共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
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It is well known that terrain may vary markedly over small areas and that statistics used to characterise spatial variation in terrain may be valid only over small areas. In geostatistical terminology, a non-stationary approach may be considered more appropriate than a stationary approach. In many applications, local variation is not accounted for sufficiently. This paper assesses potential benefits in using non-stationary geostatistical approaches for interpolation and for the assessment of uncertainty in predictions with implications for sampling design. Two main non-stationary approaches are employed in this paper dealing with (1) change in the mean and (2) change in the variogram across the region of interest. The relevant approaches are (1) kriging with a trend model (KT) using the variogram of residuals from local drift and (2) locally-adaptive variogram KT, both applied to a sampled photogrammetrically derived digital terrain model (DTM). The fractal dimension estimated locally from the double-log variogram is also mapped to illustrate how spatial variation changes across the data set. It is demonstrated that estimation of the variogram of residuals from local drift is worthwhile in this case for the characterisation of spatial variation. In addition, KT is shown to be useful for the assessment of uncertainty in predictions. This is shown to be true even when the sample grid is dense as is usually the case for remotely-sensed data. In addition, both ordinary kriging (OK) and KT are shown to provide more accurate predictions than inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation, used for comparative purposes. 相似文献
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利用时空Kriging进行气温插值研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
以黑龙江省近37a的月均气温数据为研究对象,介绍了一类积分式时空协方差(变异)函数模型进行时空Kriging插值。针对月均气温呈现出的明显季节变化,对各站点的气温进行去季节项处理,并在此基础上建立时空变异函数。将空间维的普通Kriging插值扩展至时空维,同时考虑空间和时间相关性对研究变量进行时空估计,并将估计结果与空间Kriging插值效果进行了比较。结果表明,时空插值效果理想,插值精度较空间Kriging更高。 相似文献
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Comparison of interpolation models for estimating heavy metals in soils under various spatial characteristics and sampling methods 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2 
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下载免费PDF全文 Heavy metal pollution in soils has become increasingly challenging, especially in developing countries. Estimating the spatial distribution of heavy metals in soils is essential to preventing their build‐up. This article aims to identify the effects of spatial scales, spatial autocorrelation, sampling methods, and proportion on interpolation models in estimating the distribution of heavy metals in soils. Six interpolation models (area‐and‐point kriging, AAPK; inverse distance weighting, IDW; local polynomial interpolation, LP; ordinary kriging, OK; simple kriging, SK; and thin plate spline, TPS), three sampling methods (random, stratified, and systematic sampling), and five sampling proportions (1, 5, 10, 15, and 20%) are considered in this study using sets of simulated data, and the real situation was tested for verification. The results show that, in general, with the increase of spatial autocorrelation or the sampling percentage, the accuracy and stability of different interpolation models gradually increase; however, the various interpolation models have their own specific characteristics and application conditions. The best application conditions of the interpolation models compared with other models under the same situation are summarized and explained in theory. These conclusions have implications for future work. 相似文献
