共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 183 毫秒
1.
黄河下游生态需水量及其估算 总被引：44，自引：3，他引：44
通过分析黄河下游1958－2000年实测生态可用水，探讨生态需水量内涵，根据黄河特殊性及黄河生态需水量的研究现状，将维持和保护河流功能的黄河下游生态水量分为污期输运水量和非汛期生态基流量，在平滩流量输运能力最强的前提下，估算黄河下游汛期输运水量为80－120亿m^3，根据实测资料估算作为黄河下游水量控制断面花园口水文站和作为河口地区水量控制断面利津水文站的非汛期生态基分别为80－100亿m^3和50－60亿m^3，同时指出对黄河下游水沙调控和黄河流域水资源“准市场”的形成，是黄河下游生态需水量实现的保证。 相似文献
2.
黄河中游地区环境脆弱形势 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
文章以黄河中游地区为对象，研究和分析了其环境的脆弱形势，并编制了１：２００万黄河中游地区环境脆弱形势图。将黄河中游地区的环境脆弱形势分成５类：紧张环境形势（较脆弱）、危急环境形势（脆弱）、危机环境形势（很脆弱）、灾难性环境形势及突发性灾害环境形势。区分上述不同环境形势的指标因子很广泛，结合黄河中游地区的特殊性以及环境主导因子规律，主要选择了污染、地方病、土壤侵蚀、干旱缺水，森林退化、风蚀沙化、土壤盐碱化等因子。所编制的环境脆弱形势图反映了４方面的内容：（１）不同景观类型、地理系统和区域的自然人口承载能力；（２）人类活动对自然环境造成的压力和自然环境发生不可逆变化的起因、特征和程度；（３）自然环境对人类干扰的敏感性及社会经济的弱点；（４）人类活动对自然环境影响的后果及其同自然环境、社会因素相互作用所产生的反响。在制图和分析的基础上，文章总结出了该地区脆弱环境的区域分布规律，并将环境形势、区域分布规律和主导指标因子结合起来，将黄河中游地区划分成８个区，为对整治不同脆弱形式和程度的环境提供科学依据和参考。 相似文献
3.
河北省生态环境用水初探 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
该文针对河北省存在的主要生态环境问题，从河道最小环境用水，城市河湖景观用水，湿地恢复与保护用水，地下水恢复用水，水土保持用水，入海水量等方面探讨生态环境用水问题。 相似文献
4.
甘宁蒙陕农牧交错区的水资源及节水研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
甘宁蒙陕农牧交错区干旱缺水,黄河是惟一的过境河流和水源,但河水资源在该区已开发,利用过度,已造成了断流灾害和一系列重大环境问题。"南水北调"西域工程调入黄河的水量,主要是保证黄河流域社会经济结构调整和生态环境保护重建的需水,水源分配也基本上未考虑农业用水(兰州-河口镇段只安排了2亿m3农业用水)。显而易见,该区水资源的利用,主要是节水。尤其在甘宁蒙陕农牧交错区建成的几处扬黄灌区,普遍存在重开源轻节流,重骨干工程轻田间配套工程建设,重工程轻管理的思想,起点低工程不配套,水资源浪费损失严重,利用率低。 相似文献
5.
黄河断流严重程度分级与判别方法 总被引：10，自引：3，他引：10
根据1972年以来有关黄河断流的观测数据，选择与断流特点有关的特征因子组合，给出了能够反映断流状况的综合指标，并据此结合聚类分析得出了关于黄河断流严重程度的分类结果，指出了相应的分级原则。基于断流级别与河流径流量及其年内径流变差系数之间可能存在的密切关系，建立了反映三者关系的人工神经网络模型，用以判别已知河流来水特性条件下的黄河下游断流严重程度。此方法为定量描述和预测黄河断流的程度奠定了基础，其可行性通过与实际观测结果的比较得到了较为满意的论证。 相似文献
6.
