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1.
The author reviews the contributions of the “aerospace” disciplines (remote sensing, photogrammetry, photometry) in the training of cartographers at Moscow University. Changes in the present curriculum are advocated, leading to the emergence of a unified educational discipline referred to alternately as “remote mapping methods,” or “remote sensing and mapping.” Training in this discipline is designed to enhance the interpretation and map compilation skills of cartographers working with space imagery. Translated from: Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, geografiya, 1984, No. 5, pp. 40-43.  相似文献   

2.
The development of cartographic theory in Eastern Europe and its implications are discussed in depth by one of the most prominent Soviet geographers and cartographers. Professor Salishchev who heads the Department of Cartography at Moscow University, was the President of the International Cartographic Association. Translated from: Geodeziya i kartografiya, 1983, No. 10, pp. 51-56.  相似文献   

3.
One of Russia's foremost cartographers surveys the status of cartography on the eve of the 21st century, in a review of research presented at a plenary session of a recent national cartographic conference of the Russian Federation. The focus is on how changes in scientific paradigms (toward a so-called phenomenological paradigm) have been accompanied by the appearance of new products and modes of communication and information transmission. These, in turn, have generated needs for new programs of mass-based cartographic education and new scientific production institutes for the design and testing of new mapping technologies. Translated by Edward Torrey, Alexandria, VA 22308 from: Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, seriya geograficheskaya, 1998, No. 1, pp. 8-17.  相似文献   

4.
The road network is an essential feature class in topographic maps and databases. Road network selection for smaller scales forms a prerequisite for all other generalization operators and is thus a fundamental operation in the overall process of topographic map and database production. The objective of this paper was to develop an algorithm for automated road network selection from a large-scale (1:10,000) to a medium-scale database (1:50,000). The project was pursued in collaboration with swisstopo, the national mapping agency of Switzerland. Three algorithms (a stroke-based, a mesh-based, and a combined stroke-mesh algorithm) were implemented from the literature and analyzed using swisstopo’s large-scale TLM3D spatial database, with requirements set forth by expert cartographers. Initial experiments showed that the combination algorithm performed best, yet still it could not meet all requirements. Therefore, extensions to the basic stroke-mesh algorithm were developed, significantly improving the selection result with real-world, large test databases. Three extensions introduce modifications to the stroke-mesh combination algorithm. Furthermore, two extensions include external feature classes, ensuring accessibility of points of interest and appropriate network density representation in settlement areas, respectively. The results were evaluated by expert cartographers, who concluded that the proposed approach is ready to be deployed in production at swisstopo.  相似文献   

5.
The desire of cartographers in the West to construct a theory of cartography entirely on a communicative basis has suffered an obvious failure. The systematic replacement of theoretical “landmarks” has begun. In this process, several trends have become evident: the desire to eliminate the most vulnerable areas of the communicative theory of cartography, the intention to channel this theory into the path of cognitive cartography, attempts to find new theoretical foundations for cartography, etc. The paper analyzes these phenomena, their positive, or, conversely, unacceptable tendencies. Translated from: Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, geografiya, 1983, No. 6, pp. 11-18.  相似文献   

6.
 A rule-based model for managing uncertainty in spatial databases is presented. The overall goal of the model is to allow a user to assign to a single map class each polygon whose class is not entirely certain using more information than only the map class attributes of such polygons (that are herein termed abjects). This situation might arise when multiple map realizations of an area are available and interpreters/cartographers are not in agreement as to what class is present at a given location or when a digital image is classified by algorithmic/probabilistic means. The scale-based model developed relies on attribute, geometric, and neighborhood measures of abjects arranged in a hierarchical rule-based structure. Structural knowledge of these measures leads to the procedural knowledge that determines what action – e.g., merge, reclassify, retain – is to be taken for a given abject. The wider applicability of the model and associated methodology is also discussed. Received: 5 July 2001 / Accepted: 11 April 2002  相似文献   

7.
This paper reviews the recent development of web cartography based on Plewe's 2007 short paper in the U.S. National Report to the ICA, titled Web Cartography in the United States. By identifying major changes and recent research trends in web cartography, this paper provides an overview about what the web means to cartography, and suggests two major research directions for web cartography in the future: 1) the rise of user-centered design, including design of user interfaces, dynamic map content and mapping functions; 2) the release of the power of map-making to the public and amateur cartographers. I also present web cartography concepts in this paper to challenge the traditional research agenda in cartography.  相似文献   

