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利用InSAR和GPS进行地震研究具有很大的优势，InSAR能够在较大范围内快速地获得连续的同震形变观测，而GPS测量精度高，可迅速获得稳定的测量结果。随着SAR卫星的增多、重返周期的缩短，利用InSAR和GPS联合进行地震触发关系及应力影响研究也变得更为有力。2010年3月4日和2016年2月6日台湾西南部接连发生两次Mw 6.0以上地震，分别被称为甲仙地震和美浓地震。本文利用GPS和InSAR同震形变场联合反演了甲仙地震的滑动分布模型；结合之前的研究成果，基于静态库伦应力改变对甲仙地震与美浓地震的关系进行了分析；还为台湾西南部7个主要断层构建了断层格网并获取了它们的应力改变模型。结果表明，甲仙地震的发震断层表现为逆冲倾滑兼一定走滑分量的断层。甲仙地震的主要滑动区域处于12~16 km深度之间；最大滑动量为0.61 m位于约14 km深处。本文线性反演得到的甲仙地震地震矩为2.27×1018 Nm，相当于Mw 6.20。甲仙地震后美浓地震的发震断层上应力增值达4.0 MPa，应力增加的面积约占推断断层总面积的74%，表明甲仙地震对美浓地震的发生具有十分明显地加速作用。甲仙和美浓地震共同作用下，西侧的左镇断层和新化断层产生了较明显地应力积累。根据应力改变结果，本文认为甲仙地震和美浓地震后，台湾西南部的左镇断层和新化断层都具有较高的危险性，值得持续关注和进一步研究。 相似文献
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收集整理了全球1976年至2022年初的198个强震（Mw≥7.5）信息,统计分析了强震发生的时空分布、震源深度分布和强震发震类型占比,并结合公开发表的典型强震的合成孔径雷达干涉测量（interferometric synthetic aperture radar,InSAR）同震形变场图,分析了强震同震形变的空间分布特征。研究表明,强震空间分布呈条带状聚集,主要位于环太平洋地震带和喜马拉雅-地中海地震带,强震大多发生在各大板块交界处,与现代大地测量观测到的地壳强应变区域重合;强震时间分布存在活跃期和平静期交替出现的现象,1976―1992年为相对平静期,1992年至今为相对活跃期,强震发生频率有逐年增加趋势;在收集的全球198个强震中,发生在海洋中的强震占大多数,陆地强震仅有44个,且绝大多数强震属于逆冲断层地震,按震源深度统计,浅源强震最多且分布广泛,占比达81.3%;InSAR卫星对地观测新技术可以捕获强震的全域同震形变场,详细呈现强震同震形变的空间范围和分布特征,其中陆地强震同震形变波及的范围主要集中在发震断层两侧附近的条带状区域,离断层越远,形变衰减越快,而且形变关于断层呈不对称性。运用全球覆盖的InSAR和全球导航卫星系统地壳形变监测技术,拼接全球不同位置的活动断层形变信息片段,有可能揭示陆地强震的全周期孕震形变过程。 相似文献
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利用环境卫星（Environmental Satellite,Envisat）的升、降轨数据在地震破裂模型约束下获取2007年阿里地震的高质量同震地表三维形变场。首先,对合成孔径雷达（synthetic aperture radar,SAR）影像进行差分干涉处理,得到地震造成的视线向同震地表形变场;然后,以地震破裂模型为约束条件,采用赫尔默特方差分量估计法来解算阿里地震的高质量地表三维同震形变场。结果表明,震中区域最大下沉达约4.7 cm,东西向位移较小,南北向呈挤压趋势。总体上,三维形变的特征表明阿里地震是一个以正倾滑为主兼少量右旋走滑运动的地震事件。 相似文献
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2022年1月8日青海省海北州门源县发生Ms 6.9地震,震中位于青藏高原东北缘祁连-海原断裂中段,属历史地震空区,基于多源合成孔径雷达（synthetic aperture radar,SAR）遥感数据研究该地震的破裂模式对理解青藏高原东北缘构造变形机制、应变释放过程以及地震危险性评估具有重要意义。首先利用Sentinel-1数据和合成孔径雷达差分干涉测量（differential interferometry synthetic aperture radar,D-InSAR）技术获取了门源地震的同震形变场,视线（line of sight,LOS）向形变场显示此次地震造成了约20 km长的地表破裂,最大形变约0.75 m;然后基于Sentinel-2卫星数据,利用光学影像配准和相关技术获取了本次地震的东西向同震形变场,最大同震位移达2.5 m;最后基于均匀弹性半无限位错模型,以LOS向形变场为约束反演了断层的滑动分布模型。结果显示,门源地震是一次典型的左旋走滑型地震,地震破裂主要集中在0~10 km深度范围,最大滑动量3.25 m,滑动角10.44°,对应深度4.89 km;反演给出的矩震量为1.07×1019 N·m,对应矩震级Mw 6.6。结合野外考察和地质资料,初步判定发震断裂为冷龙岭断裂,并引起托莱山断裂发生同震滑动。同震库仑应力结果显示,冷龙岭断裂东段和托莱山断裂西段应力状态为加载,未来具有发生强震的风险。 相似文献
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Coseismic displacements play a significant role in characterizing earthquake causative faults and understanding earthquake dynamics. They are typically measured from InSAR using pre- and post-earthquake images. The displacement map produced by InSAR may contain missing coseismic values due to the decorrelation of ASAR images. This study focused on interpolating missing values in the coseismic displacement map of the 2003 Bam earthquake using geostatistics with