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1.
基于遥感和GIS的宣化县水土流失定量空间特征分析   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
以遥感和GIS技术为支撑,利用通用的土壤流失方程(USLE)的修正模型(RUSLE)定量评估宣化县2000年的水土流失量和土壤侵蚀强度,并对宣化县水土流失空间分布特征进行了分析。结果表明,宣化县2000年土壤侵蚀(轻度侵蚀以上)面积为982.85 km2,占宣化县总面积的39.25%,平均土壤侵蚀模数为13.92 t/hm2.a,属于轻度侵蚀;坡度越大,极强度及剧烈侵蚀越有可能发生,从整体来看,15°~25°是侵蚀比例最大的坡度带。宣化县土壤侵蚀主要集中于灌草地和旱地两种土地类型,两者土壤侵蚀面积占宣化县2000年总土壤侵蚀面积的93.897%。  相似文献   

2.
孤山川流域近30年土壤侵蚀时空动态特征分析   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
针对区域水土保持效益评价、土壤流失治理的需求,选择黄土高原土壤侵蚀较为严重的孤山川流域为研究区,定量研究了孤山川流域近30a的土壤侵蚀时空变异特征。结果表明,1975~2006年间,研究区土壤侵蚀的变化分两个阶段。第一阶段为1975~1986年,土壤侵蚀强度加剧,侵蚀面积增加了138.13km2,流域东南部增加最多;第二阶段为1986~2006年,全流域土壤侵蚀强度减弱,侵蚀面积减少了163.09km2,1986年和1997年,东部地区减弱趋势更明显。中度以上的土壤侵蚀主要发生在高程1 070~1 300m处,都对应于18°~35°的陡坡地;1975年和2006年,中度以上侵蚀分别集中在900~1 150和1 300~1 800,单位为MJ·mm·hm-2·h-1。流域土壤侵蚀主要发生在耕地和林地。1975~2006年,耕地面积减少,林草地面积增加,土地利用向良性循环发展。可为认识黄土丘陵沟壑区I副区土壤侵蚀规律和该区土壤侵蚀防治宏观决策提供科学支撑。  相似文献   

3.
基于修正的土壤流失方程(RUSLE),运用RS和GIS技术对葫芦岛市的土壤侵蚀状况进行分析。结果表明,葫芦岛市年均土壤侵蚀量17 867 598.32 t,年均土壤侵蚀模数为16.13 t/(hm2×a),属于轻度侵蚀。葫芦岛市中度侵蚀以上的土壤侵蚀面积占总侵蚀面积的11.31%,土壤侵蚀模数占总侵蚀量的40.17%。中度侵蚀以下的土壤侵蚀面积占总侵蚀面积的88.96%,土壤侵蚀量占总侵蚀量的59.83%,研究区土壤侵蚀空间差异性大。分析土壤侵蚀与坡度和土地利用之间的关系表明,6°~25°为研究区主要侵蚀坡度段,裸土地、旱地、林地和草地是研究区土壤侵蚀的主要发生区,葫芦岛市应将其列为水土保持重点治理对象,采取有效措施,改善土壤侵蚀现状。  相似文献   

4.
长江上游小流域土壤侵蚀动态模拟与分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
以长江上游甘肃省尚沟流域为研究区,在遥感影像和GIS空间分析技术支撑下,根据USLE因子算法生成各因子栅格图,借助地图代数运算,估算了尚沟流域1998年和2004年的土壤侵蚀量,并对2004年土壤侵蚀与其环境背景因子进行叠加和空间统计分析。在此基础上,构建了与GIS软件平台集成的地理元胞自动机,模拟了该流域2004年、2010年和2020年土壤侵蚀空间演化情形。结果表明:研究区平均侵蚀量从1998年的6598.1t/km2下降到2004年的5923.3t/km2,侵蚀面积净减少172.3hm2,输沙量减少9.15×104t;1300~1400m的海拔高程带、25~35°坡度带、南坡和旱耕地是发生水土流失的主要区域;经模拟,2010年总侵蚀面积为93.49km2,侵蚀总量73.15×104t,侵蚀模数为5126t/km2,土壤侵蚀状况总体上将有所减缓。  相似文献   