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张苏 《测绘与空间地理信息》2020,(4):148-150,153
空间插值通过采集少量的数据点,利用其中的空间关联,推求该区域内其他位置的属性值。本文以山东省阳谷县土壤重金属Cu采样数据为例进行空间探索性分析,分别采用了反距离权重插值和普通克里金插值两种方法进行空间分布插值模拟。结果表明,针对研究区采样数据,反距离权重插值方法生成的模型平均误差为1.97 mg/kg,总体精度为92%;普通克里金插值模型的平均误差为1.91 mg/kg,总体精度为92.35%,普通克里金插值方法更优。 相似文献
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地学现象本质上是分布于三维空间的数据场.利用有限的三维采样观测结果,通过三维空间内插是分析和模拟三维空间现象分布和变化特征的重要手段.本文利用规则六面体对三维空间进行离散,采用三维空间移动插值法,以六面体格网顶点为中心,以可变半径球形窗口搜索足够数量的邻近采样点,按距离权倒数内插函数计算待定点的属性.文中给出了该算法的具体实现以及插值结果的可视化表现,证明这种三维空间插值方法是行之有效的,且符合空间现象的空间分布特点. 相似文献
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Geocoding has become a routine task for many research investigations to conduct spatial analysis. However, the output quality of geocoding systems is found to impact the conclusions of subsequent studies that employ this workflow. The published development of geocoding systems has been limited to the same set of interpolation methods and reference data sets for quite some time. We introduce a novel geocoding approach utilizing object detection on remotely sensed imagery based on a deep learning framework to generate rooftop geocoding output. This allows geocoding systems to use and output exact building locations without employing typical geocoding interpolation methods or being completely limited by the availability of reference data sets. The utility of the proposed approach is demonstrated over a sample of 22,481 addresses resulting in significant spatial error reduction and match rates comparable to typical geocoding methods. For different land‐use types, our approach performs better on low‐density residential and commercial addresses than on high‐density residential addresses. With appropriate model setup and training, the proposed approach can be extended to search different object locations and to generate new address and point‐of‐interest reference data sets. 相似文献
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针对传统基于空间插值和时间序列上的插值补全形变缺失数据的方法在空间点位分布稀疏、观测值连续缺失以及含有粗差的情况下插补效果不佳的问题,提出了一种基于抗差Kriged Kalman Filter的形变缺失数据插补方法。该方法是一种时空插值的算法,在空间点位分布稀疏时考虑时间上的相关性,在时间上出现连续缺失时考虑其他点位对插补点的影响,以提高插补缺失数据的精度。又将抗差估计融合到Kriged Kalman Filter中以抵抗形变数据中粗差对插补精度的影响。利用模拟数据及天津GPS地面沉降数据进行了实验分析。结果表明:由于该法考虑了监测点的时空相关性以及具有抗差性能,使得插补结果在空间点位稀疏、连续缺失或具有粗差的情况下都具有较高的插补精度。 相似文献
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Yukio Sadahiro 《Journal of Geographical Systems》1999,1(4):323-346
This paper discusses the accuracy of spatial data estimated by areal interpolation, a process of transferring data from one
zonal system to another. A stochastic model is proposed which represents areal interpolations in diverse geographic situations.
The model is used to examine the relationship between estimation accuracy and the spatial distribution of estimation error
from a theoretical viewpoint. The analysis shows that the uniformity in error distribution improves the accuracy of areal
interpolation. Four areal interpolation methods are then assessed through numerical examinations. From this it is found that
the accuracy of simple interpolation methods heavily depends on the appropriateness of their hypothetical distributions, whereas