8.
This article summarizes the experience gained from collaboration between the Institute of Geography of the USSR Academy of Sciences and geographers and cartographers of Cuba, Mongolia, and Vietnam in the creation of national atlases for these countries. The scientific concepts embodied in the atlases are analyzed, as well as the interrelationships and scope of topics, the combination of scientific and practical directions, and characteristics of their organization. Translated from: Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, seriya geograficheskaya, 1988, No. 3, pp. 31-38 by Jay K. Mitchell, PlanEcon, Inc., Washington, DC 20005.  相似文献   

9.
A survey of the use of topologic concepts of space in map transofrmation supports the author's contention that so-called “transformed images” represent for the most part rather arbitrary distortions of conventional maps constructed in Euclidean space. This paper demonstrates how truly topologic images can be created “from scratch,” i.e., without manipulation of either the sizes or shapes of areal units on preexisting maps. Images created by quantitatively defining “graphic ratios” of areal units can thus be replicated by other cartographers with a minimum of subjectivity. Translated from: Geodeziya i kartografiya, 1984, No. 12, pp. 28-31.  相似文献   

10.
Abstract

At the end of the 1980s, the computer experts who had been in the vanguard of cartographic development lost their position due to the fact that computers became democratised. This may be ascribed to the 'Macintosh' effect. This in turn led cartographic companies back to the core of their professional know-how: it is cartographers themselves who now develop the scope of their profession, utilising all the resources provided by the new computer technology. But, if cartographers want to keep playing a major role in the geographic information arena, they have to determine and develop the specific elements of their discipline: if technology mobilizes all forces to the detriment of theory, then the discipline progressively weakens and ends in being swallowed by another discipline.

It is the cartographers' task to transform the spatial information from its verbal, social and numerical form into visual form for visual thinking; this visualisation provides for cognitive functions, communication functions, decision support functions and social functions. In order for maps to perform these functions cartographers should continue, now with digital tools, to safeguard data quality by monitoring the compilation stage during which they have to see to it that the heterogeneous datasets in databases will be made comparable, both from a geometrical, semantical, updatedness and completeness point of view. This main aspect of the cartographer's job can be called its engineering part. The other main aspect will remain the map design part, that leads to proper communication of the spatial information. Both aspects will remain the cartographer's domain if he/she succeeds in providing a theoretical basis for his/her work.  相似文献   

11.
Several researchers, including some affiliated with the Moscow Institute of Geodetic, Aerial Photographic, and Cartographic Engineers, an important center of geodetic and cartographic training in the USSR, continue the debate on automation in cartography featured in the preceding issue of Mapping Sciences and Remote Sensing (1986, No. 4, pp. 274–288). They advocate continuation of some of the more promising research directions outlined in Ye. Ye. Shiryayev's book, criticize certain of its ideas regarding cartographic communication, generalization, and raster digitizing, and call for increased attention to the role of the geodetic sciences in the training of cartographers. The current debate stems from lack of adequate definitions for many concepts involved with cartographic presentation, inadequate development of a theory of automation, and lack of coordination in research among concerned organizations. Translated from: Geodeziya i kartografiya, 1986, No. 7, pp. 37–42.  相似文献   

12.
The author defines cartographic space, i.e., the space encompassed by geographic maps, as the entire “geographic” envelope. Maps as spatial models of the concrete three-dimensional space of this envelope [increasingly this space is viewed as four-dimensional, when the element of time is included] depict geosystems of various levels and complexity and serve as an essential basis for analyzing their properties, internal processes, and relationships. The author argues against divorcing the study of cartographic space from an understanding of the content of the objects being mapped, and critically evaluates positions of other Soviet and East European cartographers on the “dual role” of the cartographic space of maps. Translated from: Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, geografiya, 1986, No. 2, pp. 3-9.  相似文献   

13.
《The Cartographic journal》2013,50(2):106-108
Abstract

In 1967 Dr Arno Peters made his first public claim to have designed a world map superior to Mercator and all others. Although professional cartographers have pointed out that the projection is not original or unique, the map has gained a not inconsiderable measure of political acceptance.  相似文献   