5.
基于土壤水力侵蚀分级标准,考虑地震造成的特殊土壤侵蚀类型,构建了地震重灾区土壤侵蚀强度分级知识库;综合利用RS和GIS技术,结合专家知识判断,快速提取了四川省北川县土地利用、地面坡度、植被盖度、特殊侵蚀类型等土壤侵蚀因子空间信息;基于EcoHAT系统中的知识库和空间信息耦合型土壤侵蚀模型,快速完成了北川县震后土壤侵蚀强度的判定与分析.结果表明,地震使北川县土壤侵蚀加剧,相比2000年全国土壤侵蚀遥感调查成果,震后土壤侵蚀面积增加了275.13km2,增长量为23.83%;特殊侵蚀类型面积占北川县面积的2.48%;林地土壤侵蚀面积最大,占总侵蚀面积的一半以上;耕地土壤侵蚀比例为98.95%;坡度是北川县土壤侵蚀的主要贡献因子,植被则是主要控制因子,坡耕地治理是今后北川县土壤侵蚀控制的重点.  相似文献   

6.
黄土高原典型区土壤保持服务效应研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
黄土高原生态屏障区是我国"两屏三带"的重要组成部分,不仅对当地居民具有重要的屏障作用,同时也对黄河中下游具有重要的影响。本研究以土壤侵蚀量为评估指标,应用修正的通用土壤流失方程,利用2000—2010年间土地覆被、气象站点和泥沙站点等多源数据,定量评估了黄土高原生态屏障区退耕还林还草生态工程的土壤保持效应。结果表明,2000—2010年间,尽管黄土高原降雨量明显增多,降雨侵蚀力在增强,但研究区以退耕还草为主,退耕还草面积达到3 287. 01 km2,研究区植被覆盖在以1. 29%/a速率递增;土壤侵蚀状况发生明显改善,土壤侵蚀模数由2000年的6 579. 55 t·km-2·a-1降低到了2010年的1 986. 66 t·km-2·a-1,土壤侵蚀等级由剧烈侵蚀向微度侵蚀转变,侵蚀等级在逐渐降低,低覆盖度-烈度土壤侵蚀面积在大幅度降低,而高覆盖度-微度土壤侵蚀类型面积在大幅度提升;并且流域土壤侵蚀强度与相关站点含沙量和输沙量呈正相关,黄土高原生态屏障效应在不断加强。该研究对加强生态安全格局建设,促进我国生态文明建设具有一定的借鉴意义。  相似文献   

7.
利用2004年10月SPOT 5卫星影像及2007年9月北京一号小卫星多光谱和全色影像,以植被覆盖度、坡度、土壤可蚀性和土地利用4种影响因子作为辅助数据,进行土壤侵蚀信息提取。利用所提取的信息,分析2004~2007年北京北部山区土壤侵蚀在空间、面积上的变化状况、强度类型转化状况以及变化的驱动力。分析结果表明,北京北部山区土壤侵蚀主要为轻度侵蚀与中度侵蚀,以轻度侵蚀为主; 2004~2007年北京北部山区虽然局部地区土壤侵蚀强度增强,但土壤侵蚀总面积减少,大体上呈中度→轻度→微度发展趋势,总体状况得到明显改善。  相似文献   

8.
滦河流域从1990年就被列为国家级水土流失重点防治区,国家在水土流失治理方面进行了大力投入。进入21世纪,通过大规模的治理,流域水土流失得到了有效遏止,生态环境明显好转。与此同时,国家在该区域开展了多次土壤侵蚀遥感调查,调查结果在时间上形成序列,客观反映了流域的水土流失状况及其变化趋势。在历次土壤侵蚀调查结果的基础上,对滦河流域从1984~2008年近三个年代的土壤侵蚀时空变化进行分析,确定了流域内水土流失强度在空间和等级的变化情况。  相似文献   

9.
基于RS和USLE的红壤丘陵区小流域水土流失量估算   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
采用野外调查采样、室内分析测定、遥感(RS)技术、数学模型等研究方法,以湖南省资兴市东江水库上游光河桥小流域为例,计算出了美国通用土壤流失方程(USLE)中各单项因子值,对该流域水土流失量进行了估算.结果表明:该流域的土壤可蚀性因子(K值)介于0.14~0.42 t·hm2.h.hm-2.MJ-1.mm-1之间,平均为0.27 t·hm2.h.hm-2.MJ-1,mm-1,属于中等可侵蚀性土壤;土壤侵蚀模数在0 ~3 817 t·hm-2·a-1之间,平均侵蚀模数为78 t.hm-2.a-1,处于强度侵蚀等级,流域的土壤侵蚀量达到292 266 t·a-1.  相似文献   