黄河中游地区生态环境脆弱,易受到严重的洪旱灾害威胁。近年来,在大规模梯田建设和植被恢复工程等人类活动影响下,黄河中游水土流失治理水平稳步提高,发挥了消洪抗旱减灾的作用。但与此同时,黄河中游植被建设导致土壤干层加剧、产流产沙下降,增加了干旱风险;城市扩张也导致城市化地区孕灾环境剧变,暴雨洪水风险增加。目前针对变化环境下流域水文—泥沙—植被协同演变机理的认识还不够清楚,需要充分考虑工程扰动后流域水文—泥沙—植被重新建立新平衡的过程,科学评估大规模梯田建设、植被恢复工程和城市扩张等人类活动对洪旱灾害风险的影响,发展变化环境下黄河中游智慧化生态水文模型,预估大规模人类活动对洪旱灾害的长期后继影响,为黄河中游生态建设与水利工程协调发展有效防范化解洪旱灾害风险提供科技支撑。 相似文献
7.
贵德盆地地貌演化与黄河上游发育研究 总被引：17，自引：0，他引：17
贵德盆地是黄河上游所流串的重要新生代断陷盆地之一，早第三纪开始呈现堆积洼地形态；晚第三纪是其发育的鼎盛时期，其内的水体与共和、兴海、青海湖和西宁等盆地的水体相连，构成一浩瀚的“青东古湖”，堆积了上千米厚的含三趾马（Hipparionsp）等动物化石的贵德群。早、中更新世，盆地有所收缩，但仍为河湖环境。大约14×104年前开始的构造运动使盆地抬升，黄河在这里出现，自那以来黄河累计下切了900－1000m。 相似文献
8.
晋陕蒙接壤区是我国正在开发建设的能源重化工基地，煤炭资源丰富而水资源短缺是接壤区资源配置的基本点，水是能源基地建设的制约条件，本文在通过实地考察和计算分析后提出，只是提高当地河川径流的调蓄能力和充分利用黄河水源，近期能源基地的用水是可以满足的。 相似文献
9.
10.
新仙女木期黄河晋陕峡谷古风成沙层年代及其物质来源 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
通过对黄河晋陕峡谷壶口至龙门段开展广泛细致的野外考察,发现了典型的晚更新世以来黄土—土壤层夹古风成沙层剖面—北桑峪剖面（BSY）。结合不同类型沉积物的野外宏观特征、磁化率、粒度成分、石英颗粒表面特征和地球化学元素的对比分析,确定黄河晋陕峡谷壶口至龙门段BSY剖面中所夹古风成沙层的性质为中沙质细沙,是在干旱多风环境下形成的沙质沉积物。基于光释光（OSL）测年数据,确定其沉积年代为12.5-11.6 ka,记录了黄河中游发生在末次冰消期的极端干旱事件,其与相邻区域沙漠/黄土过渡带中湖沼沉积和风成黄土—古土壤剖面记录的新仙女木事件相对应。该剖面中古风成沙沉积物的物质来源,主要来自黄河晋陕峡谷的古河床相沙层物质。这是因为该河段处于干旱半干旱季风气候区,在新仙女木时期,黄河晋陕峡谷处于极端干冷的环境之中,冬季风强盛、夏季风衰弱,黄河水位下降明显,河漫滩和江心洲将大面积出露,大量的沙物质在风力作用下向岸边输移,成为河谷两侧缓坡台地上古风成沙沉积层出现的主要沙源地。这个研究成果对于进一步揭示黄河中游流域极端干旱事件发生的时间性规律及其与季风气候变化的关系,具有重要的科学意义。 相似文献
11.
In order to find out the variation process of water-sediment and its effect on the Yellow River Delta, the water discharge and sediment load at Lijin from 1950 to 2007 and the decrease of water discharge and sediment load in the Yellow River Basin caused by human disturbances were analyzed by means of statistics. It was shown that the water discharge and sediment load into the sea were decreasing from 1950 to 2007 with serious fluctuation. The human activities were the main cause for decrease of water discharge and sediment load into the sea. From 1950 to 2005, the average annual reduction of water discharge and sediment load by means of water-soil conservation practices were 2.02×109 m3 and 3.41×108 t respectively, and the average annual volume by water abstraction for industry and agriculture were 2.52×1010 m3 and 2.42×108 t respectively. The average sediment trapped by Sanmenxia Reservoir was 1.45×108 t from 1960 to 2007, and the average sediment retention of Xiaolangdi Reservoir was 2.398×108 t from 1997 to 2007. Compared to the data records at Huanyuankou, the water discharge and sediment load into the sea decreased with siltation in the lower reaches and increased with scouring in the lower reaches. The coastline near river mouth extended and the delta area increased when the ratio of accumulative sediment load and accumulative water discharge into the sea (SSCT) is 25.4–26.0 kg/m3 in different time periods. However, the sharp decrease of water discharge and sediment load into the sea in recent years, especially the Yellow River into the sea at Qing 8, the entire Yellow River Delta has turned into erosion from siltation, and the time for a reversal of the state was about 1997. 相似文献
12.
