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1.
《山地学报》2016,(1)
利用环刀法、主成分分析法及Pearson相关分析法,对闽东丘陵山地不同植茶年限茶园(撂荒地为对照)土壤物理性状及渗透性能进行了研究,并评价了4种常用入渗模型的适宜性。结果表明:1)与撂荒地处理相比,新垦3 a茶园土壤容重显著增加,土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、最大持水量和毛管持水量显著降低,随着植茶年限的增加,茶园土壤物理性状均有所改善。2)不同处理均表现为初始渗透速率平均渗透速率稳定渗透速率,与撂荒地处理相比,新垦茶园显著降低了土壤渗透性能,成龄茶园(10 a、30 a和50 a)茶园土壤渗透性能高于撂荒地,改植换种茶园渗透性能与撂荒地接近;主成分分析评价的土壤入渗能力排序为50 a茶园10 a茶园30 a茶园撂荒地改制换种2 a茶园新垦3 a茶园。3)Horton模型对各处理土壤入渗过程的拟合度最高,其模拟值与实测值接近。4)Pearson相关分析显示,土壤渗透性能与土壤容重呈显著或极显著负相关,与土壤总孔隙度均呈显著或极显著正相关关系,与其他指标相关性不显著。以上结果表明,新垦茶园显著降低了土壤物理性状和渗透性能,成龄茶园(10 a、30 a和50 a)有助于改善土壤渗透性能,Horton模型对于丘陵山地茶园土壤入渗过程具有较高实用性。 相似文献
2.
氮添加条件下白羊草种群及近地表生物结皮对土壤入渗性能的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以黄土高原典型草地白羊草群落为研究对象,设置不同施氮水平(0、2.5、5、10 g/(m~2·a))模拟氮沉降,通过人工模拟降雨,系统研究氮添加条件下白羊草群落及其近地表特征对土壤入渗过程的影响。结果表明:(1)白羊草种群覆盖可显著延缓产流,且随着近地表生物结皮的参与,延缓产流效果更加明显。白羊草和生物结皮共同作用下(T_2)平均初始产流时间分别是单一白羊草种群(T_1)和裸地对照(T_0)的1.64倍和4.87倍;(2)稳定入渗速率和入渗总量均在较低施氮水平(N_0和N_(2.5))下总体较高;生物结皮可抑制土壤入渗过程,白羊草和生物结皮共同作用下(T_2)稳定入渗速率和入渗总量较单一白羊草种群(T_1)分别减少了6.35%和7.49%;(3)植被及生物结皮特征可显著影响坡面入渗过程,初始产流时间随白羊草盖度、地上生物量和苔藓结皮盖度、高度的增加均呈幂函数增加,随藻结皮盖度的增加呈幂函数下降(P0.01);稳定入渗速率和入渗总量随生物结皮总盖度的增加而呈幂函数下降,与藻结皮盖度存在显著的DoseResp曲线关系(P0.01)。本研究以期为黄土高原草地生态水文过程及植被建设提供数据来源和理论依据。 相似文献
3.
不同林龄人促更新林枯枝落叶层碳及养分贮量 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对福建南平顺昌县不同林龄米槠(Castanopsis carlesii)人促更新林枯枝落叶层和主要营养元素现存量进行测定,探究其随林龄的变化趋势。结果表明:不同林龄米槠人促更新林枯枝落叶层现存量为3.94~4.95 t·hm-2,其中49 a生人促林枯枝落叶层现存量最小,31 a生的最大。不同林龄枯枝落叶层C、N、P、K的浓度分别为44.09%~47.46%,11.9~13.8 g·kg-1,0.5~0.9 g·kg-1,1.4~5.1 g·kg-1。21 a生和49 a生人促更新林枯枝落叶层C浓度明显高于31 a生林分。49 a生人促更新林枯枝落叶层N和P浓度均高于21 a生和31 a生林分,但该林分枯枝落叶层K浓度却最低。21 a生米槠人促更新林枯枝落叶层C贮量分别是31 a生和49 a生林分的1.03倍和1.23倍,49 a生米槠人促更新林K贮量远低于21 a生和31 a生。不同林龄枯枝落叶层碳和养分贮量差异与林分特征、各林分枯枝落叶层现存量及养分浓度等有关。 相似文献
4.