10.
基于GIS空间与统计分析模型,从时间和空间格局变化两方面对辉南县1986年和2006年两期土地利用数据进行定量分析。结果表明:1)近20年内研究区的主要用地类型:耕地、建设用地和水域面积增加;林地面积大幅减少,且多转变为耕地。用地类型面积的增加虽有助于促进该区经济发展,但林地资源的大量减少会对该区生态环境产生一定影响。2)土地利用类型整体均向东南方向偏移,体现出林地向东南山区收缩而耕地向山区扩张的特点,格局变化较明显,且主要发生在海拔较低、坡度较缓地带。但研究区内转换为坡度大于15°的耕地也占有一定比例,应采取退耕还林政策,以防止由于坡耕地而产生的水土流失、土壤侵蚀等现象。  相似文献   

11.
The hard-rock hilly Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan province of India suffers with frequent drought due to poor and delayed monsoon, abnormally high summer-temperature and insufficient water resources. In the present study, detailed analysis of meteorological and hydrological data of the Aravalli region has been carried out for the years 1984–2003. Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation deficit. Standardised Water-Level Index (SWI) has been developed to assess ground-water recharge-deficit. Vegetative drought indices like Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) have been computed using NDVI values obtained from Global Vegetation Index (GVI) and thermal channel data of NOAA AVHRR satellite. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal drought dynamics during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons have been carried out through drought index maps generated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. Analysis and interpretation of these maps reveal that negative SPI anomalies not always correspond to drought. In the Aravalli region, aquifer-stress shifts its position time to time, and in certain pockets it is more frequent. In comparison to hydrological stress, vegetative stress in the Aravalli region is found to be slower to begin but quicker to withdraw.  相似文献   

12.
韩双旺 《测绘科学》2010,35(2):193-196
SVG是一种基于XML的用来描述二维矢量图形和矢量/栅格混合图形的标记语言,虽然SVG不是为了面向地理空间数据发布而制定的标准,但它的许多特性都能被广泛地应用到WebGIS中,从而实现矢量WebGIS。由于SVG通过简单的文本语句描述矢量图像,所以SVG通常数据量很小,并且SVG支持GZIP压缩,所以基于SVG构建WebGIS能减轻网络传输负载,加快地图显示速度。SVG内置了对JavaScript的支持,且SVG可通过DOM解析映像成内存中的树型结构,所以客户层可通过JavaScript对DOM的操作实现对地图的缩放、漫游、查询、图层控制等交互操作。  相似文献   

13.
邓晖  陈家 《四川测绘》1997,20(4):169-171
本文在讨论DDE技术的基础上,对MapInfo的DDE机制的实现作了探讨和分析。根据技园区域GIS的实际开发工作,介绍了利用DDE技术在MapInfo中成功地集成Foxpro和Autocad.  相似文献   

14.
遥感技术在土地利用动态监测中的应用   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
主要论述遥感技术在土地监测中的应用,以某地区土地利用动态遥感监测研究项目的运作过程为例进行阐述。首先介绍了土地利用动态监测的具体内容和技术路线。其次,对数据预处理与信息采集的方法与手段进行了探讨。最后,对作业的内、外业主要过程以及应提交的成果作了介绍。  相似文献   

15.
地理数据库的关系模型及其实现   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
本文从以图论观点分析地理实体入手,系统阐述了地理数据库关系模型的设计法和过程。作者于1984年4~9月间在微型机上设计建立了关系型地理数据库的实方验系统(RGDB)。该系统采用了本文提出的关系模型,采用了可动态扩库的子库组合结构,这种结构具有灵活性和提高空间利用率的优点。RGDB含有多种功能的数据操作命令,除了具有一般检索功能外,还能进行“开窗”选取和十分“自由”的映象选取。本文对RGDB系统的主要性能和实现途径作了扼要介绍。  相似文献   

16.
Web Service与地理信息互操作   总被引:37,自引:9,他引:28  
结合当今主流IT将互联网带入Web Service的趋势,以GIS工作者的视角剖析、审视这一发展趋势对GIS互操作的重要意义。文章在介绍Web Service的设计理念及相关技术的基础上,分析了传统空间地理信息互操作技术的局限性,概括总结了Web Service在空间地理信息的共享、互操作和集成上的良好支持和适应性,指出Web Service是未来实现GIS互操作的最佳解决方案。  相似文献   