the aim of running a slip distribution model. The gaps were grouped into 23 patches. Variograms of the patches showed that the displacement data were spatially correlated. The variogram prepared for ordinary kriging (OK) indicated the presence of a trend and thus justified the use of universal kriging (UK). Accuracy assessment was performed in 3 ways. First, 11 patches of equal size and with an equal number of missing values generated artificially, were kriged and validated. Second, the four selected patches results were validated after shifting them to new locations without missing values and comparing them with the observed values. Finally, cross validation was performed for both types of patch at the original and shifted locations. UK results were better than OK in terms of kriging variance, mean error (ME) and root mean square error (RMSE). For both OK and UK, only 4 out of 23 patches (1, 5, 11 and 21) showed ME and RMSE values that were substantially larger than for the other patches. The accuracy assessment results were found to be satisfactory with ME and RMSE values close to zero. InSAR data inversion demonstrated the usefulness of interpolation of the missing coseismic values by improving a slip distribution model. It is therefore concluded that kriging serves as an effective tool for interpolating the missing values on a coseismic displacement map. 相似文献
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本文从GNSS、InSAR、重力、水准等多种大地测量资料联合确定活动断层地壳形变、应变和应力,以及与GIS相结合的角度出发,讨论了基于库仑破裂准则的活动断层地震危险性评估方法,系统阐述了活动断层地震危险性评估系统的设计。该系统主要利用各种大地测量数据联合确定活动断层区域的位移场,反演计算应变场、应力场、活动断层运动参数以及库仑应力;通过确定活动断层的临界应力值,建立地震危险性评估模型,评估可能发生地震的位置、最大震级、复发时间及其对应的概率;最后借助GIS实现断层区域的地质和构造环境、三维形变数据、应变场、应力场和地震危险性综合评价图的管理与可视化。本文最后讨论了所建系统的具体应用,讨论了汶川地震激发的同震静态库仑应力、应力扰动的持续时间和龙门山地区的地震活动率。 相似文献
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3D coseismic Displacement of 2010 Darfield, New Zealand earthquake estimated from multi-aperture InSAR and D-InSAR measurements 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (D-InSAR) measures ground deformation only along the line-of-sight (LOS) of the radar, which limits the capability of D-InSAR in investigating the surface damages and the focus mechanisms of earthquakes. We do a three-dimensional (3D) decomposition of the coseismic displacement of the Darfield, New Zealand earthquake that occurred on 3 September 2010 by exploiting the Multi-Aperture InSAR (MAI) and D-InSAR measurements from both ascending and descending L-band PALSAR data. Due to the dispersive nature of the ionosphere and the slight Doppler shift between the forward- and backward-looking interferograms, the ionospheric effects can be more serious in MAI measurements than in D-InSAR. We propose mitigating the ionospheric effects in the MAI processing with the directional filtering and interpolation