不同母质发育的紫色水稻土腐殖质分布特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
研究了川中丘陵区紫色水稻土土壤腐殖质碳的剖面分布及其组成特征,探讨了土壤腐殖质与活性有机碳、土壤全氮含量的关系.结果表明:(1)表层腐殖质碳含量、HA/FA值同时受母质和水分条件的影响,冲沟上部的淹育性水稻土主要受母质的影响,而冲沟交汇处的潜育性水稻土,则主要受水分条件的影响;剖面分布上,土壤腐殖质碳含量、HA/FA总体上随土层深度的增加呈递减趋势.在水分条件的影响下,腐殖质碳含量、HA/FA值表现为淹育性水稻土＜渗育性水稻土＜潜育性水稻土.(2)腐殖质碳、HA、HA/FA值的含量与LOC呈极显著正相关关系(P＜0.01),FA与LOC呈显著的正相关关系(P＜0.05).(3)腐殖质碳、HA、HA/FA与TN呈极显著的正相关关系(P＜0.01),FA与TN呈显著的正相关关系(P＜0.05). 相似文献
5.
LASCAM水文模型在流域生态水文过程研究中的应用——模型理论基础 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
LASCAM水文模型是一种大尺度分布式概念水文模型,介于高精度分布式水文模型和集总式经验模型之间,是基于亚流域空间单元建立的中等精度的分布式概念模型。LASCAM模型在亚流域空间单元定义了3个概念性土壤水库,在经验方程的基础上:①建立亚流域各土壤水库与亚流域生态特征(LAI)和气候(降雨)之间函数关系;②通过对亚流域的降雨-植冠截流过程、地表产流过程、表层入渗-亚表层产流过程、亚表层入渗过程的模拟,揭示降雨在亚流域的(地表和亚表层)径流和入渗等环节的再分配过程;③基于亚流域各土壤水库的水量(水位)建立了各土壤水库之间的水通量过程方程;④建立亚流域各库的蒸散发与生态特征(LAI)之间的函数关系模拟各库的蒸散发过程。最后,通过河道径流演算法则,并依据亚流域与流域总体之间的分布式关系,将各亚流域的径流汇总到整个流域,从而将亚流域空间的水文响应扩展到流域整体空间上,实现了大尺度异质性流域的水文过程和水量平衡模拟。 相似文献
6.
两种典型荒漠植被区土壤微生物量碳的季节变化及影响因素分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
选取干旱区准噶尔盆地南缘梭梭和柽柳两类典型荒漠植被区的4种不同地表类型（冠层下、枯枝落叶层、地衣结皮覆盖区、裸地）,对其从6～10月份的土壤微生物量碳季节变化进行动态监测,并在此基础上进行了土壤微生物量碳与各影响因子之间关系的分析,旨在揭示干旱区土壤微生物量碳季节动态变化特征及其主要影响因子。结果表明：两类典型荒漠植被区的土壤微生物量碳均呈现明显的季节变化,但变化趋势并不一致。其中梭梭植被区4种地表类型下的土壤微生物量碳均在8月达到峰值;柽柳植被区冠层下土壤微生物量碳也在8月份达到最大值,但其他3种地表类型下的土壤微生物量碳却在8月降到最低值。通过土壤微生物量碳的影响因子分析表明两类不同植被区土壤微生物量碳与有机碳、全氮均为（P<0.05）正相关,此外,梭梭植被区与土壤湿度存在正相关,而柽柳植被区则与土壤总含盐量呈显著负相关,表明两类荒漠植被区土壤微生物对影响因子的响应并不完全相同。 相似文献
7.