14.
The Chair of the Moscow University Department of Cartography surveys the current cartographic periodicals of the USSR and Eastern Europe, with special emphasis on the USSR, Hungary, East Germany and Poland. The number and relative importance of each country's periodicals reflect general levels of economic and scientific development, although periodicals even from small countries with relatively unfamiliar languages of publication make significant contributions. The Soviet Referativnyi zhurnal, kartografiya supplies Russian-reading cartographers with information on hundreds of cartographic publications worldwide. Translated from the original by Marcia Levenson, PlanEcon, Inc., Washington, D.C. 20005.  相似文献   

15.
The basic principles behind a theory of scaling in cartography are outlined and illustrated with a large number of examples. The following levels of scaling are used in the transformation of “(objective) empirical systems of relationships” to “abstract systems of relationships” for the purpose of their graphic representation: nominal, ordinal, interval, proportional or ratio, and absolute. While the first four levels (nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio) are similar to those widely identified in the West, the absolute level represents what would be considered a special type of ratio scaling in Western practice. The paper includes criticism of certain graphic methods supposedly used by Western cartographers on maps employing the different levels of scaling (use of symbols differentiated by variations in internal structure, failure to correctly differentiate between interval, ratio, and absolute scaling, etc.). Measurement for mapping purposes should be based on careful analysis of the structure of relationships among the objects of mapping and on their preservation during numerical data transformations and graphic representation. Translated from: Vestnik Leningradskogo Universiteta, seriya geograficheskaya, geologicheskaya, 1986, No. 3, pp. 57-62.  相似文献   

16.
Abstract

The control of register in map production is a problem of common interest to cartographers. New materials and new techniques have facilitated advances towards improved register control. This article recounts the experience of the 13th Field Survey Squadron, R.E., and the techniques developed for their particular requirements.  相似文献   

17.
ABSTRACT

The spatial distance (gap) between map symbols can have a great impact on their discriminability, however, there is little empirical evidence to establish spatial and attribute thresholds. In this paper, we examine the effect of the spatial gap in discriminability of color hue and value, that is, we conducted an online study to obtain performance metrics; then an eye-tracking study to understand participants’ strategies and cognitive processes. Participants completed two experimental tasks (compare two areas and decide if their color is the same; and compare three areas and rank them from the lightest to the darkest). The color distances and the spatial distances were strictly controlled for the compared areas. Our analyses confirmed that, overall, increasing the gap between colors has a consistent negative impact on the ability to differentiate them with both sequential and qualitative schemes. Furthermore, we observed that sequential schemes require larger color distances than qualitative schemes for discriminability. Finally, our results suggested that for qualitative colors, the largest tested color distance ?E00 = 10 yields considerably higher levels of accuracy in color discrimination (even when the spatial gap between the two colors is large), thus we recommend ?E00 = 10 to practicing cartographers and other information visualization designers.  相似文献   

18.
Abstract

Various point symbols have been employed by cartographers to represent component parts of certain phenomena. The pie graph is obviously the most popular of these symbols. At the same time, it is widely condemned for its inability to afford estimations that are close to the latent information. To help overcome this problem, the decagraph is suggested in this paper, as a substitute for the pie graph.  相似文献   

19.
Abstract

A cartographic symposium held at Ulm in November 1982 was stimulated by the 500th anniversary of the printing of Ptolemy's 'Geographica' in that city, and was attended by an international gathering of historical cartographers.  相似文献   

20.
《The Cartographic journal》2013,50(4):304-312
Abstract

In cooperation between remote sensing experts and cartographers interested in glaciology, new types of maps showing the glacier dynamics have been developed. The maps make use of the original phase gradient approach to glacier rheology modelling based on repeat-pass ERTS SAR interferograms. Careful map design and, in particular, colour assignment allow the visualisation of the glacier dynamics in its locally changing velocity with an estimated accuracy of approximately 2.0 cm per day. Two map derivates – a differential interferogram showing the glacier velocity and another product displaying the glacier strain rate – have been designed. Moreover, maps displaying the glacier marginal changes within the space of four years have been generated. The strain rate maps evidence that spots with high values frequently correspond with crevasse-prone areas which are even detectable under thick layers of snow. In this sense, the latter visualisations can be seen as maps of crevasse danger zones. The Svartisen in Norway and the Hintereis Glacier in Austria served as testbeds for the development of these different types of maps which are at the scales of 1:25 000, 1:50 000 and 1:100 000.  相似文献   

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