从线、面单分形以及多重分形可见,5 个月海均具有分形特征,但彼此之间差异较小。其动力学意义在于它们在形成之后,内动力作用基本停止或很小,与分形特征基本一致;而外力主要由陨石撞击作用少量地改变着月表的面貌,导致在分形特征上表现出差异性。 相似文献
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天山北坡绿洲城市空间形态时空特征分析 总被引：16，自引：2，他引：14
借助GIS 软件支持, 综合遥感影像、地形图和其它空间数据, 提取天山北坡8 个绿洲城市 1990 年和2000 年建设用地图形信息, 计算1990 年和2000 年天山北坡8 个绿洲城市的平面轮 廓形状的分维数、紧凑度以及城市用地扩展类型, 讨论紧凑度与分维数的关系。研究结果表明, 天 山北坡绿洲城市形态总体特征表现为形状规则, 结构紧凑。1990~2000 年, 城市扩展类型主要为 外延型, 城市形态分维数增加, 紧凑度降低, 城市外部形态趋于复杂化和不规则化, 而内部结构趋 于松散化, 与同时期我国大部分城市的用地扩展方式有所不同。同时, 天山北坡绿洲城市形态特 征描述参数间存在着明显的幂函数关系, 并且是一种线性负相关关系, 即随着分维数的增加, 紧 凑度呈递减的趋势。 相似文献
16.
顾及地貌结构特征的黄土沟头提取及分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
沟头是黄土地貌中发育最活跃的地貌部位,沟头的个体与群体对黄土沟间地的蚕食,成为监测黄土高原地面侵蚀演化的重要标识。有效获取并分析沟头的空间分布特征,对于系统、深入地研究黄土地貌的空间形态结构具有重要的意义。以陕北黄土高原典型地貌类型区为实验样区,设计并实现了基于5 m分辨率DEM的沟头提取算法,获取了各实验样区的沟头空间信息;运用点格局分析方法,分析了沟头的空间分布特征。实验结果显示,所提出顾及沟沿线的沟头自动提取方法,具有较好的合理性与精确性;同时,从黄土塬区、黄土残塬区到黄土丘陵沟壑区,随着沟壑发育程度的增强,沟头逐步逼近分水线,其空间分布呈现“远分水线聚集—随机—近分水线聚集”的变化格局。 相似文献
17.
Bin Jiang 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(1):159-174
A fractal can be simply understood as a set or pattern in which there are far more small things than large ones, for example, far more small geographic features than large ones on the earth surface, or far more large-scale maps than small-scale maps for a geographic region. This article attempts to argue and provide evidence for the fractal nature of maps and mapping. It is the underlying fractal structure of geographic features, either natural or man-made, that make reality mappable, large-scale maps generalizable, and cities imageable. The fractal nature is also what underlies the beauty of maps. After introducing some key fractal concepts such as recursion, self-similarity, scaling ratio, and scaling exponent, this article demonstrates that fractal thought is rooted in long-standing map-making practices such as series maps subdivision, visual hierarchy, and Töpfer’s radical law. Drawing on previous studies on head/tail breaks, mapping can be considered a head/tail breaks process; that is to divide things around an average, according to their geometric, topological and/or semantic properties, into the head (for those above the average) and the tail (for those below the average), and recursively continue the dividing process for the head for map generalization, statistical mapping, and cognitive mapping. Given the fractal nature of maps and mapping, cartography should be considered a perfect combination of science and art, and scaling must be formulated as a law of cartography or that of geography in general. 相似文献
18.
砒砂岩区地貌形态三维分形特征量化及空间变异 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
针对现有地貌形态三维分形模型结构存在的不足,构建一个新的地貌形态三维分形维数测算模型。基于该模型对砒砂岩区274个小流域的地貌形态三维分形维数进行计算并分析其空间变异规律。研究表明：① 基于该模型计算的分形维数能更准确地反映地貌形态复杂度信息;② 砒砂岩区小流域地貌形态三维分形维数介于1.683 6~1.948 6之间;③ 地貌形态三维分形维数整体上覆土砒砂岩区（均值为1.765 9）<裸露砒砂岩强度侵蚀区（均值为1.785 4）和剧烈侵蚀区（均值为1.774 8）<覆沙砒砂岩区（均值为1.796 6）。由于地表覆盖物、砒砂岩裸露程度和土壤侵蚀机理的差异而形成的不同地貌特征是该区地貌形态分形特征空间变异的主要原因。 相似文献
19.
Zhi Huang § Shawn W. Laffan 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(11):1433-1452
We analysed the sensitivity of a decision tree derived forest type mapping to simulated data errors in input digital elevation model (DEM), geology and remotely sensed (Landsat Thematic Mapper) variables. We used a stochastic Monte Carlo simulation model coupled with a one‐at‐a‐time approach. The DEM error was assumed to be spatially autocorrelated with its magnitude being a percentage of the elevation value. The error of categorical geology data was assumed to be positional and limited to boundary areas. The Landsat data error was assumed to be spatially random following a Gaussian distribution. Each layer was perturbed using its error model with increasing levels of error, and the effect on the forest type mapping was assessed. The results of the three sensitivity analyses were markedly different, with the classification being most sensitive to the DEM error, than to the Landsat data errors, but with only a limited sensitivity to the geology data error used. A linear increase in error resulted in non‐linear increases in effect for the DEM and Landsat errors, while it was linear for geology. As an example, a DEM error of as small as ±2% reduced the overall test accuracy by more than 2%. More importantly, the same uncertainty level has caused nearly 10% of the study area to change its initial class assignment at each perturbation, on average. A spatial assessment of the sensitivities indicates that most of the pixel changes occurred within those forest classes expected to be more sensitive to data error. In addition to characterising the effect of errors on forest type mapping using decision trees, this study has demonstrated the generality of employing Monte Carlo analysis for the sensitivity and uncertainty analysis of categorical outputs that have distinctive characteristics from that of numerical outputs. 相似文献
20.
长沙城市形态与用地类型的时空演化特征 总被引：7，自引：4，他引：3
运用GIS技术与高级编程方法提取了长沙市1979、1996年、2003年的城市用地现状图的数据信息,借助最小二乘技术,通过幂指数拟合,计算出了各年份的城市形态与用地结构的分维数,并探讨了长沙城市分形演化的机理和城市形态演化的信息熵。通过对分维数的时空变化所包括信息的分析,发现长沙城市形态及各职能类用地存在明显的分形特征,且各类职能用地的分维小于城市形态的整体分维,符合理论上推断的城市分维包容原理,整个城市形态朝着混沌向有序渐趋优化演化,但同时也存在绿化用地与对外交通用地发展不够完善的问题。 相似文献