17.
Automatic 3D extraction of building roofs from remotely sensed data is important for many applications including city modelling. This paper proposes a new method for automatic 3D roof extraction through an effective integration of LIDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) data and multispectral orthoimagery. Using the ground height from a DEM (Digital Elevation Model), the raw LIDAR points are separated into two groups. The first group contains the ground points that are exploited to constitute a ‘ground mask’. The second group contains the non-ground points which are segmented using an innovative image line guided segmentation technique to extract the roof planes. The image lines are extracted from the grey-scale version of the orthoimage and then classified into several classes such as ‘ground’, ‘tree’, ‘roof edge’ and ‘roof ridge’ using the ground mask and colour and texture information from the orthoimagery. During segmentation of the non-ground LIDAR points, the lines from the latter two classes are used as baselines to locate the nearby LIDAR points of the neighbouring planes. For each plane a robust seed region is thereby defined using the nearby non-ground LIDAR points of a baseline and this region is iteratively grown to extract the complete roof plane. Finally, a newly proposed rule-based procedure is applied to remove planes constructed on trees. Experimental results show that the proposed method can successfully remove vegetation and so offers high extraction rates.  相似文献   

18.
In recent years, land use/cover dynamic change has become a key subject that needs to be dealt with in the study of global environmental change. In this paper, remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) are integrated to monitor, map, and quantify the land use/cover change in the southern part of Iraq (Basrah Province was taken as a case) by using a 1:250 000 mapping scale. Remote sensing and GIS software were used to classify Landsat TM in 1990 and Landsat ETM+ in 2003 imagery into five land use and land cover (LULC) classes: vegetation, sand, urban area, unused land, and water bodies. Supervised classification and normalized difference build-up index (NDBI) were used respectively to retrieve its urban boundary. An accuracy assessment was performed on the 2003 LULC map to determine the reliability of the map. Finally, GIS software was used to quantify and illustrate the various LULC conversions that took place over the 13-year span of time. Results showed that the urban area had increased by the rate of 1.2% per year, with area expansion from 3 299.1 km2 in 1990 to 3 794.9 km2 in 2003. Large vegetation area in the north and southeast were converted into urban construction land. The land use/cover changes of Basrah Province were mainly caused by rapid development of the urban economy and population immigration from the countryside. In addition, the former government policy of “returning farmland to transportation and huge expansion in military camps” was the major driving force for vegetation land change. The paper concludes that remote sensing and GIS can be used to create LULC maps. It also notes that the maps generated can be used to delineate the changes that take place over time. Supported by the Al-Basrah University, Iraq, the Geo-information Science and Technology Program (No. IRT 0438)China).  相似文献   

19.
朱骏侠 《测绘通报》2021,(4):146-150
随着城市面貌日新月异,地下管网的建设也在持续推进,作为城市的地下“神经网络”,全天24 h保障城市的正常运转和发展。本文以实现城市管网管理系统的高可用、无插件、智能化为目标,采用“地上地下一体”“二三维一体”的设计理念,研究基于WebGL的三维智慧管网系统的关键技术,实现了管线设施管理的信息数字化、空间化与图形化。  相似文献   

20.
We aim a better understanding of the effect of spring-time snow melt on the remotely sensed scene reflectance by using an extensive amount of optical spectral data obtained from an airborne hyperspectral campaign in Northern Finland. We investigate the behaviour of thin snow reflectance for different land cover types, such as open areas, boreal forests and treeless fells. Our results not only confirm the generally known fact that the reflectance of a melting thin snow layer is considerably lower than that of a thick snow layer, but we also present analyses of the reflectance variation over different land covers and in boreal forests as a function of canopy coverage. According to common knowledge, the highly variating reflectance spectra of partially transparent, most likely also contaminated thin snow pack weakens the performance of snow detection algorithms, in particular in the mapping of Fractional Snow Cover (FSC) during the end of the melting period. The obtained results directly support further development of the SCAmod algorithm for FSC retrieval, and can be likewise applied to develop other algorithms for optical satellite data (e.g. spectral unmixing methods), and to perform accuracy assessments for snow detection algorithms.A useful part of this work is the investigation of the competence of Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI) in snow detection in late spring, since it is widely used in snow mapping. We conclude, based on the spectral data analysis, that the NDSI -based snow mapping is more accurate in open areas than in forests. However, at the very end of the snow melting period the behavior of the NDSI becomes more unstable and unpredictable in non-forests with shallow snow, increasing the inaccuracy also in non-forested areas. For instance in peatbogs covered by melting snow layer (snow depth < 30 cm) the mean NDSI -0.6 was observed, having coefficient of variation as high as 70%, whereas for deeper snow packs the mean NDSI shows positive values.  相似文献   

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