共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 500 毫秒
1.
G. Blaha 《Journal of Geodesy》1977,51(3):177-202
This paper is intended to demonstrate the usefulness of array algebra techniques in certain multilinear least squares problems.
A typical restriction of array algebra is the need for a gridded observational structure; however, the grid does not have
to be uniform and in general is not limited to any particular coordinate system nor to two- or three-dimensional spaces. Another
restriction comes to light when dealing with weighted multilinear least squares adjustments. The a—priori variance-covariance
matrix cannot be completely arbitrary but must be expressible in terms of certain matrix products. There exist various practical
ways (not discussed herein) to bridge these restrictions. The reward for using the array algebra technique when it is appropriate
lies in the great computational savings.
From the theoretical point of view, the backbone of most derivations are the “R-matrix multiplications” and a simple tool,
demonstrated herein, called “fundamental transformation”. It follows that the least squares solution of “array observation
equations” does not have to be sought by some new and complex mathematical means. The fundamental transformation allows such
an adjustment problem to be rewritten in a conventional (monolinear) form; the familiar least squares solution is then written
down and transformed back to the array form using the same tool. The statistical properties of the results (e.g. minimum variance)
are known from the conventional approach and do not have to be rederived in the array case. 相似文献
2.
G. Blaha 《Journal of Geodesy》1977,51(4):265-286
This presentation is a follow-up of the paper “A Few Basic Principles and Techniques of Array Algebra”, published previously
in theBulletin Géodésique. The attention is focused on the use of array algebra in the problem area of multilinear least squares prediction and filtering.
The prediction mathematical models are treated using the concept of the covariance function and node points. In the latter
part of the paper, efficient prediction formulas in two dimensions are developed and solved through the least squares filtering
process, upon specializing the results derived previously for any dimensions. (Errata Sheet for the previous paper is added).
Formerly of DBA Systems, Inc. P.O. Drawer 550 Melbourne, Florida 32901. 相似文献
3.
文献[1]从消去k_1后的整体平差的法方程中引出了分组平差的两种解法的概念,其它各种函数模型第二次平差时的第二种解法都是通过第一次平差与整体平差的第二种解法比较得出。本文应用矩阵反演公式,直接从第一种解法导出第二种解法的公式。在序贯平差中通过引入假观测值法,简化了第二种解法的公式推证过程。 相似文献
4.
直接从条件方程或误差方程系数阵入手,利用修正的Gram-Schmidt正交化过程对系数阵进行三角分解,实现最小二乘求解,导出了基于修正的Gram-Schmidt正交化过程求解系数阵广义逆的数学公式和计算步骤,给出了通过广义逆表示的未知数解向量及其协因数阵的数学表达式。计算过程不仅避免了对矩阵的求逆,并从理论上解决了Gram-Schmidt正交化方法由于舍入误差的影响表现出的数值不稳定性问题,从而很好地解决了具有秩亏系数阵方程组解的不唯一性。算例结果表明,基于修正的Gram-Schmidt正交化方法可以处理包括秩亏阵在内的任意矩阵;在处理不设起算数据的变形监测网观测数据时,能够方便地获得其经典解、伪逆解或拟稳解,而不需要重复计算。 相似文献
5.
6.
本文利用墨卡托投影公式，借助计算机代数系统软件Mathematica，对其反解公式进行了严密推导，从而得到了适用于计算机计算的反解算法。 相似文献
7.
Urho A. Rauhala 《Journal of Geodesy》1979,53(4):317-342
Array algebra forms the general base of fast transforms and multilinear algebra making rigorous solutions of a large number
(millions) of parameters computationally feasible. Loop inverses are operators solving the problem of general matrix inverses.
Their derivation starts from the inconsistent linear equations
by a parameter exchangeX→L
0, where
X is a set of unknown observables,A
0 forming a basis of the so called “problem space”. The resulting full rank design matrix of parameters L0 and its ℓ-inverse reveal properties speeding the computational least squares solution
expressed in observed values
. The loop inverses are found by the back substitution expressing ∧X in terms ofL through
. Ifp=rank (A) ≤n, this chain operator creates the pseudoinverseA
+. The idea of loop inverses and array algebra started in the late60's from the further specialized case,p=n=rank (A), where the loop inverse A
0
−1
(AA
0
−1
)ℓ reduces into the ℓ-inverse Aℓ=(ATA)−1AT. The physical interpretation of the design matrixA A
0
−1
as an interpolator, associated with the parametersL
0, and the consideration of its multidimensional version has resulted in extended rules of matrix and tensor calculus and mathematical
statistics called array algebra. 相似文献
8.