近60年黄河水沙变化及其对三角洲沉积的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
In order to find out the variation process of water-sediment and its effect on the Yellow River Delta, the water discharge and sediment load at Lijin from 1950 to 2007 and the decrease of water discharge and sediment load in the Yellow River Basin caused by human disturbances were analyzed by means of statistics. It was shown that the water discharge and sediment load into the sea were decreasing from 1950 to 2007 with serious fluctuation. The human activities were the main cause for decrease of water discharge and sediment load into the sea. From 1950 to 2005, the average annual reduction of water discharge and sediment load by means of water-soil conservation practices were 2.02×109 m3 and 3.41×108 t respectively, and the average annual volume by water abstraction for industry and agriculture were 2.52×1010 m3 and 2.42×108 t respectively. The average sediment trapped by Sanmenxia Reservoir was 1.45×108 t from 1960 to 2007, and the average sediment retention of Xiaolangdi Reservoir was 2.398×108 t from 1997 to 2007. Compared to the data records at Huanyuankou, the water discharge and sediment load into the sea decreased with siltation in the lower reaches and increased with scouring in the lower reaches. The coastline near river mouth extended and the delta area increased when the ratio of accumulative sediment load and accumulative water discharge into the sea (SSCT) is 25.4–26.0 kg/m3 in different time periods. However, the sharp decrease of water discharge and sediment load into the sea in recent years, especially the Yellow River into the sea at Qing 8, the entire Yellow River Delta has turned into erosion from siltation, and the time for a reversal of the state was about 1997. 相似文献
13.
黄河下游河槽横断面调整规律及治理方式探讨 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
通过对影响河槽挟沙能力诸因素的分析,作者认为目前黄河下游只有河槽形态是一个人为可调节的控制河道淤积的要素。分析黄河下游河道横剖面形态的特征及其调整规律,考虑来沙组成变化、河槽综合阻力变化,计算得到黄河下游典型断面的实际挟沙能力及平均水沙条件下河槽平衡输沙横剖面,经与实际断面形态对比,得出必须以多级河槽方式缩窄7000m3/s流量以下即中、小水期的河槽,方能显着减少黄河下游河槽中的淤积的结论。这样才能真正实现潘季驯的“束水攻沙”的治黄方略。 相似文献
14.
Analysis of the contribution of multiple factors to the recent decrease in discharge and sediment yield in the Yellow River Basin,China 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
The Yellow River basin is well known for its high sediment yield. However, this sediment yield has clearly decreased since the 1980s, especially after the year 2000. The annual average sediment yield was 1.2 billion tons before 2000, but has significantly decreased to 0.3 billion tons over the last 10 years. Changes in discharge and sediment yield for the Yellow River have attracted the attention of both the Central Government and local communities. This study aimed to identify the individual contributions of changes in precipitation and human activities (e.g. water conservancy projects, terracing, silt dams, socio-economic and needs, and soil and water conservation measures) to the decrease in discharge and sediment yield of the Yellow River. The study used both improved the hydrological method and the soil and water conservation method. The study focused on discharge analysis for the upper reaches and the investigation of sediments for the middle reaches of the river. The results showed that discharge and sediment yield have both presented significant decreasing trends over the past 50 years. Precipitation showed an insignificant decreasing trend over the same period. The annual average discharge decreased by 5.68 billion m3 above Lanzhou reach of the Yellow River from 2000 to 2012; human activities (e.g. socio-economic water use) contributed 43.4% of the total reduction, whereas natural factors (e.g. evaporation from lakes, wetlands and reservoirs) accounted for 56.6%. The decrease in annual discharge and sediment yield of the section between Hekouzhen station and Tongguan station were 12.4 billion m3 and 1.24 billion tons, respectively. Human activities contributed 76.5% and 72.2% of the total reduction in discharge and sediment yield, respectively, and were therefore the dominant factors in the changes in discharge and sediment yield of the Yellow River. 相似文献
15.