对雷州半岛土壤渗透性进行了分析,并结合地形地貌、降雨入渗补给情况,识别地下水潜在补给区。雷州半岛土壤渗透性空间差异较大,饱和渗透系数变化范围为 0.04~8.83 m/d。总体而言,半岛南部、遂溪西北部渗透性较好,中部较差。土壤渗透系数受到土地利用类型、土壤粒径、土壤有机质等的影响。随着土壤中值粒径和有机质含量的增加,土壤渗透系数增加。不同土地利用类型,其土壤平均渗透性优劣表现为：荒地＞桉树林＞甘蔗＞菜地＞菠萝＞其他林地＞香蕉＞苗圃＞坡稻＞水稻田。降雨入渗补给系数南北高、中间低,随着土壤渗透系数增加而提高。半岛南部石茆岭和石板岭一带,地势高,坡度较缓,同时土壤渗透性和降雨入渗补给系数相对较高,为雷州半岛地下水潜在补给区。 相似文献
8.
不同粒径沙土水分扩散率 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
应用水平土柱入渗法测定了科尔沁沙地典型沙质农田不同粒径沙土的水分扩散率。结果表明:不同粒径沙土湿润锋迁移速率的大小依次是0.50~0.25 mm、0.25~0.10 mm、原状土、<0.10 mm的沙土;土壤粒径与入渗性能呈正比关系,即粒径大,则入渗快,反之则小;湿润锋迁移速率与入渗距离符合幂函数关系,相关分析结果均达到了极显著水平;粒径<0.10 mm的沙土,当土壤容积含水量<0.415时,λ值随含水量的增加而缓慢降低,而当含水量>0.415时,λ值则随含水量的增加而迅速降低;随着土壤粒径的减小,土壤水分扩散率逐渐降低,其大小依次是0.50~0.25 mm、原状土、0.25~0.10 mm、<0.10 mm的沙土;土壤容积含水率与土壤水扩散率符合经验公式并呈指数曲线变化,相关分析结果具有极显著的正相关关系。 相似文献
9.
锡林郭勒草原地表反照率对气候变化的响应 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
在对锡林郭勒草原地区MODIS的地表反照率产品(MCD43C3)的可靠性进行评估的基础上,利用该产品分析了2002～2009年锡林郭勒草原地表反照率的变化及其与温度和降水的关系。结果表明:(1)MODIS的反演结果能够很好地反映地表反照率的季节变化和年际变化特征;(2)锡林郭勒草原可见光波段反照率的季节变化呈V字形,低谷出现在8月上旬,近红外波段的则呈U字形,低值时段为6～9月;(3)可见光和近红外波段反照率的年际变化特征基本一致,其与温度和降水的年际波动有显著相关关系,其中,温度与地表反照率仅在生长季初期和末期显著相关,分别是负相关(相关系数为-0.67)和正相关(0.63),降水量与地表反照率在整个生长季都显著负相关(-0.54～-0.76),并且其影响效果有2～3个月的滞后期。 相似文献
10.
退耕草地近地表层特征对坡面流流速的影响 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
《山地学报》2015,(4)
坡面流是坡面土壤分离与泥沙输移的驱动力与载体,退耕还林还草工程实施后,可能导致近地表层特征发生改变,集中体现为植被覆盖率提高、植被茎秆及枯枝落叶层出现、生物结皮发育、根系系统的形成,进而引起坡面流水动力学特性的变化。然而,目前对退耕引起土壤近地表层特性变化对坡面流水动力学特性的影响尚不清楚。因此,通过野外放水冲刷实验(坡度12°~14°;单宽流量0.002~0.006 m2/s),系统研究了退耕草地近地表层特征(茎杆-枯枝落叶层、生物结皮、植被根系)对坡面流流速的影响。结果表明:坡耕地撂荒7 a后,土壤近地表层特征对坡面流流速影响显著,随着土壤近地表层特性各作用(如根系、生物结皮、植物茎秆及其枯落物)的依次叠加,水流流速依次递减,分别较黄土母质(T4)减少了12.76%、41.53%和66.78%,且平均流速随枯落物干重、根系重量密度的增大呈幂函数形式下降。研究成果对于理解退耕草地坡面侵蚀动力的变化及其机制,具有重要的意义。 相似文献
11.
不同植被类型的土壤水分对黄土高原的影响 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
Water stored in deep loess soil is one of the most important resources regulating vegetation growth in the semi-arid area
of the Loess Plateau, but planted shrub and forest often disrupt the natural water cycle and in turn influence plant growth.
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of main vegetation types on soil moisture and its inter-annual change.