本文扼要地叙述了近景摄影测量中旋转矩阵构成的常用方法,同时分析比较各种算法的优缺点。文章介绍利用四维代数(又称四元数)描述旋转矩阵,详细论述利用这种方法计算外定向元素的P-H算法和单位四元数算法,以及与传统方法在运算过程中收敛性进行比较。在近景摄影测量应用实例中,试验表明这两种算法的可靠性和稳定性。实验同时说明利用四维代数描述旋转矩阵的方法灵活性大,该方法在平差时避免了大量的三角函数运算,保证在各种情况下收敛并获得良好的结果,具有迭代次数少,计算结果稳定等优点。 相似文献
9.
10.
大地主题问题的非迭代新解 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
首先对大地主题问题解算中的符号体系进行改进与统一,使之更符合大地测量的使用习惯;在此基础上讨论非迭代的大地主题问题的正反解,借助计算机代数系统Mathematica推导更准确的正解公式,得到非迭代的反解公式,与以往的解算相比该公式具有更简明的数学表达形式。该过程丰富和完善了大地主题问题的解算体系。最后进行正反解的数据验证。 相似文献
11.
The affine constrained GNSS attitude model and its multivariate integer least-squares solution 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
P. J. G. Teunissen 《Journal of Geodesy》2012,86(7):547-563
A new global navigation satellite system (GNSS) carrier-phase attitude model and its solution are introduced in this contribution. This affine-constrained GNSS attitude model has the advantage that it avoids the computational complexity of the orthonormality-constrained GNSS attitude model, while it still has a significantly improved ambiguity resolution performance over its unconstrained counterpart. The functional and stochastic model is formulated in multivariate form, for one-, two- and three-dimensional antenna arrays, tracking GNSS signals on an arbitrary number of frequencies with two or more antennas. The stochastic model includes the capability to capture variations in the antenna-quality within the array. The multivariate integer least-squares solution of the model parameters is given and the model’s ambiguity success-rate is analysed by means of the ambiguity dilution of precision (ADOP). A general closed-form expression for the affine-constrained ADOP is derived, thus providing an easy-to-use and insightful rule-of-thumb for the ambiguity resolution capabilities of the affine constrained GNSS attitude model. 相似文献
12.
The M-estimator for the 3D symmetric Helmert coordinate transformation problem is developed. Small-angle rotation assumption is abandoned. The direction cosine matrix or the quaternion is used to represent the rotation. The \(3 \times 1\) multiplicative error vector is defined to represent the rotation estimation error. An analytical solution can be employed to provide the initial approximate for iteration, if the outliers are not large. The iteration is carried out using the iterative reweighted least-squares scheme. In each iteration after the first one, the measurement equation is linearized using the available parameter estimates, the reweighting matrix is constructed using the residuals obtained in the previous iteration, and then the parameter estimates with their variance-covariance matrix are calculated. The influence functions of a single pseudo-measurement on the least-squares estimator and on the M-estimator are derived to theoretically show the robustness. In the solution process, the parameter is rescaled in order to improve the numerical stability. Monte Carlo experiments are conducted to check the developed method. Different cases to investigate whether the assumed stochastic model is correct are considered. The results with the simulated data slightly deviating from the true model are used to show the developed method’s statistical efficacy at the assumed stochastic model, its robustness against the deviations from the assumed stochastic model, and the validity of the estimated variance-covariance matrix no matter whether the assumed stochastic model is correct or not. 相似文献
13.
14.
David Pullar 《Transactions in GIS》2003,7(2):267-283
Dynamic spatial analysis addresses computational aspects of space–time processing. This paper describes the development of a spatial analysis tool and modelling framework that together offer a solution for simulating landscape processes. A better approach to integrating landscape spatial analysis with Geographical Information Systems is advocated in this paper. Enhancements include special spatial operators and map algebra language constructs to handle dispersal and advective flows over landscape surfaces. These functional components to landscape modelling are developed in a modular way and are linked together in a modelling framework that performs dynamic simulation. The concepts and modelling framework are demonstrated using a hydrological modelling example. The approach provides a modelling environment for scientists and land resource managers to write and to visualize spatial process models with ease. 相似文献
15.