the accuracy of intelligent methods depends on the fitness of the range of supplementary data for that of true distribution.
Received: 19 February 1999/Accepted 17 September 1999 相似文献
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杨赤中推估法是一种以二项系数加权游动平均为基础,按照迭代法几何滤波过程建立推估数学模型的最小二乘估值方法,它能够基于少量已知数据点取得好的插值效果。针对有限的降雨观测站点和分布不规则的雨量特征点数据,本文基于杨赤中滤波与推估法空间插值,以湖南省降雨观测站点数据为实例数据,实例研究了建立降雨估值数学模型和实现插值计算的过程。首先,按照逐步增大游动半径进行滤波建立杨赤中特征函数,选用负幂指数函数模型拟合特征函数,建立降雨估值数学模型;然后,设计了杨赤中空间插值计算的自动化流程,实现降雨观测变量规律性变化的最优估值,并构建出研究区连续分布的降雨空间信息;最后,将其与TRMM(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission)和DEM(Digital Elevation Model)数据作为协变量进行协同克里金插值的结果进行对比验证。结果表明:杨赤中滤波与推估法在不需要其他协变量的情况下,可以取得较好的插值模拟结果,证实了该方法针对少量且不规则分布的降雨观测点数据插值的可行性与有效性。 相似文献
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在遥感影像结合矢量数据先验信息的变化检测中,需要从分割后的影像对象中抽取一定数量、具有相同类别属性的样本,其中不可避免地抽到类别属性不一致的样本,如何剔除这些样本是抽样过程中必须解决的重点问题,在目前已有的方法中,一般是通过人工目视判别完成的。样本的自动提取是实现自动变化检测的关键环节,本文提出一种变化检测样本自动抽样方法,主要包括样本的空间布设和异常样本自动检测两个环节。该方法首先利用矢量数据提取抽样图层,用抽样图层分割遥感影像,获取影像对象。其次是根据抽样区域范围、影像对象分布特征和地形特征布设变化检测样本。然后根据样本的先验类别属性构建特征空间向量,计算样本在特征空间的局部可达密度,由局部可达密度计算样本的异常度指数,并根据特征空间密度异常指数剔除异常样本,完成变化检测样本自动提取。最后以耕地、林地和居民地为例进行了抽样试验。结果表明,邻域参数k按样本布设总数的1/5—1/3取值、异常度阈值设定为80%时,可以实现异常样本0漏检率,能够准确、高效实现变化检测样本的自动提取。 相似文献
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乘性误差模型加权最小二乘参数估值是观测值的非线性函数,观测值的权是加权最小二乘参数估值的非线性函数.已有的乘性误差模型参数估计方法理论上可以达到二阶无偏,但精度评定方法只能达到一阶精度,并且参数估计逐步的迭代过程使得参数及改正数的每一步估值都具有随机性,使得最终的参数估值与观测值为复杂的非线性关系.考虑到非线性迭代过程... 相似文献
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针对可见红外成像辐射仪(visible infrared imaging radiometer suite,VIIRS)月度夜光遥感影像的数据缺失问题,提出一种利用地物邻近关系相关性的像元时空插值方法,以时、空关系互相作为约束条件,将时序变化一致性较好的像元数据作为空间插值的参考,将空间关系一致性较好的月度数据作为时序插值的参考,通过构建不同的卷积核, 在时序和空间维度分别对初步插值结果进行卷积运算,求得待插值像元的时空插值。以2015年江苏省月度夜光遥感影像修复为例,对不同维度时空插值方法进行对比分析,结果表明, 空间维度插值虽然顾及到像元的空间关联性,仍无法满足数据大范围缺失的插值要求,插值结果整体偏低;时间维度插值考虑到像元的时间趋势性,插值精度较空间维度插值有一定提高,但部分月份插值结果有较大偏差;相对于三次Hermit插值,时空插值方法获得的月度影像灯光亮度总和的最大相对误差、年度影像灯光亮度总和相对误差以及逐像元差值均显著降低。总的来看,所提时空插值方法在插值过程中同时顾及到VIIRS数据的时间趋势平稳性和空间结构稳定性,影像插值精度提高明显,且对待插值月份前后时序数据没有严格要求,更具有广泛性。 相似文献
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Average variograms to guide soil sampling 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
R. Kerry M.A. Oliver 《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2004,5(4):307-325
To manage land in a site-specific way for agriculture requires detailed maps of the variation in the soil properties of interest. To predict accurately for mapping, the interval at which the soil is sampled should relate to the scale of spatial variation. A variogram can be used to guide sampling in two ways. A sampling interval of less than half the range of spatial dependence can be used, or the variogram can be used with the kriging equations to determine an optimal sampling interval to achieve a given tolerable error. A variogram might not be available for the site, but if the variograms of several soil properties were available on a similar parent material and or particular topographic positions an average variogram could be calculated from these. Averages of the variogram ranges and standardized average variograms from four different parent materials in southern England were used to suggest suitable sampling intervals for future surveys in similar pedological settings based on half the variogram range. The standardized average variograms were also used to determine optimal sampling intervals using the kriging equations. Similar sampling intervals were suggested by each method and the maps of predictions based on data at different grid spacings were evaluated for the different parent materials. Variograms of loss on ignition (LOI) taken from the literature for other sites in southern England with similar parent materials had ranges close to the average for a given parent material showing the possible wider application of such averages to guide sampling. 相似文献