Soil moisture in 0–10 m depth of six vegetation types, i.e., crop, grass, planted shrub of caragana, planted forests of arborvitae,
pine and the mixture of pine and arborvitae were measured in 2001, 2005 and 2006. Soil moisture in about 0–3 m of cropland
and about 0–2 m of other vegetation types varied inter-annually dependent on annual precipitation, but was stable inter-annually
below these depths. In 0–2 m, soil moisture of cropland was significantly greater than those of all other vegetation types,
and there were no significant differences among other vegetation types. In 2–10 m, there was no significant moisture difference
between cropland and grassland, but the soil moistures under both of them were significantly higher than those of planted
shrub and forests. The planted shrub and forests had depleted soil moisture below 2 m to or near permanent wilting point,
and there were no significant moisture differences among forest types. The soil moisture of caragana shrub was significantly
lower than those of forests, but the absolute difference was very small. The results of this study implicated that the planted
shrub and forests had depleted deep soil moisture to the lowest limits to which they could extract and they lived mainly on
present year precipitation for transpiration. 相似文献
12.
Water stored in deep loess soil is one of the most important resources regulating vegetation growth in the semi-arid area of the Loess Plateau, but planted shrub and forest often disrupt the natural water cycle and in turn influence plant growth. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of main vegetation types on soil moisture and its inter- annual change. Soil moisture in 0–10 m depth of six vegetation types, i.e., crop, grass, planted shrub of caragana, planted forests of arborvitae, pine and the mixture of pine and arborvitae were measured in 2001, 2005 and 2006. Soil moisture in about 0–3 m of cropland and about 0–2 m of other vegetation types varied inter-annually dependent on annual precipitation, but was stable inter-annually below these depths. In 0–2 m, soil moisture of cropland was significantly greater than those of all other vegetation types, and there were no significant differences among other vegetation types. In 2–10 m, there was no significant moisture difference between cropland and grassland, but the soil moistures under both of them were significantly higher than those of planted shrub and forests. The planted shrub and forests had depleted soil moisture below 2 m to or near permanent wilting point, and there were no significant moisture differences among forest types. The soil moisture of caragana shrub was significantly lower than those of forests, but the absolute difference was very small. The results of this study implicated that the planted shrub and forests had depleted deep soil moisture to the lowest limits to which they could extract and they lived mainly on present year precipitation for transpiration. 相似文献
13.
In grazed semiarid ecosystems, considerable spatial variability in soil infiltration exists as a result of vegetation and soil patchiness. Despite widespread recognition that important interactions and feedbacks occur between vegetation, runoff and erosion, currently there is only limited quantitative information on the control mechanisms that lead to differences in infiltration from different vegetation types. In this paper, we determine (i) the relationship between vegetation and soil surface characteristics and (ii) the soil infiltration rate by using rainfall simulations on runoff plots (0.60 × 1.67 m) in three plant communities of northeastern Patagonia: grass (GS), degraded grass with scattered shrubs (DGS), and degraded shrub steppes (DSS). Our results clearly indicate that vegetation and soil infiltration are closely coupled. Total infiltration was significantly higher in the GS (69.6 mm) compared with the DGS and DSS (42.9 and 28.5 mm, respectively). In the GS, soil infiltration rate declined more slowly than the others communities, reaching a terminal infiltration rate significantly greater (57.7 mm) than those of DGS and DSS (25.7 and 12.9 mm, respectively). The high rate of water losses via overland-flow may limit the possibilities for grass seedling emergence and establishment and favor the persistent dominance of shrubs. 相似文献
14.