procedure that has been applied in Offset-tracking. The rupture revealed by the 3D surface displacement fits closely to the Greendale fault, which is believed to be responsible for the earthquake. The horizontal ground motions, mostly eastwards in the hanging wall and westwards in the footwall, reached up to 2.5 m and are anti-symmetric with respect to the Greendale fault. Up to 2.5 m subsidence occurred in the hanging wall, while uplift is found in the footwall with an extreme case of 1.6 m in the far left of the fault. This makes us conclude that the Greendale fault is a normal and dextral strike-slip. It is seen that the MAI measurements are very helpful in the derivation of 3D coseismic displacement fields as it provides more accurate displacement estimation in the north–south direction. 相似文献
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中国青海省门源县于2016年和2022年分别发生了Mw 5.9和Mw 6.7地震,相距不足40 km。利用欧洲空间局Sentinel-1A升降轨雷达影像,采用合成孔径雷达干涉测量(interferometric synthetic aperture radar, InSAR)技术分别获取两次地震的同震地表形变场,进而利用弹性半空间的位错模型确定上述事件的震源参数,基于分布式滑动模型反演确定两次地震断层面上的滑动分布,并探讨2016年门源地震对2022年门源地震的发震影响及触发机制。结果表明,2016年门源地震为逆冲型地震,并未破裂到地表,升、降轨同震形变场沿视线向的最大形变量分别为6.7 cm和7.0 cm,断层的最大滑动量为0.53 m,主要集中在地下4~12 km区域滑动。2022年门源地震同震形变场沿NWW-SEE向破裂,降轨影像最大视线向地表形变量为78 cm,断层的最大滑动值达到3.5 m,处于地下4 km左右,断层滑动分布模型揭示此次地震为左旋走滑型地震;结合冷龙岭断裂的运动性质和几何特征,可初步判定发震断层主要为冷龙岭断裂的西段、且极有可能破裂到了其西北端西侧的托莱山断裂。静态库仑应力触发关系显示,2016年门源地震对2022年门源地震的发生有一定的促进作用。 相似文献
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基于Sentinel-1卫星升降轨SAR数据,采用D-InSAR技术提取了2018年台湾花莲县Mw6.4地震的同震形变场。结果表明,2018年花莲地震造成的最大地表形变量为38.2 cm,以隆升为主,断层上下盘最大相对位移为50 cm。利用InSAR观测得到的升降轨地表形变数据,分别构建2018年与2021年台湾花莲两次地震的断层三维滑动分布模型。结果表明,2018年花莲Mw6.4地震主震断层为靠近米伦断层的西倾隐伏断层,断层最大滑动量为1.8 m,以左旋走滑为主兼具少量逆冲分量,断层破裂传播至米伦断层西侧,影响了苓顶断层和米伦断层的地震活动性。2021年花莲Mw6.0地震发生在苓顶断层北段,断层最大滑动量为0.38 m,断层滑动以左旋走滑为主,两次地震事件均具有高倾角滑动特征。综合两次地震静态库仑应力的重新分布和M-T图发现,2018年花莲地震对2021年地震起触发作用,应力沿断层从高纬度向邻近低纬度传输累积,花莲地区及近海海域短周期内地震活动性仍强烈,主要表现为小震频发、中强震孕育周期短等特点。 相似文献
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2008-11-10青海大柴旦地区发生了Mw6．3级地震,其发震断层位于青藏高原东北缘的大柴旦一宗务隆山断裂带。利用欧空局Envisat／ASAR卫星雷达影像数据,采用二通差分干涉技术获得了地震的同震地表形变场,基于1D协方差函数估计InSAR同震形变场的中误差为0．52cm,方差一协方差衰减距离为5．9km。在此基础上,采用弹性半空间矩形位错模型进行断层几何参数反演,并利用断层自动剖分技术确定了地震的最佳同震滑动分布模型。结果表明,该地震的震源机制解为走向107．19°,倾角56．57°,以逆冲为主兼具少量右旋走滑分量;滑动分布主要发生在10-20km深度范围内,最大滑动量为0．51m,释放的能量为4．3×10^18Nm。 相似文献
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利用哨兵（Sentinel）-1A卫星升、降轨影像,在地震位错模型约束下获取了2017年九寨沟Mw 6.5地震的高质量三维形变场。首先,利用合成孔径雷达干涉测量技术（interferometric synthetic aperture radar,InSAR）提取九寨沟地震升、降轨同震形变场;然后,通过“两步法”反演获取该地震发震断层的几何参数和分布式滑动模型,以此为约束,采用方差分量估计算法联合解算九寨沟地震三维形变场。结果表明,九寨沟地震同震三维形变场以水平位移为主,垂向形变较弱;南北向形变呈拉张趋势,断层上盘向南、下盘向北滑动,最大位移分别为－19.81 cm和14.38 cm;东西向形变不对称性明显,断层上盘西北部向东水平运动,最大位移为18.37 cm,下盘东南部向西运动,最大位移不足8 cm。将南北、东西向形变与6个全球导航卫星系统（global navigation satellite system,GNSS）台站观测数据进行比较,两者一致性较好且均方根误差较小,分别为1.44 cm和1.77 cm,表明联合升、降轨InSAR观测和地震位错模型约束构建同震三维形变场方法具有较高可行性,显著降低了大地测量数据不足、InSAR观测对南北向形变不敏感等问题的影响。 相似文献