黄河上中游产水产沙系统与下游河道沉积系统的耦合关系 总被引：33，自引：4，他引：33
本文在黄河为例，动用数理统计方法，研究了河流流域系统中产水产沙子系统与河道沉积子系统之间的关系，得到了描述这种耦合关系的多元回归模型。运用这一模型，可以定量回答来自上中游不同来源区的泥沙，各有多大比例淤在下游河道中的问题。 相似文献
16.
黄河流域产水产沙、输移和沉积系统的划分 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
根据Schumm提出的河流系统的理论对黄河流域地貌系统进行了划分。结果表明 ,整个黄河流域地貌系统可以很明确地分为产水产沙系统、输移系统和沉积系统 ,其模式与Schumm的理想流域模式非常吻合 ,同时又表现出其特殊性。以河口镇为界 ,黄河流域上游和中下游两部分分别具有对应的产水系统、产沙系统和河道输移系统 ,各子系统处于动态变化过程中 ,存在一种强耦合关系 ,这种特点主要是由黄河流域的历史发育过程决定的。 相似文献
17.
研究黄河和滹沱河对季节河化的适应性调整，发现季节化程度较高的滹沱河下游河床断面和平面形态调整幅度不大，而河床的糙率成倍增加造成下游的小水大灾现象；黄河下游近年流量减小，不断断流，主槽淤积，虽然河槽断面形态在游荡段变得更窄深，但主槽明显变小、变窄、变高，构成下游近年出现的小水大灾现象的主要原因。 相似文献
18.
黄河水资源量可再生性问题及量化研究 总被引：15，自引：1，他引：14
通过探讨黄河水资源量可再生性的量化问题,对黄河断流的情况、危害和成因进行分析。由于水资源量可再生性问题的复杂性,现行的方法一般都过于简单。目前迫切需要从水文循环更深层次上揭示水资源量可再生性。依据系统理论方法,从河流水循环系统的稳定性和抗干扰能力出发,提出度量和评价河流水体水资源量可再生性的指数。利用该指数,对黄河干流上、中、下游河段不同年代的水资源量可再生能力进行了定量评价,评价结果能够客观地反映实际情况。从维持水资源量可再生性的角度,进行了黄河干流水资源量的调控分析。模拟结果表明,20世纪90年代严重的黄河断流问题主要受人为因素的影响。 相似文献
19.
Fallout radionuclide tracers identify a switch in sediment sources and transport-limited sediment yield following wildfire in a eucalypt forest 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
S.N. Wilkinson P.J. Wallbrink G.J. Hancock W.H. Blake R.A. Shakesby S.H. Doerr 《Geomorphology》2009,110(3-4):140-151
Fire can alter sediment sources and transport rates in river basins, changing landforms and aquatic habitats and degrading downstream water quality. Variability in the response between environments, between fires, and with time since fire makes predicting the catchment-scale effect of individual fires difficult. This study applies the fallout radionuclides 137Cs and 210Pbxs to trace the sources and transport of fine sediment through a river network following a wildfire of moderate to extreme severity in the 629-km2 eucalypt-forested Nattai River water-supply catchment near Sydney, Australia. The tracer analysis showed that post-fire erosion caused a switch in fine (< 10 µm) sediment sources from 80% subsoil derived from gully and river bank erosion to 86% topsoil derived from hillslope surface erosion. The fine sediment phosphorus content increased 4–10 fold over pre-fire levels. Annual post-fire sediment yields estimated from suspended solids rating curves were 109–250 times higher than they would have been without fire. A large additional amount of sediment remained stored within the river network for at least four years, particularly in lower-gradient reaches. Analysis of a sediment core showed that surface erosion following a previous fire had supplied at least 29% of total catchment sediment yield over the past 36 years. It is concluded that wildfire can alter catchment sediment budgets in two ways. Firstly, a spatially-diffuse pulse of elevated erosion is associated with moderate or intense rainfall events in post-fire years. Secondly, pulses of elevated catchment sediment yield are driven by the timing and river sediment transport capacity of runoff events. Severe post-fire erosion and high interannual hydrologic variability can result in large sediment stores persisting within the river network for many years. Fallout radionuclide tracers are shown to be useful in quantifying fine sediment sources and transport dynamics following wildfire, and the contribution of wildfire to catchment sediment yield. 相似文献