16.
Arne Bjerhammar 《Journal of Geodesy》1982,56(4):312-328
The boundary value problem in physical geodesy is nowadays mostly presented with the use of an advanced stochastic model by
Krarup-Moritz. This model includes a primary Gauss-Markov model and an adjoining Wiener-Hopf model. Degenerations of the Wiener-Hopf
section are found in thesingular auto-covariance matrix of the residuals. The non-singular inverse of the auto-covariance matrix of the signal is proved to be a generalized inverse of the singular
auto-covariance matrix of the residuals. The joint model is given a non-stochastic evaluation for a case with spherical external
surface (using a non-singular inverse). These findings will not prevent a successful application of the model, which has important
merits, specially when using suitablea priori values for the stochastic parameters in the covariance functions.
A method for quadratic unbiased estimation ofa priori variances is presented in an introductory section. It is meant to be of value when using a solution of the boundary value problem with
the collocation technique based on the classical Gauss-Markov solution. (Bjerhammar (1963).) 相似文献
17.
HE Xiufeng CHEN Yongqi HU Shousong 《地球空间信息科学学报》2000,3(1):62-65
1 IntroductionThe inverse problem of oPtirnal regulators is tofind a suitable quadratic ast function fOr a lineartime-invariable system with constant but unknowndisturbance so that the optimal control law canmeet the requirements of relative stability. Inl984,Juang and Lee presented a methed of OPtitnalPOle assignrnent in a sPecified region. In l986, Leeand Liaw presented a new methed for finding theweighting matrices Q and R of inverse regulatorswithout soution of the Ricatti equation. … 相似文献
18.
The 3D similarity coordinate transformation with the Gauss–Helmert error model is investigated. The first-order error analysis of an analytical least-squares solution to this problem is developed in detail. While additive errors are assumed in the translation and scale estimates, a 3 × 1 multiplicative error vector is defined to effectively parameterize the rotation matrix estimation error. The propagation of the errors in the coordinate measurements to the errors in the estimated transformation parameters is derived step-by-step, and the formulae for calculating the variance–covariance matrix of the estimated parameters are presented. 相似文献
19.
采用最小二乘方法解算超高阶重力场模型,不可避免会遇到大型矩阵的计算,直接求解是难以实现的。本文从重力场模型的基本观测方程出发,利用正余弦函数和面球谐因子的正交性,分析系数矩阵及法矩阵的特点,在法矩阵块对角化的基础上,利用系数矩阵求解法矩阵时“次m”递增的特点,对法矩阵求解方程进行约化、对Legendre函数的计算和存储方式进行了设计,结合缔合Legendre函数关于赤道的对称性,解决了大型矩阵存储及计算效率低下的难题,实现了超高阶重力场模型最小二乘方法的小存储、高效率的解算。通过试验模拟,改进后的方法相比传统块对角方法效率提高300倍,利用此方法可以在普通PC机上快速、高精度地解算2160阶次超高阶重力场模型,算法精度相比数值积分方法至少提高了5个数量级,并且在一定程度上可以评估原始观测数据的精度。 相似文献
20.
由载波相位观测值直接解算姿态能实现观测及姿态约束信息的最优利用。本文推导了基于失准角及乘性误差四元数的载波相位观测模型,分别建立了有外部角速度传感器和无外部传感器辅助下姿态参数估计的状态模型;利用自适应抗差滤波估计姿态误差,借鉴分类自适应因子的思想,分别确定模糊度和姿态误差参数的自适应因子,其中姿态自适应因子由Ratio值构造的三段函数确定。自适应抗差滤波能够充分利用约束信息和历史信息,将其融合在浮点解计算过程中,极大提高模糊度浮点解精度及其协方差的结构,在此基础上使用整数最小二乘模糊度降相关平差法(least-squares ambiguity decorrelation adjustment,LAMBDA)方法即能快速搜索出固定解,满足实时性需求。采用实测舰载GNSS 3天线测姿算例对方法进行了验证,结果表明,基于自适应抗差滤波的观测值直接定姿方法效率高、可靠性好。 相似文献