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随着人们对大尺度地形信息与地表环境变化监测需求的提升,以及哨兵1号（Sentinel-1A）、大地2号（ALOS-2）等合成孔径雷达（synthetic aperture radar,SAR）卫星的宽幅模式数据不断获取,宽幅雷达干涉测量（SAR interferometry,InSAR）技术已成为大尺度地形测绘、地球动力学（地震、火山、滑坡等）与人工地物结构健康监测等领域的研究热点。分析了两类宽幅SAR数据,即扫描（ScanningSAR,ScanSAR）模式与逐行扫描地形观测（terrain observation by progressive scans SAR,TOPSAR）模式开展干涉测量的主要限制条件与解决方法,探讨了宽幅InSAR形变监测关键误差估计与改正方法、时间序列分析技术与方位向位移观测技术,并给出2008年矩震级Mw 7.1新疆于田地震同震、震后形变监测应用。随着宽幅SAR数据的不断积累,宽幅InSAR大地测量学有望得到深入发展与应用。 相似文献
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The density of GPS measurements is usually one of the key issues in resolving 3-D coseismic deformation field from integrating GPS and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) measurements with pure mathematic interpolation methods An approach that combines the elastic dislocation model with the Best Quadratic Unbiased Estimator (BQUE) or a robust estimation method named IGG (Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics) is proposed to reconstruct 3-D coseismic deformation field, in which only a small amount of GPS data is needed to produce a reasonable initial 3-D coseismic deformation. Then the BQUE and IGG are used to weight the InSAR and GPS measurements to avoid computational issues caused by the negative variance problem and to decrease the impact from gross errors. The Wenchuan earthquake is used to test the proposed method. We find that the developed method makes it possible to use only a few GPSs and InSAR data to recover the 3-D coseismic deformation field, which offers extensive future usage for measuring earthquake deformation, particularly in some tectonically active regions with sparse GPS measurements. 相似文献
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高精度同震三维形变场对于研究地震变形模式、震源机制等具有重要意义。设计并实现了一种联合地震位错模型和扩展融合大地测量、卫星形变观测、应变张量估计(extended simultaneous and integrated strain tensor estimation from geodetic and satellite deformation measurements, ESISTEM)方法的新方法,以2021年Ms 6.4漾濞地震为例,利用哨兵1号A、B星(Sentinel-1A/B)升、降轨影像获得该地震的合成孔径雷达干涉测量形变场,利用地震位错模型正演得到的南北向形变分量进行约束,成功提取了该地震完整的同震三维形变场及应变场。结果表明,漾濞地震断层西南侧主要向西、向北运动,最大形变分别为4.8 cm、9.5 cm;东北侧主要向东、向南运动,最大形变分别为7.4 cm、4.6 cm;垂直向抬升、沉降的最大值分别为3.6 cm、3.4 cm;发震断层以右旋走滑运动为主,兼有少量正断分量;发震断层区域受到显著的膨胀、剪切和旋转作用。 相似文献
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针对强震仪与GPS各自的优点与缺陷，以2016年意大利Mw 6.0级地震为例，探讨了利用Kalman滤波融合GPS与强震仪数据实时监测中等强度地震引起的瞬时地壳形变的可行性与优势。Kalman滤波获取的位移波形以GPS数据作为整体趋势，细节部分用强震仪数据进行描述，融合后的位移波形精度较高，能够准确和细致地描述地震引起的地表动态形变；与此同时，Kalman滤波位移波形也能够准确地探测中等强度地震引起的同震永久阶跃；Kalman滤波位移波形的功率谱在低频部分与GPS位移波形的功率谱密度相似，在高频部分与强震仪位移波形的功率谱密度相似，表明Kalman滤波结合了GPS与强震仪各自的优点；交叉小波分析表明，Kalman滤波获取的位移波形与GPS、强震仪数据呈现较强的正相关性，小波相似值均在0.8以上。以上结果表明，融合GPS与强震仪数据可以结合二者各自的优点，弥补各自的缺陷；融合GPS与强震仪数据可以有效探测中等强度地震引起的瞬时地壳形变。 相似文献
17.