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草地地上生物量高精度曲面建模 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
草地生物量的大区域精确估算对全球变化研究和草地资源的合理利用具有重要作用。为提高草地生物量的空间模拟精度,发展了草地地上生物量的高精度曲面建模方法HASM-GB(High Accuracy Surface Modeling for Grassland Biomass),基于内蒙古草地地上生物量野外调查资料和同时期的遥感影像数据,采用HASM-GB方法对内蒙古自治区草原地上生物量空间分布进行了模拟。通过野外实测数据采用修正的Jackknifing方法对HASM-GB方法模拟结果进行了验证,结果表明模拟结果与实测数据之间具有较低的均方根误差(28.03 g/m2)和较好的相关性,相关系数为0.62。将HASM-GB方法与遥感生物量回归模型、普通克里金和回归克里金3种方法进行了精度对比,结果表明与其他3种方法相比,HASM-GB方法的模拟结果具有相对较低的平均误差、平均绝对误差、均方根误差和与测定值较高的相关系数。通过对地上生物量空间分布格局模拟结果的分析可知,由于植被指数-生物量回归模型属于非空间方法,其模拟精度很大程度上取决于主、辅变量间的相关性水平,易受植被指数数据误差的影响。普通克里金不能考虑辅助变量的作用。HASM-GB方法能够充分考虑生物量采样点和辅助变量的空间变异信息和邻域样本的空间结构特征从而提高模拟精度,其对草地地上生物量的曲面模拟能力高于回归克里金。结果表明HASM-GB可以作为模拟草地地上生物量空间分布相对有效的方法。 相似文献
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以天山北麓为研究区,通过MOD10A2获得月最大雪盖,在无雪区构建虚拟气象站,提高了样本点数量和空间均匀性。运用普通Kriging和协Kriging法对12月至2月最大雪深进行了空间插值,利用交叉检验法对插值精度进行了评估。 相似文献
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针对现有空间插值方法对样点空间分布及结构约束考虑较少,难以保真原有空间数据的统计参量等问题,利用Voronoi和Delaunay的相互关系,建立了基于样点分布V-邻域结构的插值控制点自适应生成方法,构建了顾及样点分布结构与分布密度的结构保持空间插值方法。基于中国气象台站日均气温数据的方法验证与对比表明,相比于常用的空间插值算法,本文算法具有更好的结构自适应性,且对原始数据的空间统计特征具有更好的保持性。 相似文献
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Jaroslav Hofierka Juraj Parajka Helena Mitasova & Lubos Mitas 《Transactions in GIS》2002,6(2):135-150
Regularized Spline with Tension (RST) is an accurate, flexible and efficient method for multivariate interpolation of scattered data. This study evaluates its capabilities to interpolate daily and annual mean precipitation in regions with complex terrain. Tension, smoothing and anisotropy parameters are optimized using the cross-validation technique. In addition, smoothing and rescaling of the third variable (elevation) is used to minimize the predictive error. The approach is applied to data sets from Switzerland and Slovakia and interpolation accuracy is compared to the results obtained by several other methods, expert-drawn maps and measured runoff. The results demonstrate that RST performs as well or better than the methods tested in the literature. The incorporation of terrain improves the spatial model of precipitation in terms of its predictive error, spatial pattern and water balance. 相似文献
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核密度估计(KDE)方法是分析点要素或线要素空间分布模式的一种重要方法,但目前线要素核密度方法只能分析线要素在二维均质平面空间的密度分布,不能正确分析交通拥堵、交叉口排队、出租车载客等线事件在一维非均质道路网络空间中的密度分布。本文提出了一种网络空间中线要素的核密度估计方法(网络线要素KDE方法),首先确定每个线要素在网络空间上的密度分布,然后根据网络空间距离和拓扑关系确定网络空间的线要素核密度与时空分布。以出租车GPS轨迹数据中提取的"上客"线事件为例,分析出租车"上客"线事件在网络空间中的密度分布,通过与现有方法比较的试验结果表明,本文提出的方法更能准确反映路网空间中线事件的分布特征。 相似文献
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遥感图像的点扩散函数估计是降低光学模糊、提高质量的必要前提。倾斜直线刃边法受到靶标极大的限制。现有的曲线刃边估计法虽然克服了倾斜刃边法只能适用于直线刃边的缺点,但是会因坐标拉伸导致估计值误差偏大。利用移动窗口的思想,提出了一种基于投影法的任意形状曲线刃边法,并在理论上说明了可行性。试验验证过程中先进行线性拟合刀刃边缘点,再对选定窗口内一定行数或列数的灰度值运用投影法采样,并对不同采样窗口的采样中心进行对齐处理,剔除不适合的样本点后插值和重采样,最终得到估计的点扩散函数。对于曲率在0.001～0.01的刃边,在较强模糊下,峰值信噪比依旧能保持在35 dB以上,测得点扩散函数峰值的误差可以控制在20%以内。相比传统刃边法和曲线拟合法,峰值信噪比平均能提高10 dB以上,且具有一定的抗噪性。 相似文献