不同植被类型对厚层黄土剖面水分含量的影响 总被引：16，自引：1，他引：15
为了研究不同植被类型土壤水分差异和土壤水分的年际变化特征, 对陕西省绥德县境 内的农地、天然草地、人工柠条林、人工侧柏林、人工油松林、人工油松侧柏混交林地0~10 m 土壤剖面的土壤水分含量进行了测定与分析。农地土壤约在3 m 以上、其他植被类型约在 2 m 以上土层的土壤含水量随年降雨量的大小存在年际变化, 且农地土壤含水量显著高于其 他植被类型, 其他植被类型间无显著性差异。0~2 m 土层农地土壤水分在不同测定年份始终在易效水以上, 但其他植被类型的土壤水分随降雨量的不同变化于难效- 无效水与易效水之间。农地3 m、其他植被类型约2 m 以下的土壤含水量无显著性年际变化。农地与天然草地 土壤含水量显著高于其他人工林植被, 但二者含水量之间无显著差异, 土壤水分都属易效水 范围。人工柠条灌木林土壤水分显著低于其他植被类型, 人工侧柏林、人工油松林和人工油 松侧柏混交林之间土壤含水量无显著性差异。人工柠条林土壤水分属于难效-无效水范围, 人工乔木林接近难效-无效水范围。 相似文献
15.
Adriana Beltrn-Przekurat Roger A. Pielke Sr. Debra P.C. Peters Keirith A. Snyder Albert Rango 《Journal of Arid Environments》2008,72(10):1897-1910
Our goal was to evaluate effects of broad-scale changes in vegetation from grasslands to shrublands over the past 150 years on near-surface atmosphere over the Jornada Experimental Range in the northern Chihuahuan Desert, using a regional climate model. Simulations were conducted using 1858 and 1998 vegetation maps, and data collected in the field. Overall, the vegetation shift led to small changes in sensible heat (SH) and an increase in latent heat (LH). The impacts of shrub encroachment depended on shrubland type: conversion from grass to mesquite cools the near-surface atmosphere and from grass to creosotebush warms it. Higher albedo of mesquite relative to grasses reduced available energy, which was dissipated mainly as LH due to the deeper root system in mesquite. In creosotebush-dominated areas, a decrease in albedo, an increase in roughness length and displacement height contributed to the SH increase and warmer temperatures. Sensitivity simulations showed that an increase in soil moisture content enhanced shrub LH and a reduction in mesquite cover enhanced the temperature differences. The observed shift in vegetation led to complex interactions between land and surface fluxes, demonstrating that vegetation itself is a weather and climate variable as it significantly influences temperature and humidity. 相似文献
16.
The successful country parks programme in Hong Kong has attracted a heavy patronage and caused widespread degradation in recreational sites. Visitor impacts were studied in six camp sites representing three levels of use. Most changes in vegetation and soil, evaluated in absolute and relative terms, were statistically significant. Trampling resulted in loss of vegetation cover, and reduction in plant height and root biomass. Species composition shifted in response to increasing usage towards domination by a few trampling-resistant grasses (monocots) at the expense of sensitive woody dicots. The loss of vegetation and litter cover contributed to soil compaction, increases in bulk density, penetration resistance and bare soil cover, and decreases in void ratio and organic matter content. Structural damage led to reduction in water storage and infiltration rate. These effects have management implications with respect to the design and rehabilitation of sites to enhance durability and to relieve the excessive recreational burden. 相似文献
17.
为了估算西鄂尔多斯天然荒漠灌丛生态系统碳密度并揭示碳储量在不同层片（灌丛植株、草本层、枯落物层及土壤层）、器官间的分配规律,以该区5种优势荒漠灌丛（沙冬青Ammopiptanthus mogolicus、霸王Zygophyllum xanthoxylum、四合木Tetraena mongolica、半日花Helianthemum songaricum和红砂Reaumuria songarica）群落为对象,测定了5种灌丛生态系统碳密度。结果表明：西鄂尔多斯5种荒漠灌丛生态系统碳密度40.28~55.51 t·hm-2,其中土壤层碳密度占绝对优势（97.15%~98.51%）,为39.40~54.48 t·hm-2,且在0~50 cm随着土层深度的增加而增加;植被层生物量密度垂直分布格局表现为灌丛层 > 草本层 > 枯落物层,灌丛层碳密度空间上表现为距离黄河越近碳密度越大（沙冬青和半日花灌丛生物量碳分别占各自植被层生物量密度的92.16%和62.42%）,而草本层碳密度表现出与之相反的规律;草本层根系生物量碳也是灌丛生态系统碳重要组成部分,碳密度8.41~38.29 g·m-2,占植被层碳密度的5.36%~45.18%;除红砂灌丛外,灌丛草本层地下部分碳密度显著高于地上部分（P<0.05）;灌丛个体碳储量分布表现为枝条 > 根系 > 叶片,粗枝和粗根是单株灌丛碳储量的主要贡献者,且在灌丛种间差异显著（P<0.05）,根系生物量碳占植被层碳储量的20.00%~33.53%,叶片生物量碳占总植被层碳储量的2.02%~24.54%。 相似文献
18.