基于GIS的InSAR结果分析方法及在汶川Mw7.9级地震同震解释中的应用 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
利用GIS对InSAR结果进行分析可以更全面地解释地表形变机制。介绍了利用GIS对SAR影像进行裁剪、切割和拼接处理、剖面和等值分析的方法。在此基础上,以汶川Mw7.9级地震为例介绍了基于GIS的InSAR结果分析方法在地震形变机制解释方面的应用:①根据InSAR距离向偏移量和同震形变场,利用GIS技术提取了汶川Mw7.9级地震发震断层的地表迹线;②将基于位错模型正演得到的视线向形变场与InSAR同震形变场进行比较,得到了汶川地区InSAR同震形变场的上盘和整体改正数,进一步借助GIS进行修正得到了更为真实的InSAR同震形变场;③利用2D/3DInSAR同震形变场、干涉纹图和剖面分析结果对汶川Mw7.9级地震同震形变特征进行了具体分析和解释。 相似文献
18.
The 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake triggered plenty of coseismic giant landslides, which resulted in almost one third of total fatalities and economic losses during the event. Previous studies investigated the spatial relations between landslide distribution and topographic and seismic factors such as elevation, slope aspect, distance from rupture trace and seismic intensity. However, few studies are performed exploring the effects of coseismic surface deformation and Coulomb stress change on triggering landslides due to lack of adequate deformation observation data and stress calculation model for slope failure. In this study, we develop an envelope method to map an entire coseismic deformation field in both near- and far-field areas of seismic faults through the data fusion from InSAR and pixel offset-tracking (POT) techniques. The change in static Coulomb stress (SCS) acting on coseismic landsliding surface caused by the event is determined using the faulting model derived from the joint inversion of InSAR and GPS data, and also with the use of the elastic half-space dislocation theory and the generalized Hook’s law. The analysis suggests the spatial response pattern of seismic landslides to the coseismic ground motion and stress change, especially in the vicinity of fault rupture trace. The landslide density dramatically rises with the stress increase within the range from Yingxiu to Beichuan areas along the major surface rupture. Moving further and eastward along the fault strike, most of large landslides are triggered as the zone of positive SCS change narrows. Moreover, the high-magnitude surface displacements are possibly responsible for the giant landsliding events in the easternmost section. From the analysis of the stress transfer, the occurrence of landslides in the study area is largely controlled by the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault with overwhelming rupture length and fault slip, yet the Pengguan fault indeed shows dominance in the area between the two faults. The results show that coseismic surface deformation (derived from InSAR data in this study) and static Coulomb stress change can serve as two significant controlling factors on seismic landslide distribution and that the stress factor seems more significant in the vicinity of surface rupture. 相似文献
19.
On July 11, 1995, an Mw 6.8 earthquake struck eastern Myanmar near the Chinese border; hereafter referred to as the 1995 Myanmar–China earthquake. Coseismic surface displacements associated with this event are identified from JERS-1 (Japanese Earth Resources Satellite-1) SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) images. The largest relative displacement reached 60 cm in the line-of-sight direction. We speculate that a previously unrecognized dextral strike-slip subvertical fault striking NW–SE was responsible for this event. The coseismic slip distribution on the fault planes is inverted based on the InSAR-derived deformation. The results indicate that the fault slip was confined to two lobes. The maximum slip reached approximately 2.5 m at a depth of 5 km in the northwestern part of the focal region. The inverted geodetic moment was approximately Mw = 6.69, which is consistent with seismological results. The 1995 Myanmar–China earthquake is one of the largest recorded earthquakes that has occurred around the “bookshelf faulting” system between the Sagaing fault in Myanmar and the Red River fault in southwestern China. 相似文献
20.
2015年尼泊尔Mw 7.9级地震发生在印度板块向欧亚板块低角度俯冲的喜马拉雅断裂带上。对该地震的滑动模型进行精化，对于理解喜马拉雅断裂带的孕震模式具有重要意义。采用三角形位错元构建主喜马拉雅断裂“双断坡”几何模型，联合全球定位系统（Global Positioning System，GPS）和合成孔径雷达干涉测量（interferometric synthetic aperture radar，InSAR）资料反演2015年尼泊尔地震同震滑移及震后余滑。结果表明，尼泊尔地震最大同震滑移达到7.8 m，深度为15 km，位于中地壳断坡和浅层断坪的接触部位。不考虑中地壳断坡结构会使反演的最大滑移量偏低。震后余滑主要分布在同震破裂区北侧，释放的地震矩为1.02×1020 N·m，相当于一次Mw 7.3级地震，约占主震释放地震矩的12%。同震库伦应力变化和震间断层闭锁分布均表明，尼泊尔地震破裂区南部宽约60 km的区域仍具有较高的地震危险性。 相似文献