煤矸石山不同植被恢复模式对土壤养分的影响——以山西省河东矿区1号煤矸石山为例 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
对2009-2011 年山西省河东矿区不同植被恢复模式下土壤养分进行了检测分析,并对其环境影响因子进行了研究.结果显示：(1) 随着矸石山植被恢复年限的增加,煤矸石山地温显著降低,植物多样性增加,盖度和生物量不同程度提高.(2) 经过3 年植被恢复的矸石山土壤速效磷和速效钾的改良效果达到全国土壤普查3 级水平;恢复土壤碱解氮和有机质含量为11.94 mg·kg-1和7.69 g·kg-1,改良效果不显著.紫穗槐模式对土壤速效磷的改良效果较好;紫穗槐-高羊茅-紫花苜蓿模式有利于碱解氮的积累;高羊茅-紫花苜蓿模式对速效钾和有机质的改良效果最佳.(3) 矸石山坡度和地温与土壤养分呈显著负相关;紫花苜蓿盖度与碱解氮、速效钾和有机质含量呈显著正相关;植被平均生物量和高羊茅盖度的提高有助于土壤养分的改良效果.煤矸石山植被恢复宜采取以草开路,在生态环境条件有所改善基础上,走草、灌、乔相结合的构建模式. 相似文献
19.
柴达木盆地几种荒漠灌丛植被的生物量分配格局 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
选择柴达木盆地的8种荒漠灌丛为研究对象,利用样方收获法对生物量及其分配格局进行了研究。结果表明：柴达木盆地荒漠灌丛生物量的空间分布具有高度异质性,介于11.11~58.63 t·hm-2,平均为27.15 t·hm-2。灌木层生物量是整个荒漠生态系统最重要的生物量组分,占总生物量的92.71%。灌木层地上生物量的变幅为7.93~46.10 t·hm-2,地下生物量的变幅为1.15~25.64 t·hm-2。地上生物量远大于地下生物量,根冠比介于0.07~2.45。几种荒漠植被的生物量在各个器官间分配格局为：枝生物量>根生物量>叶生物量,分别占建群种生物量的比例为38.05%、34.92%、27.03%。影响柴达木生物量及其分配的因子主要是灌木的高度及土壤含水量。 相似文献
20.
灌丛对流动沙地土壤特性和草本植物的影响 总被引：28，自引：16，他引：12
通过对流动沙地灌丛内外土壤特性、土壤养分含量、土壤种子库和草本植物群落特征的差异性调查,分析了灌丛对沙地土壤特性和林下草本植被的影响。结果表明,在流动沙地0—20 cm土壤中细沙、极细沙、粘粉粒、有机质、总氮和总磷、有效磷和土壤水分含量,小叶锦鸡儿灌丛下分别较灌丛外高17.3%、4.4%、 49.5%、43.8%、40.0%、23.1%、16.3%和10.8%,黄柳灌丛下较灌丛外分别高3.5%、21.3%、0.0%、20.0%、16.7%、8.3%、10.6%和28.1%。小叶锦鸡儿、差不嘎蒿和黄柳灌丛下凋落物蓄积量要比灌丛外分别高18.3倍、365.2倍和15.5倍。差不嘎蒿灌丛下土壤种子库密度较灌丛外高10.9倍。原为半固定、半流动沙地优势种的多年生草本植物白草,不仅能在流动沙地灌丛下存活,而且具有较高的密度、高度、盖度和地上生物量。结果还表明,从灌丛中心到灌丛边缘,凋落物产量、土壤种子库密度、草本植物密度、盖度、生物量均存在明显的递减梯度,在灌丛外不远处消失。这些结果说明,在流动沙地,灌丛具有明显的“肥岛”效应和“保种”作用。 相似文献